TED@BCG Paris
Shubhendu Sharma: How to grow a forest in your backyard
Shubhendu Sharma: Kako uzgojiti šumu u dvorištu
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Šume ne moraju rasti na nekom zaštićenom području, daleko od ljudi. Zapravo, možemo ih posaditi upravo ondje gdje živimo, čak i u gradovima. Ekopoduzetnik i TED Fellow Shubhendu Sharma u gradovima uzgaja jako guste, biološki raznovrsne male šume. Pritom se služi zemljom, mikrobima i biomasom kako bi pokrenuo prirodan proces rasta. Pogledajte kako svatko u roku od samo deset godina može uzgojiti stogodišnju šumu, jednu pravu malu džunglu.
Shubhendu Sharma - Eco-entrepreneur
Shubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests. Full bio
Shubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
This is a man-made forest.
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Ovo je šuma koju je zasadio čovjek.
00:15
It can spread over acres
and acres of area,
and acres of area,
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Ona može pokrivati hektare zemlje,
00:19
or it could fit in a small space --
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a može i zauzimati tek mali prostor
00:22
as small as your house garden.
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veličine vašeg vrta.
00:27
Each of these forests
is just two years old.
is just two years old.
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Ove šume stare su tek dvije godine.
00:31
I have a forest in the backyard
of my own house.
of my own house.
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Ja imam šumu u dvorištu svoje kuće.
00:35
It attracts a lot of biodiversity.
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U njoj živi raznolik živi svijet.
00:37
(Bird call)
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(Pjev ptice)
00:42
I wake up to this every morning,
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Svako jutro budi me ovaj zvuk,
kao da sam princeza
iz Disneyjevog crtića.
iz Disneyjevog crtića.
00:43
like a Disney princess.
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00:45
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:47
I am an entrepreneur
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Ja sam poduzetnik
00:48
who facilitates the making
of these forests professionally.
of these forests professionally.
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i živim od toga da pomažem
drugima da zasade takve šume.
drugima da zasade takve šume.
00:52
We have helped factories,
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Dosad smo pomagali tvornicama,
00:54
farms,
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farmama,
00:55
schools,
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školama,
00:58
homes,
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kućanstvima,
01:00
resorts,
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odmaralištima,
01:02
apartment buildings,
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stambenim naseljima,
01:04
public parks
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javnim parkovima,
01:06
and even a zoo
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pa i zoološkom vrtu
01:08
to have one of such forests.
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da zasade jednu takvu šumu.
01:10
A forest is not an isolated piece of land
where animals live together.
where animals live together.
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Šuma nije nužno izolirani komad zemlje
gdje zajedno žive životinje.
gdje zajedno žive životinje.
01:16
A forest can be an integral part
of our urban existence.
of our urban existence.
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Šuma može biti
sastavni dio gradskog života.
sastavni dio gradskog života.
01:22
A forest, for me,
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Za mene je šuma
01:23
is a place so dense with trees
that you just can't walk into it.
that you just can't walk into it.
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mjesto tako gusto prekriveno drvećem
da ne možete njime hodati.
da ne možete njime hodati.
01:27
It doesn't matter
how big or small they are.
how big or small they are.
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Nije važno koliko je to drveće veliko.
01:31
Most of the world
we live in today was forest.
we live in today was forest.
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Većina današnjeg svijeta
nekad je bio prekriven šumom.
nekad je bio prekriven šumom.
01:34
This was before human intervention.
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Bilo je to prije nego što su se
umiješali ljudi.
umiješali ljudi.
01:36
Then we built up our cities
on those forests,
on those forests,
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A onda smo na tim mjestima
sagradili gradove,
sagradili gradove,
01:39
like São Paulo,
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kao što je São Paulo,
01:40
forgetting that we belong
to nature as well,
to nature as well,
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a pritom smo zaboravili
da smo i mi dio prirode,
da smo i mi dio prirode,
01:43
as much as 8.4 million
other species on the planet.
other species on the planet.
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baš kao i 8,4 milijuna
drugih vrsta na našem planetu.
drugih vrsta na našem planetu.
01:48
Our habitat stopped being
our natural habitat.
our natural habitat.
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Tako smo prestali živjeti
u svom prirodnom staništu.
u svom prirodnom staništu.
01:52
But not anymore for some of us.
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No za neke od nas to više nije tako.
01:54
A few others and I today make
these forests professionally --
these forests professionally --
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Ja i nekolicina drugih bavimo se
sadnjom ovakvih šuma profesionalno.
sadnjom ovakvih šuma profesionalno.
01:58
anywhere and everywhere.
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Sadimo ih posvuda.
02:01
I'm an industrial engineer.
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Ja sam industrijski inženjer.
02:03
I specialize in making cars.
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Izrađujem automobile.
02:06
In my previous job at Toyota,
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Na svom prijašnjem poslu u Toyoti
02:08
I learned how to convert
natural resources into products.
natural resources into products.
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naučio sam kako pretvoriti
prirodne resurse u proizvode.
prirodne resurse u proizvode.
02:13
To give you an example,
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Navest ću jedan primjer.
02:14
we would drip the sap
out of a rubber tree,
out of a rubber tree,
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Skupili bismo sok kaučukovca,
02:17
convert it into raw rubber
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od njega načinili sirovi kaučuk,
02:18
and make a tire out of it -- the product.
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te od njega izradili gumu,
konačni proizvod.
konačni proizvod.
02:21
But these products can never
become a natural resource again.
become a natural resource again.
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No ti proizvodi više nikad ne mogu
postati prirodni resurs.
postati prirodni resurs.
02:25
We separate the elements from nature
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Mi izdvajamo elemente iz prirode
02:28
and convert them
into an irreversible state.
into an irreversible state.
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i pretvorimo ih u stanje
iz kojeg više nema povratka.
iz kojeg više nema povratka.
02:31
That's industrial production.
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To se zove industrijska proizvodnja.
02:34
Nature, on the other hand,
works in a totally opposite way.
works in a totally opposite way.
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No priroda funkcionira potpuno drugačije.
02:37
The natural system produces
by bringing elements together,
by bringing elements together,
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Prirodni sustav stvara tako da
spaja elemente,
spaja elemente,
02:41
atom by atom.
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atom po atom.
02:44
All the natural products
become a natural resource again.
become a natural resource again.
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Sve što priroda stvara s vremenom
opet postaje prirodni resurs.
opet postaje prirodni resurs.
02:50
This is something which I learned
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To sam naučio
02:53
when I made a forest
in the backyard of my own house.
in the backyard of my own house.
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kad sam zasadio šumu
u dvorištu iza svoje kuće.
u dvorištu iza svoje kuće.
02:56
And this was the first time
I worked with nature,
I worked with nature,
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Tada sam prvi put
surađivao s prirodom,
surađivao s prirodom,
02:59
rather than against it.
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umjesto radim protiv nje.
03:01
Since then,
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Od tog smo vremena
03:03
we have made 75 such forests
in 25 cities across the world.
in 25 cities across the world.
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zasadili 75 takvih šuma
u 25 gradova diljem svijeta.
u 25 gradova diljem svijeta.
03:09
Every time we work at a new place,
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Svaki put kad radimo
na nekom novom mjestu
na nekom novom mjestu
03:11
we find that every single element
needed to make a forest
needed to make a forest
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uvjerimo se da su svi elementi
koji su potrebni da nastane šuma
koji su potrebni da nastane šuma
03:16
is available right around us.
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zapravo svuda oko nas.
03:18
All we have to do is to bring
these elements together
these elements together
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Mi samo moramo spojiti
sve te elemente
sve te elemente
03:21
and let nature take over.
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i dopustiti da priroda odradi svoje.
03:25
To make a forest we start with soil.
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Najprije ispitamo kakvo je tlo.
03:28
We touch, feel and even taste it
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Dodirujemo zemlju, pipamo je,
pa čak i kušamo
pa čak i kušamo
03:30
to identify what properties it lacks.
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kako bismo ustanovili
koja joj svojstva nedostaju.
koja joj svojstva nedostaju.
03:33
If the soil is made up of small particles
it becomes compact --
it becomes compact --
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Ako se tlo sastoji od malenih čestica,
postaje kompaktno,
postaje kompaktno,
03:36
so compact, that water cannot seep in.
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toliko kompaktno da ne može upiti vodu.
03:40
We mix some local biomass
available around,
available around,
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Pomiješamo ga s kompostom
koji je dostupan u tom kraju
koji je dostupan u tom kraju
03:44
which can help soil become more porous.
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kako bi tlo moglo upiti više tekućine.
03:49
Water can now seep in.
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Voda tada može prodrijeti u zemlju.
03:51
If the soil doesn't have
the capacity to hold water,
the capacity to hold water,
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Ako tlo ne može zadržati vodu,
03:55
we will mix some more biomass --
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dodajemo još komposta,
03:57
some water-absorbent material
like peat or bigas,
like peat or bigas,
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naprimjer treset ili bagasu,
koji dobro upijaju vodu,
koji dobro upijaju vodu,
04:00
so soil can hold this water
and it stays moist.
and it stays moist.
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kako bi tlo moglo zadržati vodu
i ostati vlažno.
i ostati vlažno.
04:05
To grow, plants need water,
sunlight and nutrition.
sunlight and nutrition.
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Da bi biljke mogle rasti, treba im voda,
Sunčeva svjetlost i hranjive tvari.
Sunčeva svjetlost i hranjive tvari.
04:11
What if the soil doesn't have
any nutrition in it?
any nutrition in it?
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No što ako u tlu nema hranjivih tvari?
04:14
We don't just add nutrition
directly to the soil.
directly to the soil.
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Ne dodajemo ih direktno u zemlju.
04:16
That would be the industrial way.
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Tako se radi u industriji.
04:18
It goes against nature.
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To nije prirodni proces.
04:19
We instead add microorganisms to the soil.
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Umjesto toga dodajemo mikroorganizme u tlo.
04:22
They produce the nutrients
in the soil naturally.
in the soil naturally.
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Oni prirodnim putem stvaraju
hranjive tvari u tlu.
hranjive tvari u tlu.
04:26
They feed on the biomass
we have mixed in the soil,
we have mixed in the soil,
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Oni se hrane kompostom
koji smo pomiješali sa zemljom,
koji smo pomiješali sa zemljom,
04:29
so all they have to do
is eat and multiply.
is eat and multiply.
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i to im omogućava da se razmnožavaju.
04:32
And as their number grows,
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Kako njihov broj raste,
04:34
the soil starts breathing again.
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zemlja ponovno počinje disati.
04:35
It becomes alive.
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Ona ponovno postaje živa.
04:38
We survey the native
tree species of the place.
tree species of the place.
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Uvijek istražimo koje su autohtone
vrste drveća na tom području.
vrste drveća na tom području.
04:40
How do we decide what's native or not?
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Kako znamo koje su vrste autohtone?
04:43
Well, whatever existed
before human intervention is native.
before human intervention is native.
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To su vrste koje su postojale
prije ljudske intervencije.
prije ljudske intervencije.
04:47
That's the simple rule.
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To je jednostavno pravilo.
04:49
We survey a national park
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Pretražujemo nacionalni park
04:54
to find the last remains
of a natural forest.
of a natural forest.
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kako bismo pronašli ostatke prirodne šume.
04:58
We survey the sacred groves,
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Pregledavamo svete lugove
05:01
or sacred forests around old temples.
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ili svete šume u blizini hramova.
05:04
And if we don't find anything at all,
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Ako ondje ne uspijemo ništa pronaći,
05:07
we go to museums
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idemo u muzeje
05:08
to see the seeds or wood of trees
existing there a long time ago.
existing there a long time ago.
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kako bismo vidjeli sjemenke ili ostatke
drveća koje je ondje davno raslo.
drveća koje je ondje davno raslo.
05:14
We research old paintings,
poems and literature from the place,
poems and literature from the place,
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Gledamo stare slike i čitamo stare pjesme
i literaturu iz tog kraja
i literaturu iz tog kraja
05:20
to identify the tree species
belonging there.
belonging there.
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kako bismo pronašli
vrste drveća koje ondje rastu.
vrste drveća koje ondje rastu.
05:23
Once we know our trees,
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Kad to saznamo,
05:24
we divide them in four different layers:
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podijelimo ih u četiri različita sloja:
05:26
shrub layer, sub-tree layer,
tree layer and canopy layer.
tree layer and canopy layer.
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sloj grmlja, nisko drveće,
šumski sloj i izdignuti sloj.
šumski sloj i izdignuti sloj.
05:30
We fix the ratios of each layer,
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Odredimo kakav će biti omjer
pojedinog sloja
pojedinog sloja
05:33
and then we decide the percentage
of each tree species in the mix.
of each tree species in the mix.
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i odlučimo koliki će biti postotak
svake vrste drveća.
svake vrste drveća.
05:38
If we are making a fruit forest,
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Ako sadimo šumu u kojoj će
prevladavati voćke,
prevladavati voćke,
05:40
we increase the percentage
of fruit-bearing trees.
of fruit-bearing trees.
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tada posadimo više voćaka.
05:43
It could be a flowering forest,
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Ponekad sadimo šumu s puno cvijeća,
05:46
a forest that attracts
a lot of birds or bees,
a lot of birds or bees,
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koja privlači mnoštvo ptica ili pčela,
05:50
or it could simply be a native,
wild evergreen forest.
wild evergreen forest.
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ili jednostavno zimzelenu šumu
koja inače raste na tom području.
koja inače raste na tom području.
05:55
We collect the seeds
and germinate saplings out of them.
and germinate saplings out of them.
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Skupljamo sjemenje
i iz njih dobivamo sadnice.
i iz njih dobivamo sadnice.
05:59
We make sure that trees
belonging to the same layer
belonging to the same layer
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Vodimo brigu o tome da drveće
koje pripada istom sloju
koje pripada istom sloju
06:01
are not planted next to each other,
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ne sadimo jedno do drugog
06:03
or they will fight for the same
vertical space when they grow tall.
vertical space when they grow tall.
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jer će se tada boriti za isti prostor
kad počnu rasti u visinu.
kad počnu rasti u visinu.
06:07
We plant the saplings close to each other.
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Mladice sadimo jednu do druge.
06:10
On the surface, we spread
a thick layer of mulch,
a thick layer of mulch,
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Površinu zemlje prekrijemo
debelim slojem malča
debelim slojem malča
06:13
so when it's hot outside
the soil stays moist.
the soil stays moist.
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kako bi zemlja ostala vlažna
kad je vani vruće.
kad je vani vruće.
06:16
When it's cold,
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Kad je hladno,
06:18
frost formation happens only on the mulch,
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led se zadržava samo na malču
06:21
so soil can still breathe
while it's freezing outside.
while it's freezing outside.
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tako da zemlja može i dalje disati
iako je vani ispod nule.
iako je vani ispod nule.
06:25
The soil is very soft --
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Takva je zemlja jako mekana,
06:28
so soft, that roots
can penetrate into it easily,
can penetrate into it easily,
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toliko mekana da se korijenje
može lako probiti,
može lako probiti,
06:32
rapidly.
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i to vrlo brzo.
06:34
Initially, the forest doesn't
seem like it's growing,
seem like it's growing,
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Isprva se čini kao da šuma ne raste,
06:36
but it's growing under the surface.
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ali ona raste ispod zemlje.
06:38
In the first three months,
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U prva tri mjeseca
06:40
roots reach a depth of one meter.
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korijenje dosegne dubinu
od jednog metra.
od jednog metra.
06:42
These roots form a mesh,
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To korijenje stvara mrežu
06:44
tightly holding the soil.
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koja zemlju čini kompaktnom.
06:46
Microbes and fungi live
throughout this network of roots.
throughout this network of roots.
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Mikrobi i gljive nastanjuju cijelu
tu mrežu korijenja.
tu mrežu korijenja.
06:50
So if some nutrition is not available
in the vicinity of a tree,
in the vicinity of a tree,
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Ako u blizini drveta nema
neke hranjive tvari,
neke hranjive tvari,
06:54
these microbes are going to get
the nutrition to the tree.
the nutrition to the tree.
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ti će se mikrobi pobrinuti
da ih drvo dobije.
da ih drvo dobije.
06:57
Whenever it rains,
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Kad god pada kiša,
06:59
magically,
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gljive čarobno
07:00
mushrooms appear overnight.
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izrastu preko noći.
07:02
And this means the soil below
has a healthy fungal network.
has a healthy fungal network.
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A to znači da ispod zemlje postoji
čitava mreža gljiva.
čitava mreža gljiva.
07:06
Once these roots are established,
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Kad se korijenje razgrana,
07:08
forest starts growing on the surface.
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šuma počinje rasti u visinu.
07:11
As the forest grows we keep watering it --
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Dok šuma raste, mi je navodnjavamo,
07:16
for the next two to three years,
we water the forest.
we water the forest.
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i to još naredne dvije do tri godine.
07:20
We want to keep all the water
and soil nutrition only for our trees,
and soil nutrition only for our trees,
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Želimo da drveće iskoristi
svu vodu i hranjive tvari,
svu vodu i hranjive tvari,
07:25
so we remove the weeds
growing on the ground.
growing on the ground.
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pa čupamo korijenje koje naraste.
07:28
As this forest grows,
it blocks the sunlight.
it blocks the sunlight.
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Kako šuma raste,
tako ona sve više zaklanja Sunce.
tako ona sve više zaklanja Sunce.
07:32
Eventually, the forest becomes so dense
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Naposljetku šuma postane toliko gusta
07:35
that sunlight can't reach
the ground anymore.
the ground anymore.
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da Sunčeva svjetlost ne može
više prodrijeti do tla.
više prodrijeti do tla.
07:37
Weeds cannot grow now,
because they need sunlight as well.
because they need sunlight as well.
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Tada više korov ne može rasti
jer i njemu treba Sunčeva svjetlost.
jer i njemu treba Sunčeva svjetlost.
07:42
At this stage,
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U toj fazi
07:43
every single drop of water
that falls into the forest
that falls into the forest
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svaka kapljica vode koja padne na šumu
07:46
doesn't evaporate back
into the atmosphere.
into the atmosphere.
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ne isparava natrag u atmosferu.
07:49
This dense forest condenses the moist air
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Takva gusta šuma kondenzira vlažan zrak
07:52
and retains its moisture.
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i zadržava vlagu koju on sadrži.
07:54
We gradually reduce and eventually
stop watering the forest.
stop watering the forest.
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S vremenom sve manje navodnjavamo šumu
i na koncu je prestanemo navodnjavati.
i na koncu je prestanemo navodnjavati.
07:59
And even without watering,
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No čak i bez toga
08:00
the forest floor stays moist
and sometimes even dark.
and sometimes even dark.
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tlo ostaje vlažno, a ponekad čak
postane i tamno.
postane i tamno.
08:05
Now, when a single leaf
falls on this forest floor,
falls on this forest floor,
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Kad neki list padne na tlo,
08:09
it immediately starts decaying.
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on odmah počinje trunuti.
08:12
This decayed biomass forms humus,
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Takva biomasa stvara humus,
08:15
which is food for the forest.
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koji je hrana za šumu.
08:17
As the forest grows,
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Kako šuma raste,
08:19
more leaves fall on the surface --
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tako na tlo pada više lišća,
08:20
it means more humus is produced,
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što znači da se stvara više humusa
08:22
it means more food so the forest
can grow still bigger.
can grow still bigger.
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i još više hrane kako bi šuma
mogla napredovati.
mogla napredovati.
08:26
And this forest keeps
growing exponentially.
growing exponentially.
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Takva šuma raste sve brže i brže.
08:30
Once established,
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Kad narastu,
08:31
these forests are going to regenerate
themselves again and again --
themselves again and again --
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te se šume uvijek iznova obnavljaju,
08:35
probably forever.
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i to vjerojatno unedogled.
08:38
In a natural forest like this,
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U ovakvoj prirodnoj šumi
08:40
no management is the best management.
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najbolje je ništa ne dirati.
08:44
It's a tiny jungle party.
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To je jedna mala džungla.
08:46
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:48
This forest grows as a collective.
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Ova šuma raste kao jedna zajednica.
08:51
If the same trees --
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Ako se drveće,
08:52
same species --
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iste vrste
08:54
would have been planted independently,
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posade neovisno jedna o drugoj,
08:56
it wouldn't grow so fast.
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ta šuma ne bi tako brzo rasla.
08:58
And this is how we create
a 100-year-old forest
a 100-year-old forest
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Tako mi stvaramo stogodišnju šumu
09:02
in just 10 years.
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u samo deset godina.
09:04
Thank you very much.
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Puno vam hvala.
09:05
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shubhendu Sharma - Eco-entrepreneurShubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests.
Why you should listen
Industrial engineer Shubhendu Sharma was working at Toyota in India when he met Japanese forest expert Akira Miyawaki, who'd arrived to plant a forest at the factory, using a methodology he'd developed to make a forest grow ten times faster that normal. Fascinated, Sharma interned with Miyawaki, and grew his first successful forest on a small plot behind a house.
Today, his company Afforestt promotes a standardized method for seeding dense, fast-growing, native forests in barren lands, using his car-manufacturing acumen to create a system allowing a multilayer forest of 300 trees to grow on an area as small as the parking spaces of six cars -- for less than the price of an iPhone. Afforestt has helped grow forests at homes, schools and factories. Sharma seen improvement in air quality, an increase in biodiversity -- and the forests even generate fresh fruit. Afforestt is at work on a platform that will offer hardware probes to analyze soil quality, allowing the company to offer step-by-step instructions for anyone who wants to grow a native forest anywhere in the world.
Shubhendu Sharma | Speaker | TED.com