TED@BCG Paris
Shubhendu Sharma: How to grow a forest in your backyard
休汉度.莎玛: 如何在后院种出一片森林
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森林不一定是离我们生活十万八千里遥远的自然保护区。相反地，我们可以在自己居住的地方就能种出树林，城市里也可以。生态企业家、TED演讲家休汉度.莎玛(Shubhendu Sharma) 用构建土壤、微生物和生物质来开启成长过程的办法，在城市里种出了一片非常密集、具有生物多样性的迷你森林。我们来听听他是怎样在十年之内种出百年树林的，然后看看我们怎样能开自己的“丛林聚会”吧。
Shubhendu Sharma - Eco-entrepreneur
Shubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests. Full bio
Shubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
This is a man-made forest.
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这是一片人造树林
00:15
It can spread over acres
and acres of area,
and acres of area,
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它能长到几亩地
00:19
or it could fit in a small space --
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也能在一个小的空间生长
00:22
as small as your house garden.
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比如你的后花园
00:27
Each of these forests
is just two years old.
is just two years old.
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这些树林都只生长了两年
00:31
I have a forest in the backyard
of my own house.
of my own house.
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我在自家后院也有一片森林
00:35
It attracts a lot of biodiversity.
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它吸引了很多不同的物种
00:37
(Bird call)
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（鸟鸣声）
00:42
I wake up to this every morning,
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我每天早上都被鸟鸣声叫醒
00:43
like a Disney princess.
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就跟迪士尼电影的公主一样
00:45
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:47
I am an entrepreneur
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我是一个企业家
00:48
who facilitates the making
of these forests professionally.
of these forests professionally.
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专门种植和管理这些树林的企业家
00:52
We have helped factories,
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我们帮助过工厂
00:54
farms,
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农场
00:55
schools,
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学校
00:58
homes,
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住宅
01:00
resorts,
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度假胜地
01:02
apartment buildings,
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公寓楼
01:04
public parks
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公园
01:06
and even a zoo
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甚至还有动物园
01:08
to have one of such forests.
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种植这些树林
01:10
A forest is not an isolated piece of land
where animals live together.
where animals live together.
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树林可不是一个
只有动物住在一起的孤立的地方
只有动物住在一起的孤立的地方
01:16
A forest can be an integral part
of our urban existence.
of our urban existence.
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一片森林可以与我们的城市融为一体
01:22
A forest, for me,
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一片森林，对我来说
01:23
is a place so dense with trees
that you just can't walk into it.
that you just can't walk into it.
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是一片树木密到你都走不进去的地方
01:27
It doesn't matter
how big or small they are.
how big or small they are.
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无论森林是大是小
01:31
Most of the world
we live in today was forest.
we live in today was forest.
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我们现在居住世界上的
大部分地方都曾经是森林
大部分地方都曾经是森林
01:34
This was before human intervention.
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在人为干扰之前都是森林
01:36
Then we built up our cities
on those forests,
on those forests,
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然后我们在森林上面建起了城市
01:39
like São Paulo,
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比如说圣保罗
01:40
forgetting that we belong
to nature as well,
to nature as well,
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似乎忘记了，其实我们自己
也跟地球上的其他840万物种一样,
也跟地球上的其他840万物种一样,
01:43
as much as 8.4 million
other species on the planet.
other species on the planet.
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也属于大自然的
01:48
Our habitat stopped being
our natural habitat.
our natural habitat.
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我们的栖息地不再是
大自然栖息地
大自然栖息地
01:52
But not anymore for some of us.
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但我们有些人可不这样认为
01:54
A few others and I today make
these forests professionally --
these forests professionally --
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有些人像我一样，以种植森林为业
01:58
anywhere and everywhere.
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让森林遍布我们大地的每个角落
02:01
I'm an industrial engineer.
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我是一个工业工程师
02:03
I specialize in making cars.
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我的职业是制造汽车
02:06
In my previous job at Toyota,
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之前我供职于丰田公司的时候
02:08
I learned how to convert
natural resources into products.
natural resources into products.
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我学会了怎样把自然资源变成产品
02:13
To give you an example,
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举个例子
02:14
we would drip the sap
out of a rubber tree,
out of a rubber tree,
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我们从橡胶树上提取树液
02:17
convert it into raw rubber
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制成生橡胶
02:18
and make a tire out of it -- the product.
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然后做成产品——轮胎
02:21
But these products can never
become a natural resource again.
become a natural resource again.
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不过这些产品再也不能
变成自然资源了
变成自然资源了
02:25
We separate the elements from nature
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我们从自然资源中分离出元素
02:28
and convert them
into an irreversible state.
into an irreversible state.
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并它们进行了不可逆转的变化
02:31
That's industrial production.
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这就是工业生产
02:34
Nature, on the other hand,
works in a totally opposite way.
works in a totally opposite way.
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自然正好以相反的方式运作
02:37
The natural system produces
by bringing elements together,
by bringing elements together,
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自然系统通过一个一个
原子的聚集，来创造物质
原子的聚集，来创造物质
02:41
atom by atom.
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02:44
All the natural products
become a natural resource again.
become a natural resource again.
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所有的自然产品
都能再变成自然资源
都能再变成自然资源
02:50
This is something which I learned
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这是当我在自家后院
种出一片森林的时候
种出一片森林的时候
02:53
when I made a forest
in the backyard of my own house.
in the backyard of my own house.
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我心里的收获
02:56
And this was the first time
I worked with nature,
I worked with nature,
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这是我第一次顺应自然行事
02:59
rather than against it.
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而不是逆自然行事
03:01
Since then,
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从那时开始
03:03
we have made 75 such forests
in 25 cities across the world.
in 25 cities across the world.
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我们在世界上的25个城市
种植了75片森林
种植了75片森林
03:09
Every time we work at a new place,
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每到一个新地方
03:11
we find that every single element
needed to make a forest
needed to make a forest
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我们发现，要种出一片森林
所需的所有东西就在身边
03:16
is available right around us.
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03:18
All we have to do is to bring
these elements together
these elements together
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我们要做的就是把这些成分集合起来
03:21
and let nature take over.
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然后让自然来接手
03:25
To make a forest we start with soil.
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种植一片森林首先需要土壤
03:28
We touch, feel and even taste it
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我们通过触摸、感受甚至品尝土壤
03:30
to identify what properties it lacks.
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来识别它缺乏什么
03:33
If the soil is made up of small particles
it becomes compact --
it becomes compact --
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如果土壤是由小颗粒组成的，
它就会紧凑
它就会紧凑
03:36
so compact, that water cannot seep in.
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如果太过于紧凑，水就渗不进去
03:40
We mix some local biomass
available around,
available around,
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我们就会加入一些
当地能找到的生物质
当地能找到的生物质
03:44
which can help soil become more porous.
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让土壤更加疏松
03:49
Water can now seep in.
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让水能够渗入
03:51
If the soil doesn't have
the capacity to hold water,
the capacity to hold water,
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如果土壤不能够涵养水分
我们就会再多加一点生物质
03:55
we will mix some more biomass --
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03:57
some water-absorbent material
like peat or bigas,
like peat or bigas,
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一些像泥炭或者米粒
这样的吸水物质
这样的吸水物质
04:00
so soil can hold this water
and it stays moist.
and it stays moist.
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让土壤能够涵养水分，保持潮湿
04:05
To grow, plants need water,
sunlight and nutrition.
sunlight and nutrition.
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植物要有水分、阳光和养料才能生长
04:11
What if the soil doesn't have
any nutrition in it?
any nutrition in it?
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如果土壤没有养分怎么办呢？
04:14
We don't just add nutrition
directly to the soil.
directly to the soil.
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我们并不是直接向土壤中加养料
04:16
That would be the industrial way.
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这是工业化的做法
04:18
It goes against nature.
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是违背自然的
04:19
We instead add microorganisms to the soil.
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而我们是把微生物加到土壤中去
04:22
They produce the nutrients
in the soil naturally.
in the soil naturally.
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它们会自然而然地制造养料
04:26
They feed on the biomass
we have mixed in the soil,
we have mixed in the soil,
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它们以我们加到土壤中的生物质为生
04:29
so all they have to do
is eat and multiply.
is eat and multiply.
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它们只要吃和繁殖就行了
04:32
And as their number grows,
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当它们繁殖到一定数目
04:34
the soil starts breathing again.
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土壤的透气性就又有所改善了
04:35
It becomes alive.
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它会变得有生命力
04:38
We survey the native
tree species of the place.
tree species of the place.
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我们调查当地树种
04:40
How do we decide what's native or not?
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我们怎样判断那些是当地物种呢？
04:43
Well, whatever existed
before human intervention is native.
before human intervention is native.
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在人为干预前就存在的物种
就是当地的物种
就是当地的物种
04:47
That's the simple rule.
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这是个简单的道理
04:49
We survey a national park
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我们调查国家公园
04:54
to find the last remains
of a natural forest.
of a natural forest.
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找出最后一片自然森林
04:58
We survey the sacred groves,
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我们调查罕见的小树林
05:01
or sacred forests around old temples.
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或者旧庙宇周围的罕见树林
05:04
And if we don't find anything at all,
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如果我们什么都找不到
05:07
we go to museums
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我们就去博物馆
05:08
to see the seeds or wood of trees
existing there a long time ago.
existing there a long time ago.
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看看很久以前，这里生长的树木
或者种子是什么
或者种子是什么
05:14
We research old paintings,
poems and literature from the place,
poems and literature from the place,
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我们从当地的旧画作、
诗歌和文学作品中寻找痕迹
诗歌和文学作品中寻找痕迹
05:20
to identify the tree species
belonging there.
belonging there.
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来识别当地物种
05:23
Once we know our trees,
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一旦我们知道是什么树种
05:24
we divide them in four different layers:
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我们就把它们分成四种：
05:26
shrub layer, sub-tree layer,
tree layer and canopy layer.
tree layer and canopy layer.
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灌木层、草本层、乔木层和树冠层
05:30
We fix the ratios of each layer,
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我们平衡各个层之间的比例
05:33
and then we decide the percentage
of each tree species in the mix.
of each tree species in the mix.
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然后我们确定各个树种
在总体中所占的比例
在总体中所占的比例
05:38
If we are making a fruit forest,
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如果我们种植的是果林
05:40
we increase the percentage
of fruit-bearing trees.
of fruit-bearing trees.
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我们就增加果树的比例
05:43
It could be a flowering forest,
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也可能是观赏性树林
05:46
a forest that attracts
a lot of birds or bees,
a lot of birds or bees,
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那种会吸引很多鸟和蜜蜂的树林
05:50
or it could simply be a native,
wild evergreen forest.
wild evergreen forest.
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也有可能只是一片
本地野生常绿林
本地野生常绿林
05:55
We collect the seeds
and germinate saplings out of them.
and germinate saplings out of them.
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我们收集种子，播撒它们，
让它们长成幼苗
让它们长成幼苗
05:59
We make sure that trees
belonging to the same layer
belonging to the same layer
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确保同一树层的树木
06:01
are not planted next to each other,
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不会种在一起
06:03
or they will fight for the same
vertical space when they grow tall.
vertical space when they grow tall.
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不然它们就会竞争
同一个高度上的空间
同一个高度上的空间
06:07
We plant the saplings close to each other.
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我们把幼苗密集地种在一起
06:10
On the surface, we spread
a thick layer of mulch,
a thick layer of mulch,
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我们会在表面上
复盖上厚厚一层护盖物
复盖上厚厚一层护盖物
06:13
so when it's hot outside
the soil stays moist.
the soil stays moist.
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这样即使室外温度很高，
土壤也能保持湿润
土壤也能保持湿润
06:16
When it's cold,
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室外温度很低时
06:18
frost formation happens only on the mulch,
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也只有护盖物上会结霜
06:21
so soil can still breathe
while it's freezing outside.
while it's freezing outside.
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这样外面很冷的时候，
土壤仍能透气
土壤仍能透气
06:25
The soil is very soft --
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土壤很柔软
06:28
so soft, that roots
can penetrate into it easily,
can penetrate into it easily,
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非常柔软，让植物的根部容易舒展
06:32
rapidly.
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且能快速舒展
06:34
Initially, the forest doesn't
seem like it's growing,
seem like it's growing,
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一开始，树林好像没什么变化
06:36
but it's growing under the surface.
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不过它们在地表下生长
06:38
In the first three months,
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在最初的三个月里
06:40
roots reach a depth of one meter.
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树根能够扎到一米深
06:42
These roots form a mesh,
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这些树根形成网状物
06:44
tightly holding the soil.
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紧紧地抓住土壤
06:46
Microbes and fungi live
throughout this network of roots.
throughout this network of roots.
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微生物和菌类佈满在
错综複杂的根部网路中
错综複杂的根部网路中
06:50
So if some nutrition is not available
in the vicinity of a tree,
in the vicinity of a tree,
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所以，如果树木周围缺乏某种养分
06:54
these microbes are going to get
the nutrition to the tree.
the nutrition to the tree.
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它们就能够提供该种养分
06:57
Whenever it rains,
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每当下雨的时候
06:59
magically,
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蘑菇就会像魔法一样
07:00
mushrooms appear overnight.
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在一夜之间冒出头来
07:02
And this means the soil below
has a healthy fungal network.
has a healthy fungal network.
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这证明了土壤拥有正常的菌群
07:06
Once these roots are established,
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根系建立起来之后
07:08
forest starts growing on the surface.
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森林就在地表上生长
07:11
As the forest grows we keep watering it --
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森林生长的时候我们不断灌溉
07:16
for the next two to three years,
we water the forest.
we water the forest.
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在接下来的两三年里
主要任务就是灌溉
主要任务就是灌溉
07:20
We want to keep all the water
and soil nutrition only for our trees,
and soil nutrition only for our trees,
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我们想让树木
得到所有的养料和水分
得到所有的养料和水分
07:25
so we remove the weeds
growing on the ground.
growing on the ground.
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所以要不断除草
07:28
As this forest grows,
it blocks the sunlight.
it blocks the sunlight.
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森林生长起来后，会遮住阳光
07:32
Eventually, the forest becomes so dense
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最终，森林变得十分密集
07:35
that sunlight can't reach
the ground anymore.
the ground anymore.
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阳光无法再照射到地面
07:37
Weeds cannot grow now,
because they need sunlight as well.
because they need sunlight as well.
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野草因为照不到阳光而无法再生长
07:42
At this stage,
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在这个阶段
07:43
every single drop of water
that falls into the forest
that falls into the forest
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落到树林里的每一滴水
07:46
doesn't evaporate back
into the atmosphere.
into the atmosphere.
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都不会蒸发回大气层
07:49
This dense forest condenses the moist air
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密集的树林使空气变得湿润
07:52
and retains its moisture.
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而且使它保持这种湿度
07:54
We gradually reduce and eventually
stop watering the forest.
stop watering the forest.
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我们慢慢减少浇灌量，
最终停止浇灌
最终停止浇灌
07:59
And even without watering,
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现在即使不浇水
08:00
the forest floor stays moist
and sometimes even dark.
and sometimes even dark.
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森林的地表也能保持湿润，
甚至肥沃
甚至肥沃
08:05
Now, when a single leaf
falls on this forest floor,
falls on this forest floor,
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现在，当一片树叶落到地面上
08:09
it immediately starts decaying.
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它会立即开始腐烂
08:12
This decayed biomass forms humus,
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腐烂的生物质形成森林的食物——
08:15
which is food for the forest.
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腐殖质
08:17
As the forest grows,
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森林继续生长
08:19
more leaves fall on the surface --
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更多的树叶会落到地上
08:20
it means more humus is produced,
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产生更多的腐殖质
08:22
it means more food so the forest
can grow still bigger.
can grow still bigger.
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森林的养分更加充足，能长得更大
08:26
And this forest keeps
growing exponentially.
growing exponentially.
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这片森林会迅速生长
08:30
Once established,
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一旦种植成功
08:31
these forests are going to regenerate
themselves again and again --
themselves again and again --
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这些树林会不断繁衍
08:35
probably forever.
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永不停息
08:38
In a natural forest like this,
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在这样的自然森林中
08:40
no management is the best management.
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不用管理就是最好的管理方式
08:44
It's a tiny jungle party.
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就像这个小型的“丛林聚会”
08:46
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
08:48
This forest grows as a collective.
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这片森林聚集了各种树种
08:51
If the same trees --
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如果将同一种树
08:52
same species --
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同一个物种
08:54
would have been planted independently,
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分开种植的话
08:56
it wouldn't grow so fast.
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它不会长得这么快
08:58
And this is how we create
a 100-year-old forest
a 100-year-old forest
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这就是在十年之内
种出一片百岁森林的办法
种出一片百岁森林的办法
09:02
in just 10 years.
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09:04
Thank you very much.
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谢谢
09:05
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shubhendu Sharma - Eco-entrepreneurShubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests.
Why you should listen
Industrial engineer Shubhendu Sharma was working at Toyota in India when he met Japanese forest expert Akira Miyawaki, who'd arrived to plant a forest at the factory, using a methodology he'd developed to make a forest grow ten times faster that normal. Fascinated, Sharma interned with Miyawaki, and grew his first successful forest on a small plot behind a house.
Today, his company Afforestt promotes a standardized method for seeding dense, fast-growing, native forests in barren lands, using his car-manufacturing acumen to create a system allowing a multilayer forest of 300 trees to grow on an area as small as the parking spaces of six cars -- for less than the price of an iPhone. Afforestt has helped grow forests at homes, schools and factories. Sharma seen improvement in air quality, an increase in biodiversity -- and the forests even generate fresh fruit. Afforestt is at work on a platform that will offer hardware probes to analyze soil quality, allowing the company to offer step-by-step instructions for anyone who wants to grow a native forest anywhere in the world.
Shubhendu Sharma | Speaker | TED.com