TED@BCG Paris
Shubhendu Sharma: How to grow a forest in your backyard
沙苯杜．沙馬: 如何在你的後院種植一片森林
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森林不一定是位於遠離人類生活的自然保護區。相反地，我們可以在我們居住生活的地方種植森林 -- 甚至在城市裡。生態企業家，TED 研究會員沙苯杜．沙馬 (Shubhendu Sharma) 在城市裡運用工程土壤、微生物和生物量開始了自然的種植過程，種植了非常茂密而且具備生物多樣性的小型土生物種森林。隨著他講述如何僅在十年的時間裡，種植出百歲森林的過程中，也讓我們一起加入這個小型的叢林派對吧!
Shubhendu Sharma - Eco-entrepreneur
Shubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests. Full bio
Shubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
This is a man-made forest.
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這是一片人造森林。
00:15
It can spread over acres
and acres of area,
and acres of area,
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它的面積可以大到數英畝，
00:19
or it could fit in a small space --
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或小到 --
就像你家的花園那麼小。
00:22
as small as your house garden.
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00:27
Each of these forests
is just two years old.
is just two years old.
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這些森林都僅有兩年之久。
00:31
I have a forest in the backyard
of my own house.
of my own house.
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在我自家的後院也有一片森林，
00:35
It attracts a lot of biodiversity.
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它帶來了可觀的生物多樣性。
00:37
(Bird call)
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（鳥鳴）
00:42
I wake up to this every morning,
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我每天早上聽著這個聲音起床，
00:43
like a Disney princess.
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像個迪士尼的公主一樣，
00:45
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:47
I am an entrepreneur
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我是一個企業家，
00:48
who facilitates the making
of these forests professionally.
of these forests professionally.
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我用專業的方式幫助營造這些森林。
00:52
We have helped factories,
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我們幫助過工廠，
00:54
farms,
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農場，
00:55
schools,
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學校，
00:58
homes,
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家庭，
01:00
resorts,
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度假勝地，
01:02
apartment buildings,
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公寓，
01:04
public parks
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公園，
01:06
and even a zoo
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甚至動物園，
01:08
to have one of such forests.
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讓他們擁有這樣一片森林。
01:10
A forest is not an isolated piece of land
where animals live together.
where animals live together.
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森林並不是一片只有動物群居
但與世隔絕的土地，
但與世隔絕的土地，
01:16
A forest can be an integral part
of our urban existence.
of our urban existence.
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森林可以與我們的城市融為一體。
01:22
A forest, for me,
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森林，對我而言，
01:23
is a place so dense with trees
that you just can't walk into it.
that you just can't walk into it.
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是一個有著茂密樹木的地方，
樹木多到你沒有辦法走進去。
樹木多到你沒有辦法走進去。
01:27
It doesn't matter
how big or small they are.
how big or small they are.
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面積的大小並不重要。
01:31
Most of the world
we live in today was forest.
we live in today was forest.
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現今，絕大部分我們生活
居住的地方都曾經是森林。
居住的地方都曾經是森林。
01:34
This was before human intervention.
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這是在人類干預自然以前。
01:36
Then we built up our cities
on those forests,
on those forests,
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之後，我們在森林上建造了我們的城市，
01:39
like São Paulo,
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比如聖保羅，
01:40
forgetting that we belong
to nature as well,
to nature as well,
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忘記了就像地球上其他
八百四十萬個物種一樣，
八百四十萬個物種一樣，
01:43
as much as 8.4 million
other species on the planet.
other species on the planet.
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我們也同屬自然。
01:48
Our habitat stopped being
our natural habitat.
our natural habitat.
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我們的棲息地不再是我們的自然棲息地。
01:52
But not anymore for some of us.
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但是對於我們中的一些人，這種情況在改變。
01:54
A few others and I today make
these forests professionally --
these forests professionally --
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我和一些人現在以專業的方式建造森林 --
01:58
anywhere and everywhere.
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在世界各地的任何地方。
02:01
I'm an industrial engineer.
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我是一個工業工程師，
02:03
I specialize in making cars.
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我專門從事汽車製造，
02:06
In my previous job at Toyota,
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當我以前在豐田工作的時候，
02:08
I learned how to convert
natural resources into products.
natural resources into products.
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我學會了如何把自然資源變成產品。
02:13
To give you an example,
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舉例來說，
02:14
we would drip the sap
out of a rubber tree,
out of a rubber tree,
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我們收集橡膠樹中流出的汁液，
02:17
convert it into raw rubber
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轉變成生橡膠，
02:18
and make a tire out of it -- the product.
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然後做成了輪胎這項產品。
02:21
But these products can never
become a natural resource again.
become a natural resource again.
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但是這些產品永遠都不能再變回自然資源了。
02:25
We separate the elements from nature
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我們從大自然中分離出各種元素，
02:28
and convert them
into an irreversible state.
into an irreversible state.
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將它們轉變成一種不可逆的狀態。
02:31
That's industrial production.
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那就是工業生產。
02:34
Nature, on the other hand,
works in a totally opposite way.
works in a totally opposite way.
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這與大自然的運作方式，
有著天壤之別。
有著天壤之別。
02:37
The natural system produces
by bringing elements together,
by bringing elements together,
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大自然的系統是透過一個一個的原子，
把各種元素匯集起來而製成產品。
02:41
atom by atom.
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02:44
All the natural products
become a natural resource again.
become a natural resource again.
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所有大自然的產品又會成為自然資源。
02:50
This is something which I learned
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這是當我在自家後院
創造那一小片森林的時候，
創造那一小片森林的時候，
02:53
when I made a forest
in the backyard of my own house.
in the backyard of my own house.
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所學到的東西。
02:56
And this was the first time
I worked with nature,
I worked with nature,
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這是我第一次順應自然與其同工，
02:59
rather than against it.
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而不是違背自然而行。
03:01
Since then,
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從那以後，
03:03
we have made 75 such forests
in 25 cities across the world.
in 25 cities across the world.
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我已經在全世界25個城市
創造了75片這樣的森林。
創造了75片這樣的森林。
03:09
Every time we work at a new place,
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我們每到一個新的地方工作時，
03:11
we find that every single element
needed to make a forest
needed to make a forest
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便會發現創造森林所需的每個元素，
就在我們身邊。
03:16
is available right around us.
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03:18
All we have to do is to bring
these elements together
these elements together
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我們需要做的就是把這些元素放在一起，
03:21
and let nature take over.
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然後，讓大自然展現它的鬼斧神工。
03:25
To make a forest we start with soil.
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要創造一片森林，我們從土壤開始。
03:28
We touch, feel and even taste it
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我們觸摸、感受、甚至品嚐土壤，
03:30
to identify what properties it lacks.
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從而確定它缺少什麼特質。
03:33
If the soil is made up of small particles
it becomes compact --
it becomes compact --
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如果土壤是由小顆粒組成的，它會變得密實--
03:36
so compact, that water cannot seep in.
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特別密實，以至於水都不能滲入。
03:40
We mix some local biomass
available around,
available around,
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我們把當地可用的生物量混合在一起，
03:44
which can help soil become more porous.
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這可以幫助土壤變得更疏鬆多孔。
03:49
Water can now seep in.
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水這時就可以滲入了。
03:51
If the soil doesn't have
the capacity to hold water,
the capacity to hold water,
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如果土壤沒有涵水能力，
03:55
we will mix some more biomass --
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我們就混入更多的生物量 －
03:57
some water-absorbent material
like peat or bigas,
like peat or bigas,
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一些吸水的生物量，比如泥碳和甲烷，
04:00
so soil can hold this water
and it stays moist.
and it stays moist.
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然後土壤就可以留住水分
並且保持濕潤了。
並且保持濕潤了。
04:05
To grow, plants need water,
sunlight and nutrition.
sunlight and nutrition.
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植物需要水、陽光和養份才能生長。
04:11
What if the soil doesn't have
any nutrition in it?
any nutrition in it?
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如果土壤裡沒有養份怎麼辦？
04:14
We don't just add nutrition
directly to the soil.
directly to the soil.
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我們不是簡單地把養份直接加到土壤裡。
04:16
That would be the industrial way.
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那是工業的方法。
04:18
It goes against nature.
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它是違背自然的。
04:19
We instead add microorganisms to the soil.
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相反地，我們把微生物加到土壤裡。
04:22
They produce the nutrients
in the soil naturally.
in the soil naturally.
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它們會自然地在土壤中製造養份。
04:26
They feed on the biomass
we have mixed in the soil,
we have mixed in the soil,
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它們以我們混到土壤中的生物量為食，
04:29
so all they have to do
is eat and multiply.
is eat and multiply.
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它們所需做的就是進食和繁衍。
04:32
And as their number grows,
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隨著它們數量的增加，
04:34
the soil starts breathing again.
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土壤又開始呼吸了。
04:35
It becomes alive.
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它恢復了生命力。
04:38
We survey the native
tree species of the place.
tree species of the place.
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我們調查當地的土生樹種。
04:40
How do we decide what's native or not?
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我們如何確定樹種是不是土生的？
04:43
Well, whatever existed
before human intervention is native.
before human intervention is native.
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任何存在於人類干預自然以前的植物
都是土生的。
都是土生的。
04:47
That's the simple rule.
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這是一個簡單的法則。
04:49
We survey a national park
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我們勘查了一個國家公園
04:54
to find the last remains
of a natural forest.
of a natural forest.
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找到最後一片自然森林的殘跡。
04:58
We survey the sacred groves,
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我們調查了神聖的樹林，
05:01
or sacred forests around old temples.
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或是古老寺廟旁邊神聖的森林。
05:04
And if we don't find anything at all,
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如果我們什麼都沒有找到，
05:07
we go to museums
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我們就去博物館
05:08
to see the seeds or wood of trees
existing there a long time ago.
existing there a long time ago.
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去看種子或者很久以前就在那裡的樹木木材。
05:14
We research old paintings,
poems and literature from the place,
poems and literature from the place,
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我們研究那個地方的古畫、詩歌和文學作品，
05:20
to identify the tree species
belonging there.
belonging there.
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來確定屬於那裡的樹種。
05:23
Once we know our trees,
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一旦我們了解了樹種，
05:24
we divide them in four different layers:
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我們就把它們分成四層：
05:26
shrub layer, sub-tree layer,
tree layer and canopy layer.
tree layer and canopy layer.
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灌木層，亞喬木層，喬木層和樹冠層。
05:30
We fix the ratios of each layer,
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我們確定每一層的比例，
05:33
and then we decide the percentage
of each tree species in the mix.
of each tree species in the mix.
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然後我們確定混合森林中
每一個樹種的百分比。
每一個樹種的百分比。
05:38
If we are making a fruit forest,
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如果我們要創造一片果樹森林。
05:40
we increase the percentage
of fruit-bearing trees.
of fruit-bearing trees.
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我們就增加果樹的百分比。
05:43
It could be a flowering forest,
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它可以是一片鮮花盛開的森林，
05:46
a forest that attracts
a lot of birds or bees,
a lot of birds or bees,
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一片吸引了很多鳥和蜜蜂的森林，
05:50
or it could simply be a native,
wild evergreen forest.
wild evergreen forest.
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或者它只是一片土生的、野生的長青森林。
05:55
We collect the seeds
and germinate saplings out of them.
and germinate saplings out of them.
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我們收集種子，使其發芽長成幼樹。
05:59
We make sure that trees
belonging to the same layer
belonging to the same layer
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我們確保屬於同一層的樹木
06:01
are not planted next to each other,
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不會彼此種在一起，
06:03
or they will fight for the same
vertical space when they grow tall.
vertical space when they grow tall.
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否則，當它們生長的時候，
它們會爭奪相同高度的空間。
它們會爭奪相同高度的空間。
06:07
We plant the saplings close to each other.
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我們把幼樹一棵挨著一棵地種植。
06:10
On the surface, we spread
a thick layer of mulch,
a thick layer of mulch,
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在土壤上，我們鋪一層厚厚的護根物，
06:13
so when it's hot outside
the soil stays moist.
the soil stays moist.
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所以當外面的天氣很熱的時候，
土壤仍然可以保持濕潤。
土壤仍然可以保持濕潤。
06:16
When it's cold,
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當天氣很冷的時候，
06:18
frost formation happens only on the mulch,
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霜凍只在護根物上形成，
06:21
so soil can still breathe
while it's freezing outside.
while it's freezing outside.
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所以當外面很冷的時候，土壤仍然可以呼吸。
06:25
The soil is very soft --
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土壤很柔軟 --
06:28
so soft, that roots
can penetrate into it easily,
can penetrate into it easily,
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非常柔軟，
所以樹根可以很容易地扎根深入土壤，
所以樹根可以很容易地扎根深入土壤，
06:32
rapidly.
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而且非常迅速。
06:34
Initially, the forest doesn't
seem like it's growing,
seem like it's growing,
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最初，森林似乎沒有生長的動靜，
06:36
but it's growing under the surface.
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但是在土壤下面，它正生長著。
06:38
In the first three months,
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在前三個月裡，
06:40
roots reach a depth of one meter.
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樹根可以達到一米深。
06:42
These roots form a mesh,
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這些樹根形成一個網，
06:44
tightly holding the soil.
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緊緊地抓牢著土壤。
06:46
Microbes and fungi live
throughout this network of roots.
throughout this network of roots.
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微生物和真菌生活在樹根形成的這個網裡。
06:50
So if some nutrition is not available
in the vicinity of a tree,
in the vicinity of a tree,
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所以假如樹木無法獲取某些養份，
06:54
these microbes are going to get
the nutrition to the tree.
the nutrition to the tree.
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這些微生物就會把養份供應給樹木。
06:57
Whenever it rains,
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每當下雨的時候，
06:59
magically,
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就像變魔術一樣，
07:00
mushrooms appear overnight.
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蘑菇一夜之間就長出來了。
07:02
And this means the soil below
has a healthy fungal network.
has a healthy fungal network.
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這意味著土壤下面有一個健康的真菌網。
07:06
Once these roots are established,
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根系一旦成形穩固，
07:08
forest starts growing on the surface.
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森林就開始在地面上生長了。
07:11
As the forest grows we keep watering it --
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隨著森林生長，我們不停地給它澆水 －
07:16
for the next two to three years,
we water the forest.
we water the forest.
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在接下來的兩年到三年裡，我們持續地澆水。
07:20
We want to keep all the water
and soil nutrition only for our trees,
and soil nutrition only for our trees,
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我們想讓樹林充分得到
所有的水份和土壤養份，
所有的水份和土壤養份，
07:25
so we remove the weeds
growing on the ground.
growing on the ground.
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所以我們除掉地上的雜草。
07:28
As this forest grows,
it blocks the sunlight.
it blocks the sunlight.
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當森林不斷地生長，它會擋住陽光。
07:32
Eventually, the forest becomes so dense
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最終，森林變得很茂密
07:35
that sunlight can't reach
the ground anymore.
the ground anymore.
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以至於陽光不能照射到地面。
07:37
Weeds cannot grow now,
because they need sunlight as well.
because they need sunlight as well.
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雜草這個時候就不能生長了，
因為它們也需要陽光。
因為它們也需要陽光。
07:42
At this stage,
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在這個階段，
07:43
every single drop of water
that falls into the forest
that falls into the forest
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每一滴落入森林的水珠
07:46
doesn't evaporate back
into the atmosphere.
into the atmosphere.
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都不會蒸發回大氣中。
07:49
This dense forest condenses the moist air
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這片茂密的森林凝聚了濕氣
07:52
and retains its moisture.
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並且保持它的濕度。
07:54
We gradually reduce and eventually
stop watering the forest.
stop watering the forest.
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我們漸漸減少澆灌森林，
最終停止澆灌。
最終停止澆灌。
07:59
And even without watering,
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即使沒有澆灌，
08:00
the forest floor stays moist
and sometimes even dark.
and sometimes even dark.
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林地也可以保持濕潤、甚至成深色的沃土。
08:05
Now, when a single leaf
falls on this forest floor,
falls on this forest floor,
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現在，當一片葉子落在林地上時，
08:09
it immediately starts decaying.
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它立刻開始腐爛。
08:12
This decayed biomass forms humus,
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這腐爛的生物量形成腐殖質，
08:15
which is food for the forest.
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成為供給森林所需的養分。
08:17
As the forest grows,
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隨著森林不斷生長，
08:19
more leaves fall on the surface --
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更多的葉子落在地上 --
08:20
it means more humus is produced,
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這意味著更多的腐殖質產生，
08:22
it means more food so the forest
can grow still bigger.
can grow still bigger.
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也意謂著更多的食物，
可以讓森林不斷地茁壯生長，
可以讓森林不斷地茁壯生長，
08:26
And this forest keeps
growing exponentially.
growing exponentially.
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而且是迅速地生長。
08:30
Once established,
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一旦植林成功，
08:31
these forests are going to regenerate
themselves again and again --
themselves again and again --
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這些森林就可以一遍遍地自我繁衍--
08:35
probably forever.
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也許能永續進行。
08:38
In a natural forest like this,
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在這樣的自然森林裡，
08:40
no management is the best management.
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沒有管理就是最好的管理。
08:44
It's a tiny jungle party.
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這是一個小型的叢林派對。
08:46
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:48
This forest grows as a collective.
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這片森林是群聚生長而成的。
08:51
If the same trees --
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如果同樣的樹木--
08:52
same species --
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同樣的樹種 --
08:54
would have been planted independently,
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被獨立種植，
08:56
it wouldn't grow so fast.
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它就不會長得這麼快了。
08:58
And this is how we create
a 100-year-old forest
a 100-year-old forest
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這就是我們僅在十年內，
就能創造出百歲森林的方法。
09:02
in just 10 years.
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09:04
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝。
09:05
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shubhendu Sharma - Eco-entrepreneurShubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests.
Why you should listen
Industrial engineer Shubhendu Sharma was working at Toyota in India when he met Japanese forest expert Akira Miyawaki, who'd arrived to plant a forest at the factory, using a methodology he'd developed to make a forest grow ten times faster that normal. Fascinated, Sharma interned with Miyawaki, and grew his first successful forest on a small plot behind a house.
Today, his company Afforestt promotes a standardized method for seeding dense, fast-growing, native forests in barren lands, using his car-manufacturing acumen to create a system allowing a multilayer forest of 300 trees to grow on an area as small as the parking spaces of six cars -- for less than the price of an iPhone. Afforestt has helped grow forests at homes, schools and factories. Sharma seen improvement in air quality, an increase in biodiversity -- and the forests even generate fresh fruit. Afforestt is at work on a platform that will offer hardware probes to analyze soil quality, allowing the company to offer step-by-step instructions for anyone who wants to grow a native forest anywhere in the world.
Shubhendu Sharma | Speaker | TED.com