TED@BCG Paris
Shubhendu Sharma: How to grow a forest in your backyard
Šubendu Šarma (Shubhendu Sharma): Kako gajiti šumu u svom dvorištu?
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Šume, kao prirodni resursi, ne moraju biti ogromne i izolovane od ljudi. Mogu se gajiti baš tamo gde smo mi, čak i u gradovima. Preduzentik-ekolog i TED Fellow, Šubendu Šarma, gaji u urbanim predelima ekstremno guste, biološki raznovrsne mini šume, koje se sastoje od domaćih vrsta tako što naučnim metodoma stvara zemljište, mikrobe i biomasu kako bi započeo prirodni proces rasta. Pridružite mu se dok objašnjava kako da se za jednu deceniju stvori šuma stara 100 godina i naučite kako da se snađete u ovoj maloj džungli.
Shubhendu Sharma - Eco-entrepreneur
Shubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests. Full bio
Shubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
This is a man-made forest.
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Ovu šumu je napravio čovek.
00:15
It can spread over acres
and acres of area,
and acres of area,
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Može se prostirati
hekatirima zemlje,
hekatirima zemlje,
00:19
or it could fit in a small space --
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a može stati i u mali prostor,
00:22
as small as your house garden.
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veličine dvorišta.
00:27
Each of these forests
is just two years old.
is just two years old.
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Sve ove šume stare su dve godine.
00:31
I have a forest in the backyard
of my own house.
of my own house.
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Imam šumu u svom dvorištu.
00:35
It attracts a lot of biodiversity.
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Privlači veliki biodiverzitet.
00:37
(Bird call)
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(Zvuk ptice)
00:42
I wake up to this every morning,
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S ovim se budim svakog jutra,
00:43
like a Disney princess.
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kao Diznijeva princeza.
00:45
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:47
I am an entrepreneur
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Ja sam preduzetnik
00:48
who facilitates the making
of these forests professionally.
of these forests professionally.
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i profesionalno se bavim
uzgojem ovih šuma.
uzgojem ovih šuma.
00:52
We have helped factories,
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Pomogli smo fabrikama,
00:54
farms,
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farmama,
00:55
schools,
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školama,
00:58
homes,
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domaćinstvima,
01:00
resorts,
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hotelima,
01:02
apartment buildings,
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zgradama,
01:04
public parks
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parkovima,
01:06
and even a zoo
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čak i zoo-vrtu
01:08
to have one of such forests.
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da imaju jednu ovakvu šumu.
01:10
A forest is not an isolated piece of land
where animals live together.
where animals live together.
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Šuma nije izolovano parče zemlje
na kojoj životinje zajedno žive.
na kojoj životinje zajedno žive.
01:16
A forest can be an integral part
of our urban existence.
of our urban existence.
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Šuma može da bude
ključni deo urbanog postojanja.
ključni deo urbanog postojanja.
01:22
A forest, for me,
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Za mene je šuma
01:23
is a place so dense with trees
that you just can't walk into it.
that you just can't walk into it.
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mesto s toliko puno drveća
da jednostavno ne možeš kroz nju proći.
da jednostavno ne možeš kroz nju proći.
01:27
It doesn't matter
how big or small they are.
how big or small they are.
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Nebitno je da li su velike ili male.
01:31
Most of the world
we live in today was forest.
we live in today was forest.
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Veliki deo Zemlje gde danas živimo
bio je pod šumama.
bio je pod šumama.
01:34
This was before human intervention.
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To je bilo pre uplitanja ljudi.
01:36
Then we built up our cities
on those forests,
on those forests,
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Onda smo izgradili gradove
u tim šumama,
u tim šumama,
01:39
like São Paulo,
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kao na primer Sao Paulo,
01:40
forgetting that we belong
to nature as well,
to nature as well,
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zaboravljajući da i mi pripadamo prirodi
01:43
as much as 8.4 million
other species on the planet.
other species on the planet.
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kao i 8,4 miliona drugih vrsta na planeti.
01:48
Our habitat stopped being
our natural habitat.
our natural habitat.
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Naše stanište prestalo je biti
naše prirodno stanište.
naše prirodno stanište.
01:52
But not anymore for some of us.
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Ali ne i za neke od nas.
01:54
A few others and I today make
these forests professionally --
these forests professionally --
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Nekoliko ljudi i ja danas
profesionalno gajimo šume,
profesionalno gajimo šume,
01:58
anywhere and everywhere.
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bilo gde na svetu.
02:01
I'm an industrial engineer.
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Industrijski sam inženjer.
02:03
I specialize in making cars.
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Bavim se pravljenjem automobila.
02:06
In my previous job at Toyota,
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Na prethodnom poslu u Tojoti
02:08
I learned how to convert
natural resources into products.
natural resources into products.
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naučio sam kako da pretvorim
prirodne resurse u proizvod.
prirodne resurse u proizvod.
02:13
To give you an example,
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Daću vam primer,
02:14
we would drip the sap
out of a rubber tree,
out of a rubber tree,
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uzeli bismo biljni sok
brazilskog kaučukovca,
brazilskog kaučukovca,
02:17
convert it into raw rubber
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pretvorili bi ga u sirovi kaučuk
02:18
and make a tire out of it -- the product.
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i od toga bi napravili proizvod – gumu.
02:21
But these products can never
become a natural resource again.
become a natural resource again.
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Ali ovi proizvodi nikad neće ponovo
postati prirodni resurs.
postati prirodni resurs.
02:25
We separate the elements from nature
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Odvajamo elemente iz prirode
i pretvaramo ih
i pretvaramo ih
02:28
and convert them
into an irreversible state.
into an irreversible state.
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u nešto što se ne može vratiti
u početno stanje.
u početno stanje.
02:31
That's industrial production.
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To je industrijska proizvodnja.
02:34
Nature, on the other hand,
works in a totally opposite way.
works in a totally opposite way.
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S druge strane, priroda
funkcioniše potpuno suprotno.
funkcioniše potpuno suprotno.
02:37
The natural system produces
by bringing elements together,
by bringing elements together,
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Prirodni sistem proizvodi
tako što spaja elemente,
tako što spaja elemente,
02:41
atom by atom.
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atom po atom.
02:44
All the natural products
become a natural resource again.
become a natural resource again.
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Svaki prirodni proizvod
može ponovo postati prirodni resurs.
može ponovo postati prirodni resurs.
02:50
This is something which I learned
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To sam naučio
02:53
when I made a forest
in the backyard of my own house.
in the backyard of my own house.
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kad sam zasadio
šumu u svom dvorištu.
šumu u svom dvorištu.
02:56
And this was the first time
I worked with nature,
I worked with nature,
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To je bio prvi put da sam nešto
uradio zajedno s prirodom,
uradio zajedno s prirodom,
02:59
rather than against it.
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a ne protiv nje.
03:01
Since then,
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Od tad smo zasadili
03:03
we have made 75 such forests
in 25 cities across the world.
in 25 cities across the world.
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75 takvih šuma u 25 gradova širom sveta.
03:09
Every time we work at a new place,
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Svaki put kad radimo na novoj lokaciji
03:11
we find that every single element
needed to make a forest
needed to make a forest
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naučimo da se svaki element
potreban za šumu
potreban za šumu
03:16
is available right around us.
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nalazi svuda oko nas.
03:18
All we have to do is to bring
these elements together
these elements together
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Ove elemente samo treba spojiti
03:21
and let nature take over.
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i dopustiti da ih priroda preuzme.
03:25
To make a forest we start with soil.
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Počinjemo sa zemljištem kad sadimo šumu.
03:28
We touch, feel and even taste it
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Opipavamo, dodirujemo ga, čak ga i probamo
03:30
to identify what properties it lacks.
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da bismo odredili koja svojstva mu fale.
03:33
If the soil is made up of small particles
it becomes compact --
it becomes compact --
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Zemljište koje se sastoji
od sitnih supstanci jeste kompaktno,
od sitnih supstanci jeste kompaktno,
03:36
so compact, that water cannot seep in.
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toliko kompaktno da voda
ne može da prodre u njega.
ne može da prodre u njega.
03:40
We mix some local biomass
available around,
available around,
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Pomešamo ga s domaćom biomasom
dostupnoj na toj lokaciji
dostupnoj na toj lokaciji
03:44
which can help soil become more porous.
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i s njom zemljište postaje propustljivo.
03:49
Water can now seep in.
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Onda može upiti vodu.
03:51
If the soil doesn't have
the capacity to hold water,
the capacity to hold water,
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Ako zemljište ne može da zadrži vodu,
03:55
we will mix some more biomass --
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dodaćemo još biomase,
03:57
some water-absorbent material
like peat or bigas,
like peat or bigas,
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vodoupijajućeg materijala,
kao što je treset ili bagas
kao što je treset ili bagas
04:00
so soil can hold this water
and it stays moist.
and it stays moist.
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da bi zemljište zadržalo vodu
i ostalo vlažno.
i ostalo vlažno.
04:05
To grow, plants need water,
sunlight and nutrition.
sunlight and nutrition.
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Da bi rasle, biljkama je potrebna
voda, sunce i hrana.
voda, sunce i hrana.
04:11
What if the soil doesn't have
any nutrition in it?
any nutrition in it?
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Šta se desi ako zemljište nema hrane?
04:14
We don't just add nutrition
directly to the soil.
directly to the soil.
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Ne dodajemo hranu direktno u zemljište.
04:16
That would be the industrial way.
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Tako bi se radilo u industriji.
04:18
It goes against nature.
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To je protivno prirodi.
04:19
We instead add microorganisms to the soil.
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Umesto toga zemljištu
dodajemo mikroorganizme.
dodajemo mikroorganizme.
04:22
They produce the nutrients
in the soil naturally.
in the soil naturally.
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Oni prirodno proizvode hranu u zemljištu.
04:26
They feed on the biomass
we have mixed in the soil,
we have mixed in the soil,
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Hrane se biomasom,
koju smo dodali zemljištu,
koju smo dodali zemljištu,
04:29
so all they have to do
is eat and multiply.
is eat and multiply.
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oni je samo jedu i razmnožavaju se.
04:32
And as their number grows,
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Kako njihov broj raste,
04:34
the soil starts breathing again.
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zemljište počinje da diše.
04:35
It becomes alive.
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Oživljava.
04:38
We survey the native
tree species of the place.
tree species of the place.
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Istražujemo koje biljke rastu
na određenom mestu.
na određenom mestu.
04:40
How do we decide what's native or not?
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Kako odlučujemo šta je domaće, a šta ne?
04:43
Well, whatever existed
before human intervention is native.
before human intervention is native.
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Sve što je nastalo pre uplitanja ljudi
jeste domaće.
jeste domaće.
04:47
That's the simple rule.
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To je jednostavno pravilo.
04:49
We survey a national park
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Pretražujemo nacionalne parkove
04:54
to find the last remains
of a natural forest.
of a natural forest.
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da bismo pronašli
poslednje ostatke prirodne šume.
poslednje ostatke prirodne šume.
04:58
We survey the sacred groves,
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Pretražujemo svete šumarke
05:01
or sacred forests around old temples.
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ili svete šume koje se nalaze oko hramova.
05:04
And if we don't find anything at all,
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Ako ništa ne pronađemo,
05:07
we go to museums
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odemo u muzeje
05:08
to see the seeds or wood of trees
existing there a long time ago.
existing there a long time ago.
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da bismo našli seme ili drvo
koje već odavno tamo postoji.
koje već odavno tamo postoji.
05:14
We research old paintings,
poems and literature from the place,
poems and literature from the place,
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Pregledamo stare slike,
pesme i književnost tog mesta
pesme i književnost tog mesta
05:20
to identify the tree species
belonging there.
belonging there.
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da bismo odredili
koje biljke tamo rastu.
koje biljke tamo rastu.
05:23
Once we know our trees,
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Kad saznamo za drveće,
05:24
we divide them in four different layers:
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delimo ga u četiri grupe:
05:26
shrub layer, sub-tree layer,
tree layer and canopy layer.
tree layer and canopy layer.
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žbunje, nisko drveće, drveće i krošnje.
05:30
We fix the ratios of each layer,
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Određujemo razmeru svake grupe
05:33
and then we decide the percentage
of each tree species in the mix.
of each tree species in the mix.
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i onda odlučujemo o procentu
svake vrste drveta u grupi.
svake vrste drveta u grupi.
05:38
If we are making a fruit forest,
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Ako sadimo šumu s voćem,
05:40
we increase the percentage
of fruit-bearing trees.
of fruit-bearing trees.
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procenat drveća s plodovima je veći.
05:43
It could be a flowering forest,
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Može se zasaditi šuma s cvećem,
05:46
a forest that attracts
a lot of birds or bees,
a lot of birds or bees,
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šuma koja privlači puno ptica ili pčela,
05:50
or it could simply be a native,
wild evergreen forest.
wild evergreen forest.
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ali i domaća, divlja, zimzelena šuma.
05:55
We collect the seeds
and germinate saplings out of them.
and germinate saplings out of them.
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Sakupljamo seme
i od njega dobijamo sadnice.
i od njega dobijamo sadnice.
05:59
We make sure that trees
belonging to the same layer
belonging to the same layer
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Ne sadimo drveće koje pripada istoj grupi
06:01
are not planted next to each other,
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jedno pored drugog.
06:03
or they will fight for the same
vertical space when they grow tall.
vertical space when they grow tall.
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U suprotnom, kad porastu,
boriće se za isto mesto na vrhu.
boriće se za isto mesto na vrhu.
06:07
We plant the saplings close to each other.
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Sadnice sadimo blizu jedne drugih.
06:10
On the surface, we spread
a thick layer of mulch,
a thick layer of mulch,
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Debeo sloj đubriva je na površini
06:13
so when it's hot outside
the soil stays moist.
the soil stays moist.
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tako da kad je napolju vruće
zemljište bude vlažno.
zemljište bude vlažno.
06:16
When it's cold,
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Kad zahladni,
06:18
frost formation happens only on the mulch,
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inje se sakuplja samo na đubrivu,
06:21
so soil can still breathe
while it's freezing outside.
while it's freezing outside.
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a zemljište i dalje diše,
iako je napolju ledeno.
iako je napolju ledeno.
06:25
The soil is very soft --
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Zemljište je veoma mekano,
06:28
so soft, that roots
can penetrate into it easily,
can penetrate into it easily,
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toliko mekano da korenje
može lako da prodre kroz njega
može lako da prodre kroz njega
06:32
rapidly.
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za kratko vreme.
06:34
Initially, the forest doesn't
seem like it's growing,
seem like it's growing,
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Na početku šuma kao da ne raste,
06:36
but it's growing under the surface.
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ali raste ispod površine.
06:38
In the first three months,
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Tokom prva tri meseca
06:40
roots reach a depth of one meter.
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korenje raste u dubinu od jednog metra.
06:42
These roots form a mesh,
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Korenje stvara mrežu,
06:44
tightly holding the soil.
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koja čvrsto drži zemljište.
06:46
Microbes and fungi live
throughout this network of roots.
throughout this network of roots.
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Mikrobi i gljive
žive na ovoj mreži od korenja.
žive na ovoj mreži od korenja.
06:50
So if some nutrition is not available
in the vicinity of a tree,
in the vicinity of a tree,
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Ako hrana nije dostupna u blizini drveta,
06:54
these microbes are going to get
the nutrition to the tree.
the nutrition to the tree.
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ovi mikrobi dostavljaju drvetu hranu.
06:57
Whenever it rains,
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Kad pada kiša,
06:59
magically,
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kao magijom,
07:00
mushrooms appear overnight.
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pečurke se pojave tokom noći.
07:02
And this means the soil below
has a healthy fungal network.
has a healthy fungal network.
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To znači da zemljište ispod njih
ima zdravu mrežu gljiva.
ima zdravu mrežu gljiva.
07:06
Once these roots are established,
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Kad korenje sazri,
07:08
forest starts growing on the surface.
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šuma počinje da raste na površini.
07:11
As the forest grows we keep watering it --
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Dokle god ona raste, zalivamo je.
07:16
for the next two to three years,
we water the forest.
we water the forest.
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Zalivamo je sledeće dve-tri godine.
07:20
We want to keep all the water
and soil nutrition only for our trees,
and soil nutrition only for our trees,
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Cilj nam je da sva voda
i hranljivo zemljište budu dostupni šumi,
i hranljivo zemljište budu dostupni šumi,
07:25
so we remove the weeds
growing on the ground.
growing on the ground.
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pa čupamo korov.
07:28
As this forest grows,
it blocks the sunlight.
it blocks the sunlight.
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Kako šuma raste, ona zaustavlja svetlost.
07:32
Eventually, the forest becomes so dense
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Na kraju šuma postaje toliko gusta
07:35
that sunlight can't reach
the ground anymore.
the ground anymore.
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da sunce ne može da dopre na zemlju.
07:37
Weeds cannot grow now,
because they need sunlight as well.
because they need sunlight as well.
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Korov više ne raste
jer je i njemu potrebna svetlost.
jer je i njemu potrebna svetlost.
07:42
At this stage,
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U ovoj fazi
07:43
every single drop of water
that falls into the forest
that falls into the forest
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nijedna kapljica vode
koja padne u šumu
koja padne u šumu
07:46
doesn't evaporate back
into the atmosphere.
into the atmosphere.
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neće ispariti u atmosferu.
07:49
This dense forest condenses the moist air
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Ove guste šume kondenzuju vlažan vazduh
07:52
and retains its moisture.
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i zadržavaju vlažnost.
07:54
We gradually reduce and eventually
stop watering the forest.
stop watering the forest.
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Postepeno smanjujemo šumu
i više je ne zalivamo.
i više je ne zalivamo.
07:59
And even without watering,
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Čak i bez vode
08:00
the forest floor stays moist
and sometimes even dark.
and sometimes even dark.
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zemlja u šumi je vlažna,
a nekad bude i mračno.
a nekad bude i mračno.
08:05
Now, when a single leaf
falls on this forest floor,
falls on this forest floor,
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Sad, kad i jedan list padne na zemlju,
08:09
it immediately starts decaying.
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odmah počinje da truli.
08:12
This decayed biomass forms humus,
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Ova trula biomasa stvara humus,
08:15
which is food for the forest.
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a to je hrana za šumu.
08:17
As the forest grows,
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Kako šuma raste,
08:19
more leaves fall on the surface --
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sve više lišća pada na zemlju,
08:20
it means more humus is produced,
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a to znači da ima više humusa
08:22
it means more food so the forest
can grow still bigger.
can grow still bigger.
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i da ima više hrane za još veći rast šume.
08:26
And this forest keeps
growing exponentially.
growing exponentially.
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I ova šuma nastavlja da sve brže raste.
08:30
Once established,
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Kad porastu,
08:31
these forests are going to regenerate
themselves again and again --
themselves again and again --
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ove šume se iznova regenerišu,
08:35
probably forever.
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verovatno u nedogled.
08:38
In a natural forest like this,
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Za ovakvu prirodnu šumu
08:40
no management is the best management.
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najbolje je da se ne uređuje.
08:44
It's a tiny jungle party.
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Ona postaje jedna mala džungla.
08:46
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
08:48
This forest grows as a collective.
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Šuma raste kao jedna zajednica.
08:51
If the same trees --
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Ako se isto drveće,
08:52
same species --
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iste vrste,
08:54
would have been planted independently,
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zasadi nezavisno jedno od drugog,
08:56
it wouldn't grow so fast.
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šuma ne bi tako brzo rasla.
08:58
And this is how we create
a 100-year-old forest
a 100-year-old forest
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Ovako mi stvorimo šumu staru sto godina
09:02
in just 10 years.
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za samo jednu deceniju.
09:04
Thank you very much.
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Mnogo vam hvala.
09:05
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shubhendu Sharma - Eco-entrepreneurShubhendu Sharma creates afforestation methods that make it easy to plant maintenance-free, wild and biodiverse forests.
Why you should listen
Industrial engineer Shubhendu Sharma was working at Toyota in India when he met Japanese forest expert Akira Miyawaki, who'd arrived to plant a forest at the factory, using a methodology he'd developed to make a forest grow ten times faster that normal. Fascinated, Sharma interned with Miyawaki, and grew his first successful forest on a small plot behind a house.
Today, his company Afforestt promotes a standardized method for seeding dense, fast-growing, native forests in barren lands, using his car-manufacturing acumen to create a system allowing a multilayer forest of 300 trees to grow on an area as small as the parking spaces of six cars -- for less than the price of an iPhone. Afforestt has helped grow forests at homes, schools and factories. Sharma seen improvement in air quality, an increase in biodiversity -- and the forests even generate fresh fruit. Afforestt is at work on a platform that will offer hardware probes to analyze soil quality, allowing the company to offer step-by-step instructions for anyone who wants to grow a native forest anywhere in the world.
Shubhendu Sharma | Speaker | TED.com