TED2015
Gary Haugen: The hidden reason for poverty the world needs to address now
侯嘉理: 贫穷的真正根源，全世界应该一起解决
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民权律师侯嘉理（Gary Haugen）指出，世人的同情心，让全球贫困人口自上世纪八十年代来不断减少。然而，尽管全球不断提供救济金，但仍然存在着一个不为人知的非常普遍的问题，正是这个问题让贫困依然盛行。侯嘉理揭露了这一贫穷成因，我们必须立刻就此采取行动。
Gary Haugen - Human rights attorney
As founder of International Justice Mission, Gary Haugen fights the chronically neglected global epidemic of violence against the poor. Full bio
As founder of International Justice Mission, Gary Haugen fights the chronically neglected global epidemic of violence against the poor. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
To be honest, by personality,
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说实话，从性格上来讲，
00:15
I'm just not much of a crier.
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我并不是一个容易流泪的人。
00:19
But I think in my career
that's been a good thing.
that's been a good thing.
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但考虑到我的职业，
能有这个性格是件好事。
能有这个性格是件好事。
00:23
I'm a civil rights lawyer,
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我是一名民权律师，
00:24
and I've seen some
horrible things in the world.
horrible things in the world.
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我见过一些发生在
全球各地的可怕的事情。
全球各地的可怕的事情。
00:29
I began my career working
police abuse cases in the United States.
police abuse cases in the United States.
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我的第一份职业是在美国
处理警察滥用职权的案子。
处理警察滥用职权的案子。
00:32
And then in 1994, I was sent to Rwanda
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后来，1994年，我被派往卢旺达，
00:36
to be the director of the U.N.'s
genocide investigation.
genocide investigation.
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领导联合国种族灭绝调查组。
00:41
It turns out that tears
just aren't much help
just aren't much help
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我发现，当你调查
种族灭绝的惨案时，
种族灭绝的惨案时，
00:45
when you're trying
to investigate a genocide.
to investigate a genocide.
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泪水派不上多大用场。
00:49
The things I had to see,
and feel and touch
and feel and touch
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那些我不得不面对的事实，
那些令我感触深刻的故事，
那些令我感触深刻的故事，
00:54
were pretty unspeakable.
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都难以名状。
00:57
What I can tell you is this:
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我可以明确告诉你们的是：
01:00
that the Rwandan genocide
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卢旺达种族灭绝是
01:02
was one of the world's
greatest failures of simple compassion.
greatest failures of simple compassion.
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缺乏同情导致的
全世界最惨的惨案之一。
全世界最惨的惨案之一。
01:09
That word, compassion, actually
comes from two Latin words:
comes from two Latin words:
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"同情"这个词
来源于两个拉丁词汇：
来源于两个拉丁词汇：
01:13
cum passio, which simply mean
"to suffer with."
"to suffer with."
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cum和passio，
其含义是"同甘苦"。
其含义是"同甘苦"。
01:18
And the things that I saw and experienced
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目睹卢旺达的惨案，
01:22
in Rwanda as I got up close
to human suffering,
to human suffering,
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我感受到了那里的
人们所承受的苦难，
人们所承受的苦难，
01:24
it did, in moments, move me to tears.
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这让我落下泪水。
01:28
But I just wish that I,
and the rest of the world,
and the rest of the world,
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我多么希望，
我，以及整个世界，
我，以及整个世界，
01:30
had been moved earlier.
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可以在一切发生前就投以同情。
01:33
And not just to tears,
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不单单是落下同情的泪水，
01:35
but to actually stop the genocide.
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更要切实阻止这场惨案。
01:38
Now by contrast, I've also been involved
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与之对比，我也经历了
01:41
with one of the world's greatest
successes of compassion.
successes of compassion.
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同情带来的最美好的硕果之一。
01:47
And that's the fight against
global poverty.
global poverty.
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这就是全世界范围内
拯救贫困的运动。
拯救贫困的运动。
01:50
It's a cause that probably
has involved all of us here.
has involved all of us here.
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这场运动或许
跟在座的每个人都相关。
跟在座的每个人都相关。
01:52
I don't know if your first introduction
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我不知道是什么让
你们初次了解到世界贫困问题，
你们初次了解到世界贫困问题，
01:54
might have been choruses of
"We Are the World,"
"We Are the World,"
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是"天下一家"这一合唱曲，
01:58
or maybe the picture of a sponsored child
on your refrigerator door,
on your refrigerator door,
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还是你们家冰箱门上贴着的
受到救济的儿童的照片，
受到救济的儿童的照片，
02:02
or maybe the birthday you
donated for fresh water.
donated for fresh water.
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还是你把过生日的钱拿去
捐给了水质净化项目？
捐给了水质净化项目？
02:06
I don't really remember what my first
introduction to poverty was
introduction to poverty was
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我不记得是什么让我
第一次了解到贫困问题，
第一次了解到贫困问题，
02:09
but I do remember the most jarring.
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但我记得给我留下
最深刻印象的一次经历，
最深刻印象的一次经历，
02:13
It was when I met Venus --
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那一次我见到了Venus，
02:15
she's a mom from Zambia.
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她是来自赞比亚的一位母亲，
02:18
She's got three kids and she's a widow.
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她是一个遗孀，有三个孩子。
02:21
When I met her, she had walked
about 12 miles
about 12 miles
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她走了大概12英里
才到了我们碰面的地方，
才到了我们碰面的地方，
02:25
in the only garments she owned,
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她穿着唯一的一套衣服，
02:27
to come to the capital city
and to share her story.
and to share her story.
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来到首都，向我讲述她的故事。
02:31
She sat down with me for hours,
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她坐着跟我聊了好几个小时，
02:35
just ushered me in to
the world of poverty.
the world of poverty.
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让我深刻体会到了
贫穷世界究竟是何等模样。
贫穷世界究竟是何等模样。
02:40
She described what it was like
when the coals on the cooking fire
when the coals on the cooking fire
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她向我描述着一幅幅贫困的画面：
02:43
finally just went completely cold.
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煮食炉火的煤烧尽、凉透，
02:46
When that last drop
of cooking oil finally ran out.
of cooking oil finally ran out.
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最后一滴食用油消耗殆尽，
02:51
When the last of the food,
despite her best efforts,
despite her best efforts,
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尽管她极力节衣缩食，依然耗尽了
最后一口食物。
02:55
ran out.
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02:58
She had to watch her youngest son, Peter,
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她不得不眼睁睁地
看着小儿子 Peter
看着小儿子 Peter
03:01
suffer from malnutrition,
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遭受营养不良的折磨，
03:03
as his legs just slowly bowed
into uselessness.
into uselessness.
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他的双腿渐渐萎缩，
丧失了行走的能力。
丧失了行走的能力。
03:07
As his eyes grew cloudy and dim.
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他的眼睛变得黯淡无光，
03:11
And then as Peter finally grew cold.
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直到最后，他的身子变冰冷了。
03:18
For over 50 years, stories like this
have been moving us to compassion.
have been moving us to compassion.
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过去的五十多年间，
这样的故事激起了我们的同情心，
这样的故事激起了我们的同情心，
03:23
We whose kids have plenty to eat.
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同情那些吃不饱饭的孩子。
03:26
And we're moved not only
to care about global poverty,
to care about global poverty,
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我们不只是在心里
默默关心全球贫困问题，
默默关心全球贫困问题，
03:29
but to actually try to do our part
to stop the suffering.
to stop the suffering.
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还尽了自己的一份力，
让贫困的人不再受苦受难。
让贫困的人不再受苦受难。
03:34
Now there's plenty of room for critique
that we haven't done enough,
that we haven't done enough,
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有很多方面我们做的还不够，
03:37
and what it is that we've done
hasn't been effective enough,
hasn't been effective enough,
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我们做的很多事情效果还不够显著，
03:41
but the truth is this:
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但事实是：
03:44
The fight against global poverty
is probably the broadest,
is probably the broadest,
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抗击世界贫困的运动很可能是
人类出于同情心而发起的
有史以来涉及范围最广，
有史以来涉及范围最广，
03:48
longest running manifestation of the
human phenomenon of compassion
human phenomenon of compassion
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03:53
in the history of our species.
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持续时间最为长久的运动。
03:56
And so I'd like to share
a pretty shattering insight
a pretty shattering insight
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我会给你们分享一些我的见解，
04:00
that might forever change the way
you think about that struggle.
you think about that struggle.
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或许会永远改变大家
对这场运动的认识。
对这场运动的认识。
但首先，我来谈一下你们大多
已经知道的一些事实。
已经知道的一些事实。
04:04
But first, let me begin with what
you probably already know.
you probably already know.
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04:07
Thirty-five years ago, when I would have
been graduating from high school,
been graduating from high school,
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35年前，我快要从高中毕业的时候，
04:10
they told us that 40,000 kids every day
died because of poverty.
died because of poverty.
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有数据表明每天有
四万个儿童死于饥饿。
四万个儿童死于饥饿。
04:17
That number, today, is now
down to 17,000.
down to 17,000.
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今天，这个数字下降到一万七千。
04:21
Way too many, of course,
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当然，还是很多，
04:23
but it does mean that every year,
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但这确实表明，
每年都有八百万名儿童
不会因饥饿而离开这个世界。
不会因饥饿而离开这个世界。
04:26
there's eight million kids who
don't have to die from poverty.
don't have to die from poverty.
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04:31
Moreover, the number of
people in our world
people in our world
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而且，全世界生活在
04:34
who are living in extreme poverty,
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极度贫困状态的人数
04:36
which is defined as living off
about a dollar and a quarter a day,
about a dollar and a quarter a day,
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——极度贫困的定义是
每天用于糊口的钱不超过1.25美金——
每天用于糊口的钱不超过1.25美金——
04:39
that has fallen from 50 percent,
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已经从世界人口的50%
04:43
to only 15 percent.
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下降到只有15%。
04:47
This is massive progress,
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这是卓越的进步，
04:48
and this exceeds everybody's
expectations about what is possible.
expectations about what is possible.
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超出了所有人的预期。
04:54
And I think you and I,
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我认为我们所有人，
04:57
I think, honestly, that we can
feel proud and encouraged
feel proud and encouraged
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说实话，
我们应当为此而感到自豪，
我们应当为此而感到自豪，
05:01
to see the way that compassion
actually has the power
actually has the power
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能够见证同情迸发出的力量
05:05
to succeed in stopping
the suffering of millions.
the suffering of millions.
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如何解救了数以百万计的人们。
05:10
But here's the part that you
might not hear very much about.
might not hear very much about.
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但后面这个数据
你们可能没听说过。
你们可能没听说过。
05:14
If you move that poverty mark just
up to two dollars a day,
up to two dollars a day,
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如果把贫困线稍稍上移，
设为一天2美金，
设为一天2美金，
05:19
it turns out that virtually
the same two billion people
the same two billion people
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你就会发现世界上仍然有20亿人
05:22
who were stuck in that harsh poverty
when I was in high school,
when I was in high school,
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生活在极度贫困的状态下，
05:26
are still stuck there,
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我上高中时有这么多人，
05:28
35 years later.
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35年后的今天依然是。
05:30
So why, why are so many billions
still stuck in such harsh poverty?
still stuck in such harsh poverty?
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为什么呢？为什么有好几十亿人
深陷贫困的深渊？
深陷贫困的深渊？
05:36
Well, let's think about
Venus for a moment.
Venus for a moment.
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让我们再回到Venus的故事。
05:39
Now for decades, my wife and I have been
moved by common compassion
moved by common compassion
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数十年来，我的夫人和我出于同情
05:43
to sponsor kids, to fund microloans,
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帮助孩子，资助小额贷款，
05:45
to support generous levels of foreign aid.
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慷慨地支持国外援救行动。
05:49
But until I had actually talked to Venus,
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但直到我亲身跟Venus攀谈后，
05:52
I would have had no idea that
none of those approaches
none of those approaches
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我才知道以前所做的一切
都没有切中要害，
都没有切中要害，
05:55
actually addressed why she had
to watch her son die.
to watch her son die.
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以致于她不得不眼睁睁地
看着她的孩子死去。
看着她的孩子死去。
06:01
"We were doing fine," Venus told me,
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“本来我们过得挺好，”
Venus告诉我，
Venus告诉我，
06:06
"until Brutus started to cause trouble."
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”直到Brutus开始惹麻烦。“
06:10
Now, Brutus is Venus' neighbor
and "cause trouble"
and "cause trouble"
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Brutus是Venus的邻居，
”惹麻烦“是指
”惹麻烦“是指
06:13
is what happened the day after
Venus' husband died,
Venus' husband died,
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Venus丈夫去世后的第二天，
06:17
when Brutus just came and threw
Venus and the kids out of the house,
Venus and the kids out of the house,
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Brutus将Venus
和她的孩子们赶出了家门，
和她的孩子们赶出了家门，
06:21
stole all their land, and robbed
their market stall.
their market stall.
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掠去了所有的土地，
抢走了值钱的东西。
抢走了值钱的东西。
06:26
You see, Venus was thrown
into destitution by violence.
into destitution by violence.
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是暴力让Venus陷入贫困。
06:32
And then it occurred to me, of course,
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这让我突然间意识到，
06:34
that none of my child sponsorships,
none of the microloans,
none of the microloans,
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我的儿童资助、小额贷款、
06:38
none of the traditional
anti-poverty programs
anti-poverty programs
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传统的抗击贫困的运动，
06:42
were going to stop Brutus,
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都无法阻止Brutus，
06:46
because they weren't meant to.
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因为所做的一切都没切中要害。
06:49
This became even more clear
to me when I met Griselda.
to me when I met Griselda.
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当我遇到Griselda后，
我更加清晰地意识到这个问题。
我更加清晰地意识到这个问题。
06:54
She's a marvelous young girl
living in a very poor community
living in a very poor community
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她是一个美丽的年轻女子，
住在危地马拉
一个贫困不堪的社区。
一个贫困不堪的社区。
06:59
in Guatemala.
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07:00
And one of the things
we've learned over the years
we've learned over the years
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根据我们过去的经验，
07:03
is that perhaps the most powerful thing
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我们认为让Griselda和她的家庭
07:05
that Griselda and her family can do
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走出贫困的最有效的办法，
07:08
to get Griselda and her family
out of poverty
out of poverty
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或许就是确保
07:11
is to make sure that she goes to school.
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Griselda能够完成学业。
07:14
The experts call this the Girl Effect.
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专家称之为“女孩效应”。
07:19
But when we met Griselda,
she wasn't going to school.
she wasn't going to school.
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但当我们遇到Griselda时，
她并没有上学。
她并没有上学。
07:23
In fact, she was rarely ever
leaving her home.
leaving her home.
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事实上，她几乎走不出家门。
07:28
Days before we met her,
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在我们遇见她的几天前，
07:30
while she was walking home
from church with her family,
from church with her family,
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当她离开教堂，
跟家人走在回家的路上时，
跟家人走在回家的路上时，
07:32
in broad daylight,
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光天化日之下，
07:35
men from her community
just snatched her off the street,
just snatched her off the street,
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她所在社区的几个男人
把她从街道上拉走，
把她从街道上拉走，
07:38
and violently raped her.
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强暴了她。
07:41
See, Griselda had every
opportunity to go to school,
opportunity to go to school,
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所以，Griselda并不缺少上学的机会，
07:46
it just wasn't safe for her to get there.
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只是上学的路上太不安全了。
07:49
And Griselda's not the only one.
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Griselda并不是唯一
面临这个问题的孩子。
面临这个问题的孩子。
07:52
Around the world, poor women and girls
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全世界，在15到44岁之间的
07:55
between the ages of 15 and 44,
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贫困的妇女和女孩中，
08:00
they are -- when victims of
the everyday violence
the everyday violence
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因日常家庭暴力和性暴力侵犯
08:04
of domestic abuse and sexual violence --
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而丧生或残疾的人数
08:07
those two forms of violence account
for more death and disability
for more death and disability
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要超过因疟疾、交通事故、战争
08:12
than malaria, than car accidents,
than war combined.
than war combined.
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而死亡或残疾的妇女数量之和。
08:23
The truth is, the poor of our world
are trapped in whole systems of violence.
are trapped in whole systems of violence.
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真相是，全世界的穷人
都深陷暴力的牢笼。
都深陷暴力的牢笼。
08:28
In South Asia, for instance,
I could drive past this rice mill
I could drive past this rice mill
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比如说，在南亚，
我开车驶过一片稻田，
我开车驶过一片稻田，
08:32
and see this man hoisting
these 100-pound sacks
these 100-pound sacks
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看到这个男人用他瘦弱的后背
08:35
of rice upon his thin back.
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驼着100磅重的米袋。
08:37
But I would have no idea, until later,
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但当时我根本就没想到，
08:38
that he was actually a slave,
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他原来是一个奴隶，
08:41
held by violence in that rice mill
since I was in high school.
since I was in high school.
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在我上着高中时，
他就被迫碾米作坊劳作。
他就被迫碾米作坊劳作。
08:46
Decades of anti-poverty programs
right in his community
right in his community
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数十年来，他所在社区的
抗击贫困的运动
抗击贫困的运动
08:50
were never able to rescue him
or any of the hundred other slaves
or any of the hundred other slaves
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都没能解救他，
也没能解救作坊中其他
也没能解救作坊中其他
08:54
from the beatings and the rapes
and the torture
and the torture
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遭受殴打、强暴、酷刑的
08:57
of violence inside the rice mill.
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百余名奴隶。
09:01
In fact, half a century of
anti-poverty programs
anti-poverty programs
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事实上，相对于
人类历史上其他任何时刻，
人类历史上其他任何时刻，
09:06
have left more poor people in slavery
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近半世纪以来的抗击贫困的运动，
09:09
than in any other time in human history.
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让人类历史上沦为奴隶的人数达到了顶峰。
09:13
Experts tell us that there's about
35 million people in slavery today.
35 million people in slavery today.
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专家告诉我们，
世界上目前大概有三千五百万奴隶。
世界上目前大概有三千五百万奴隶。
09:19
That's about the population
of the entire nation of Canada,
of the entire nation of Canada,
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这大概相当于加拿大
整个国家人口的数量，
整个国家人口的数量，
09:22
where we're sitting today.
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这就是目前的状况。
09:26
This is why, over time, I have come
to call this epidemic of violence
to call this epidemic of violence
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这就是为什么，
我将这遍布的暴力称之为
我将这遍布的暴力称之为
09:29
the Locust Effect.
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“蝗虫效应”。
09:31
Because in the lives of the poor,
it just descends like a plague
it just descends like a plague
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因为，穷人们就像
遭受了一场瘟疫般，
遭受了一场瘟疫般，
09:34
and it destroys everything.
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家庭支离破碎，生活惨不忍睹。
09:37
In fact, now when you survey
very, very poor communities,
very, very poor communities,
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事实上，如今当你跟
那些极度贫困的社区居民交流时，
那些极度贫困的社区居民交流时，
09:41
residents will tell you that their
greatest fear is violence.
greatest fear is violence.
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他们会告诉你
他们最大的恐惧，就是暴力。
他们最大的恐惧，就是暴力。
09:46
But notice the violence that they fear
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注意，他们恐惧的暴力
09:48
is not the violence of
genocide or the wars,
genocide or the wars,
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不是种族灭绝或战争，
09:51
it's everyday violence.
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而是日常暴力。
09:54
So for me, as a lawyer, of course,
my first reaction was to think,
my first reaction was to think,
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3213
因此，对我而言，作为一个律师，
我的第一个反应理所当然是，
我的第一个反应理所当然是，
09:57
well, of course we've
got to change all the laws.
got to change all the laws.
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我们必须要修正法律。
我们必须以法律作为武器
严惩暴力行为。
严惩暴力行为。
09:59
We've got to make all this violence
against the poor illegal.
against the poor illegal.
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10:03
But then I found out, it already is.
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但我随即发现，
相关法律条文已经有了。
相关法律条文已经有了。
10:06
The problem is not that
the poor don't get laws,
the poor don't get laws,
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问题不在于
没有保护穷人的法律条文，
没有保护穷人的法律条文，
10:09
it's that they don't get law enforcement.
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而在于法律得不到实施。
10:14
In the developing world,
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在发展中国家，
10:16
basic law enforcement systems
are so broken
are so broken
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践行法律的机构系统腐朽不堪，
10:19
that recently the U.N. issued
a report that found
a report that found
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联合国最近的报告显示，
10:22
that "most poor people live
outside the protection of the law."
outside the protection of the law."
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5604
”绝大多数穷人
得不到法律保障。“
得不到法律保障。“
10:28
Now honestly, you and I have
just about no idea
just about no idea
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说实话，你我都想象不到，
10:30
of what that would mean
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没有法律保障意味着什么，
10:32
because we have no
first-hand experience of it.
first-hand experience of it.
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3679
因为我们都没有切身体会过。
10:35
Functioning law enforcement for us
is just a total assumption.
is just a total assumption.
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在我们心目中，
法律的践行完全是理所当然的，
法律的践行完全是理所当然的，
10:38
In fact, nothing expresses that assumption
more clearly than three simple numbers:
more clearly than three simple numbers:
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事实上，给我们吃定心丸的
就是那三个数字：
就是那三个数字：
10:43
9-1-1,
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911，
10:45
which, of course, is the number
for the emergency police operator
for the emergency police operator
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不用说，这就是加拿大和美国
10:48
here in Canada and in the United States,
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3301
通用的紧急报警号码，
10:52
where the average response time
to a police 911 emergency call
to a police 911 emergency call
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拨打911的警方平均响应时间
10:56
is about 10 minutes.
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大概是10分钟。
10:57
So we take this just
completely for granted.
completely for granted.
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我们认为这完全是理所当然的。
11:00
But what if there was no
law enforcement to protect you?
law enforcement to protect you?
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4517
但是，如果没有法律保护你，
会发生什么？
会发生什么？
11:06
A woman in Oregon recently
experienced what this would be like.
experienced what this would be like.
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俄勒冈州的一名女子
最近就有过这样的切身经历。
最近就有过这样的切身经历。
11:11
She was home alone in her
dark house on a Saturday night,
dark house on a Saturday night,
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4341
在一个周六的夜晚，
她独自呆在灯光昏暗的家中，
她独自呆在灯光昏暗的家中，
11:15
when a man started to tear
his way into her home.
his way into her home.
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2965
此时一名男子试图撬门而入。
11:18
This was her worst nightmare,
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1957
这是她一段噩梦般的经历，
11:20
because this man had actually put her
in the hospital from an assault
in the hospital from an assault
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4608
因为就在两周前，
这个男子袭击了她，
这个男子袭击了她，
11:25
just two weeks before.
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2118
让她受伤住进了医院。
11:27
So terrified, she picks up that phone
and does what any of us would do:
and does what any of us would do:
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3358
惊慌失措中，她拿起电话，
像所有人都会做的那样：
像所有人都会做的那样：
11:30
She calls 911 --
188
678551
2645
她拨打了911——
11:33
but only to learn that because
of budget cuts in her county,
of budget cuts in her county,
189
681196
4832
但却发现她所在的郡县为节约资金，
11:38
law enforcement wasn't available
on the weekends.
on the weekends.
190
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3369
周末并不提供警力援助。
11:41
Listen.
191
689397
790
请听。
11:42
Dispatcher: I don't have anybody
to send out there.
to send out there.
192
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2819
话务员：这边没有人可以过去。
11:45
Woman: OK
193
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1017
女子：好吧。
11:46
Dispatcher: Um, obviously if he comes
inside the residence and assaults you,
inside the residence and assaults you,
194
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4103
话务员：嗯，
如果他要闯入你家侵犯你，
如果他要闯入你家侵犯你，
11:50
can you ask him to go away?
195
698126
1673
你能跟他说，让他走吗？
11:51
Or do you know if
he is intoxicated or anything?
he is intoxicated or anything?
196
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2243
或者，你知道他是不是
喝醉了之类的吗？
喝醉了之类的吗？
11:54
Woman: I've already asked him.
I've already told him I was calling you.
I've already told him I was calling you.
197
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3373
女子：我已经跟他说不要进来了。
我已经告诉他我拨911了。
我已经告诉他我拨911了。
11:57
He's broken in before,
busted down my door, assaulted me.
busted down my door, assaulted me.
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2673
以前他就闯入过我家，侵犯了我。
12:00
Dispatcher: Uh-huh.
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945
话务员：呃，嗯。
12:01
Woman: Um, yeah, so ...
200
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1153
女子：呃，这样，那么......
12:02
Dispatcher: Is there any way you could
safely leave the residence?
safely leave the residence?
201
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3219
话务员：你有没有办法
安全地逃出家门？
安全地逃出家门？
12:05
Woman: No, I can't, because he's blocking
pretty much my only way out.
pretty much my only way out.
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3417
女子：没有，没办法，
因为他堵在我唯一的出口。
因为他堵在我唯一的出口。
12:08
Dispatcher: Well, the only thing I can do
is give you some advice,
is give you some advice,
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3146
话务员：好吧，我唯一能做的
就是给你一些建议，
就是给你一些建议，
12:11
and call the sheriff's office tomorrow.
204
719968
2716
明天我会报告给警官。
12:14
Obviously, if he comes in and
unfortunately has a weapon
unfortunately has a weapon
205
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4812
当然，如果他闯进来，还拿着武器，
12:19
or is trying to cause you physical harm,
that's a different story.
that's a different story.
206
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3326
或试图给你造成身体伤害，
那就是另一回事了。
那就是另一回事了。
12:22
You know, the sheriff's office
doesn't work up there.
doesn't work up there.
207
730822
2667
你也知道，警局今天休息，
我没法派人去救你。“
12:25
I don't have anybody to send."
208
733489
2656
12:29
Gary Haugen: Tragically, the woman
inside that house
inside that house
209
737735
2653
不幸的是，这名女子在自己家里
12:32
was violently assaulted, choked and raped
210
740388
5939
被残暴地殴打，窒息，强奸，
12:38
because this is what it means to live
outside the rule of law.
outside the rule of law.
211
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6044
这就是生活在法律保障之外的情形。
12:45
And this is where billions
of our poorest live.
of our poorest live.
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4014
这就是数十亿穷人所生活的环境。
12:52
What does that look like?
213
760015
2428
具体是什么样的呢？
12:54
In Bolivia, for example, if a man
sexually assaults a poor child,
sexually assaults a poor child,
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4428
比如，在玻利维亚，如果一个男人
对一个穷人家的孩子性骚扰，
对一个穷人家的孩子性骚扰，
12:58
statistically, he's at greater risk
of slipping in the shower and dying
of slipping in the shower and dying
215
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4673
从统计数字来看，他被逮捕的概率
还没有洗澡跌倒致死的概率高。
13:03
than he is of ever going
to jail for that crime.
to jail for that crime.
216
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3398
13:08
In South Asia, if you
enslave a poor person,
enslave a poor person,
217
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4685
在南非，如果你奴役一个穷人，
13:12
you're at greater risk of being
struck by lightning
struck by lightning
218
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2923
你更可能遭到雷劈，
13:15
than ever being sent
to jail for that crime.
to jail for that crime.
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3050
而不是被逮捕。
13:18
And so the epidemic of everyday
violence, it just rages on.
violence, it just rages on.
220
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4979
日常暴力如瘟疫般席卷着穷人的世界。
13:23
And it devastates our efforts to try
to help billions of people
to help billions of people
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4099
这让我们为帮助
数十亿穷人脱离贫困线
数十亿穷人脱离贫困线
13:27
out of their two-dollar-a-day hell.
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3577
所付出的一切努力化为泡影。
13:31
Because the data just doesn't lie.
223
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2502
因为数据不会说谎。
13:33
It turns out that you can give
all manner of goods and services
all manner of goods and services
224
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3059
你可以倾尽所有，为穷人提供
救济品和服务设施，
13:36
to the poor,
225
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1153
13:38
but if you don't restrain the hands
of the violent bullies
of the violent bullies
226
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3126
但如果你不遏制抢走
13:41
from taking it all away,
227
809155
1835
这一切的暴徒，
13:42
you're going to be very disappointed
in the long-term impact of your efforts.
in the long-term impact of your efforts.
228
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4359
你所付出的努力会让你失望透顶。
13:47
So you would think that the disintegration
of basic law enforcement
of basic law enforcement
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815889
3771
因此，你们会觉得抗击
全球贫困的头等要事
全球贫困的头等要事
13:51
in the developing world
would be a huge priority
would be a huge priority
230
819660
3015
是解决发展中国家最基本的
法律实施问题。
13:54
for the global fight against poverty.
231
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3240
13:57
But it's not.
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825915
2133
但并不是这样的。
14:01
Auditors of international assistance
recently couldn't find
recently couldn't find
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3797
国际援助的审查者发现，
14:04
even one percent of aid going
to protect the poor
to protect the poor
234
832825
3834
穷人的援助金中，
用在帮助穷人逃脱暴力方面的部分
连百分之一都不到。
连百分之一都不到。
14:08
from the lawless chaos
of everyday violence.
of everyday violence.
235
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4331
14:12
And honestly, when we do talk about
violence against the poor,
violence against the poor,
236
840990
3306
当我们谈论穷人面对的暴力问题时，
14:16
sometimes it's in the weirdest of ways.
237
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3509
状况却奇怪得让人匪夷所思。
14:19
A fresh water organization tells
a heart-wrenching story
a heart-wrenching story
238
847805
3083
一个纯净水援助组织
先是讲述了一个揪心的故事，
先是讲述了一个揪心的故事，
14:22
of girls who are raped on the way
to fetching water,
to fetching water,
239
850888
3592
女孩们在打水的路上遭到强暴，
14:26
and then celebrates
the solution of a new well
the solution of a new well
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3810
然后便为在她们家附近修建了水井，
14:30
that drastically shortens their walk.
241
858290
3455
解决了她们长途取水的问题
而沾沾自喜。
而沾沾自喜。
14:33
End of story.
242
861745
2208
一切就这样到此为止了。
14:36
But not a word about the rapists who
are still right there in the community.
are still right there in the community.
243
864863
5490
压根儿就没有提到
活跃在她们社区的暴力分子。
活跃在她们社区的暴力分子。
14:43
If a young woman on one
of our college campuses
of our college campuses
244
871813
2314
如果我们这有一个女大学生
14:46
was raped on her walk to the library,
245
874127
3146
在去图书馆的路上遭人强暴，
14:49
we would never celebrate the solution
of moving the library closer to the dorm.
of moving the library closer to the dorm.
246
877273
5848
我们绝对不会赞扬
将图书馆移到宿舍附近的解决办法。
将图书馆移到宿舍附近的解决办法。
14:55
And yet, for some reason,
this is okay for poor people.
this is okay for poor people.
247
883121
3991
但是出于某种原因，对于穷人而言，
这种办法却是可行的。
这种办法却是可行的。
15:00
Now the truth is, the traditional experts
248
888915
2554
事实上，
传统的发展经济和抗击贫困的专家
15:03
in economic development
and poverty alleviation,
and poverty alleviation,
249
891469
2306
15:05
they don't know how to fix this problem.
250
893775
2260
并不知道如何解决这个问题。
15:08
And so what happens?
251
896035
1821
那要怎么办呢？
15:09
They don't talk about it.
252
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2091
他们只好对此保持沉默。
15:13
But the more fundamental reason
253
901237
4171
但发展中国家的穷人
得不到法律援助的现状
如此遭人冷落，
如此遭人冷落，
15:17
that law enforcement for the poor
in the developing world
in the developing world
254
905408
2780
15:20
is so neglected,
255
908188
1884
其更深层次的原因在于，
15:22
is because the people inside
the developing world, with money,
the developing world, with money,
256
910072
3885
发展中国家的富人们
15:25
don't need it.
257
913957
2118
根本不需要法律援助。
15:29
I was at the World Economic
Forum not long ago
Forum not long ago
258
917165
2580
不久之前，在一个世界经济论坛上，
15:31
talking to corporate executives who have
massive businesses in the developing world
massive businesses in the developing world
259
919745
3944
我与几位跟发展中国家
有广泛商业往来的高管们交谈，
有广泛商业往来的高管们交谈，
15:35
and I was just asking them,
260
923689
2082
我问他们，
15:37
"How do you guys protect all your people
and property from all the violence?"
and property from all the violence?"
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“你们这些人怎么
保护家人和财产不受侵害？”
保护家人和财产不受侵害？”
15:43
And they looked at each other,
and they said, practically in unison,
and they said, practically in unison,
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他们面面相觑，几乎异口同声地说，
15:48
"We buy it."
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“我们拿钱买保障。”
15:51
Indeed, private security forces
in the developing world
in the developing world
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事实上，发展中国家私人保卫力量
15:55
are now, four, five and seven times
larger than the public police force.
larger than the public police force.
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是公共警力的
五倍、六倍，甚至八倍。
五倍、六倍，甚至八倍。
16:02
In Africa, the largest employer
on the continent now is private security.
on the continent now is private security.
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在非洲这片大陆上，
目前最大的生意就是私人警卫。
目前最大的生意就是私人警卫。
16:10
But see, the rich can pay for safety
and can keep getting richer,
and can keep getting richer,
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富人可以用金钱买来安全，
并能不断积累财富，
并能不断积累财富，
16:14
but the poor can't pay for it
and they're left totally unprotected
and they're left totally unprotected
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但穷人买不起，
只能深陷在危险的环境中，
只能深陷在危险的环境中，
16:18
and they keep getting thrown
to the ground.
to the ground.
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这种情况愈演愈烈。
16:22
This is a massive and scandalous outrage.
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这种无处不在的丑闻
简直让我怒不可遏。
简直让我怒不可遏。
16:26
And it doesn't have to be this way.
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事实完全不必这样发展下去。
16:29
Broken law enforcement can be fixed.
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腐朽的法律实施系统可以修复。
16:32
Violence can be stopped.
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暴力可以被停止。
16:34
Almost all criminal justice systems,
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几乎所有惩治罪犯的系统，
16:36
they start out broken and corrupt,
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起初都难免会有漏洞和腐败，
16:39
but they can be transformed
by fierce effort and commitment.
by fierce effort and commitment.
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但不懈的努力和坚定的决心
可以让系统走向完善。
可以让系统走向完善。
16:43
The path forward is really pretty clear.
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前方要走的路非常清晰。
16:45
Number one: We have to start making
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第一，我们必须让抗击暴力
16:49
stopping violence indispensable
to the fight against poverty.
to the fight against poverty.
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成为抗击贫困斗争中
不可缺少的一部分。
不可缺少的一部分。
16:53
In fact, any conversation
about global poverty
about global poverty
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事实上，如果在谈论贫困时
16:55
that doesn't include the problem
of violence must be deemed not serious.
of violence must be deemed not serious.
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不涉及暴力问题，
那必然就没有抓住问题的实质。
那必然就没有抓住问题的实质。
17:01
And secondly, we have to begin
to seriously invest resources
to seriously invest resources
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其次，我们必须大力
17:05
and share expertise to support
the developing world
the developing world
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提供资源和专家援助，
为发展中国家建立新的公共保障系统，
17:09
as they fashion new,
public systems of justice,
public systems of justice,
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而不是私人保卫，
17:13
not private security,
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17:14
that give everybody a chance to be safe.
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这样才会尽可能保障每个人的安全。
这种转变是切实可行的，
17:18
These transformations
are actually possible
are actually possible
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17:21
and they're happening today.
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并且已经在进行中了。
17:23
Recently, the Gates Foundation
funded a project
funded a project
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最近，盖茨基金会资助了
在菲律宾第二大城市的一个项目，
17:26
in the second largest city
of the Philippines,
of the Philippines,
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17:29
where local advocates
and local law enforcement
and local law enforcement
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当地的积极分子和法律工作者
17:32
were able to transform corrupt police
and broken courts so drastically,
and broken courts so drastically,
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6858
成功地改革了腐败的执法系统和
不作为的法院，
不作为的法院，
17:39
that in just four short years,
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在短短的四年间，
17:41
they were able to measurably reduce
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针对贫穷儿童的
性暴力事件就有效地减少了79%。
17:44
the commercial sexual violence
against poor kids by 79 percent.
against poor kids by 79 percent.
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17:51
You know, from the hindsight of history,
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有了前车之鉴，
17:55
what's always most inexplicable
and inexcusable
and inexcusable
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最说不过去、最令人无法容忍的事实
18:00
are the simple failures of compassion.
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就是同情心的丧失。
18:05
Because I think history convenes
a tribunal of our grandchildren
a tribunal of our grandchildren
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因为，历史之镜会照出我们的良心，
18:10
and they just ask us,
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我们的子孙后代会质问我们，
18:11
"Grandma, Grandpa, where were you?
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3242
“爷爷奶奶，你们那时在干什么？
18:16
Where were you, Grandpa, when
the Jews were fleeing Nazi Germany
the Jews were fleeing Nazi Germany
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3555
爷爷，当犹太人逃离纳粹德国，
18:19
and were being rejected from our shores?
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却在我们的海岸线遭到拒绝时，
18:21
Where were you?
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2128
您在哪儿？
18:23
And Grandma, where were you
when they were marching
when they were marching
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2400
奶奶，当他们践踏日裔美国人，
18:26
our Japanese-American neighbors
off to internment camps?
off to internment camps?
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4053
将他们关押起来时，您在哪儿？
18:30
And Grandpa, where were you
when they were beating
when they were beating
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2389
爷爷，当那些非洲裔美国人
18:32
our African-American neighbors
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2273
只是因为想要获得投票权
18:34
just because they were trying
to register to vote?"
to register to vote?"
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3520
而遭到殴打时，您在哪儿？”
18:38
Likewise, when our grandchildren ask us,
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诸如此类，当我们的孙辈问我们，
18:42
"Grandma, Grandpa, where were you
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2441
“爷爷，奶奶，
当世界上最穷的二十亿人遭受日常暴力
却得不到法律保障时，
却得不到法律保障时，
18:45
when two billion of the world's poorest
were drowning in a lawless chaos
were drowning in a lawless chaos
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4493
18:49
of everyday violence?"
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2701
您在哪儿？”
18:53
I hope we can say that we had compassion,
that we raised our voice,
that we raised our voice,
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我希望我们可以回答说：
我们赋予了同情心、发出了呼吁，
我们赋予了同情心、发出了呼吁，
18:59
and as a generation, we were moved
to make the violence stop.
to make the violence stop.
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我们这一代人都为之动容，
也尽力去制止了暴力行为。
也尽力去制止了暴力行为。
19:07
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢。
19:10
(Applause)
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3689
（掌声）
19:25
Chris Anderson: Really powerfully argued.
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Chris Anderson:
这真是个震撼人心的演讲。
这真是个震撼人心的演讲。
19:28
Talk to us a bit about
some of the things
some of the things
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告诉我们一些
19:31
that have actually been happening to,
for example, boost police training.
for example, boost police training.
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6524
正在开展的行动吧，
比如，警力的训练。
比如，警力的训练。
19:37
How hard a process is that?
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这样的过程有多难？
19:39
GH: Well, one of the glorious
things that's starting to happen now
things that's starting to happen now
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3582
GH: 现在正在进行的
最令人赞叹的事情之一就是
最令人赞叹的事情之一就是
19:43
is that the collapse of these systems
and the consequences are becoming obvious.
and the consequences are becoming obvious.
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这些体系的坍塌及其
后果已浮出水面，
后果已浮出水面，
19:47
There's actually, now,
political will to do that.
political will to do that.
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3362
政客们正着力解决。
19:50
But it just requires now an investment
of resources and transfer of expertise.
of resources and transfer of expertise.
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4125
但现在正需要资源和专业技能的投入。
19:55
There's a political will struggle
that's going to take place as well,
that's going to take place as well,
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3403
政治上也会有些阻力，
19:58
but those are winnable fights,
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1815
但这些都是可以解决的，
20:00
because we've done some examples
around the world
around the world
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因为全世界范围内已有先例，
20:02
at International Justice Mission
that are very encouraging.
that are very encouraging.
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比如“国际正义行动”就很鼓舞人心。
20:05
CA: So just tell us in one country,
how much it costs
how much it costs
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3501
CA: 告诉我们，在一个国家，
20:09
to make a material difference
to police, for example --
to police, for example --
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3515
比如，要彻底革新警力系统，
需要多少投入——
需要多少投入——
20:12
I know that's only one piece of it.
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1790
我知道这只是其中一小部分。
20:14
GH: In Guatemala, for instance,
we've started a project there
we've started a project there
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GH: 比如在危地马拉，
我们开展了一项运动，
我们开展了一项运动，
训练当地的警力、司法系统和检察官，
20:17
with the local police
and court system, prosecutors,
and court system, prosecutors,
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3252
20:21
to retrain them so that they can
actually effectively bring these cases.
actually effectively bring these cases.
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提升他们的执行能力，
以有效地将罪犯绳之以法。
以有效地将罪犯绳之以法。
20:24
And we've seen prosecutions against
perpetrators of sexual violence
perpetrators of sexual violence
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我们已经得知，
此后对性暴力罪犯的诉讼
此后对性暴力罪犯的诉讼
20:29
increase by more than 1,000 percent.
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增加了十倍之多。
20:31
This project has been very modestly funded
at about a million dollars a year,
at about a million dollars a year,
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这项运动所需的资金
大概是每年一百万美金，
大概是每年一百万美金，
20:36
and the kind of bang
you can get for your buck
you can get for your buck
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2306
从中得到的丰硕的回报就是，
20:38
in terms of leveraging
a criminal justice system
a criminal justice system
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4176
如果可以训练出一只强大的队伍，
激励并有效地引领他们，
激励并有效地引领他们，
20:42
that could function if it were properly
trained and motivated and led,
trained and motivated and led,
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打击罪犯、维护正义的体系
就可以高效地运作起来，
就可以高效地运作起来，
20:47
and these countries,
especially a middle class
especially a middle class
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2543
在这些国家，尤其是中产阶层
20:50
that is seeing that there's
really no future
really no future
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3144
过去看到这不安定的局势、
20:53
with this total instability and
total privatization of security
total privatization of security
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完全私人化的警力时是多么无助，
20:57
I think there's an opportunity,
a window for change.
a window for change.
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但我认为现在已经有了
去改变这一现状的机会了。
去改变这一现状的机会了。
21:00
CA: But to make this happen, you have
to look at each part in the chain --
to look at each part in the chain --
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CA: 要让这成为现实，
你需要关注整条链上的每一个环节——
你需要关注整条链上的每一个环节——
21:05
the police, who else?
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警方，还有呢？
21:07
GH: So that's the thing
about law enforcement,
about law enforcement,
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2281
GH: 关于法律的实施，
21:09
it starts out with the police,
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1443
从警方开始，
21:11
they're the front end
of the pipeline of justice,
of the pipeline of justice,
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2683
他们维护正义，奋斗在前线，
21:14
but they hand if off to the prosecutors,
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他们将罪犯送到检察官手里，
21:16
and the prosecutors
hand it off to the courts,
hand it off to the courts,
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2235
检察官再将罪犯送上法庭，
21:18
and the survivors of violence
have to be supported by social services
have to be supported by social services
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3292
惨遭暴力的幸存者始终都需要
得到社会的保障与支持。
21:21
all the way through that.
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1306
所以你需要做的就是
把这几方面结合在一起。
把这几方面结合在一起。
21:22
So you have to do an approach
that pulls that all together.
that pulls that all together.
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2812
过去，对法院的培训很少，
21:25
In the past, there's been a little bit
of training of the courts,
of training of the courts,
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3051
法院只能从警方得到蹩脚的证据，
21:28
but they get crappy evidence
from the police,
from the police,
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2174
姑且不说这对惩治毒贩
和恐怖分子有多少帮助，
和恐怖分子有多少帮助，
21:30
or a little police intervention
that has to do with narcotics or terrorism
that has to do with narcotics or terrorism
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3637
21:34
but nothing to do with treating
the common poor person
the common poor person
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2868
他们在建立完善的法律实施体系来
保障广大穷人的利益方面
几乎没有任何作为，
几乎没有任何作为，
21:37
with excellent law enforcement,
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1519
21:38
so it's about pulling that all together,
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2025
因此，我们需要把
每一个环节有机地结合起来，
每一个环节有机地结合起来，
21:40
and you can actually have people
in very poor communities
in very poor communities
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让那些生活在贫困中的人们
21:44
experience law enforcement like us,
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像我们一样
得到法律的切实保障，
得到法律的切实保障，
21:46
which is imperfect in our
own experience, for sure,
own experience, for sure,
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或许我们还对身边的问题满腹牢骚，
21:49
but boy, is it a great thing to sense
that you can call 911
that you can call 911
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3132
但是当你知道只要拨打911，
21:52
and maybe someone will protect you.
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3036
就会有人来保护你了，
是多么的不容易。
是多么的不容易。
21:55
CA: Gary, I think you've done
a spectacular job
a spectacular job
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2273
CA: Gary, 你太了不起了，
21:57
of bringing this to the world's attention
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通过你的书还有今天的演讲，
你会让全世界都开始关注这个问题。
21:59
in your book and right here today.
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1747
22:01
Thanks so much.
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1094
非常感谢，
22:02
Gary Haugen.
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776
Gary Haugen。
22:03
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gary Haugen - Human rights attorneyAs founder of International Justice Mission, Gary Haugen fights the chronically neglected global epidemic of violence against the poor.
Why you should listen
While a member of the 1994 United Nations team investigating war crimes in Rwanda, Gary Haugen’s eyes were opened to the appalling extent of violence in the developing world. Upon his return to the US, he founded International Justice Mission, an organization devoted to rescuing victims of global violence including trafficking and slavery.
In The Locust Effect, Haugen outlines the catastrophic effect of everyday violence on the lives of the impoverished, and shows how rampant violence is undermining efforts to alleviate poverty.
Gary Haugen | Speaker | TED.com