TED2017
Michael Patrick Lynch: How to see past your own perspective and find truth
迈克尔·帕特里克·林奇: 如何超越自我观点並寻求真相
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我们在网络上读的越多，看的越多，就越难区分信息的真假。如同哲学家迈克尔·帕特里克·林奇（Michael Patrick Lynch）所说："我们似乎知道得愈多，却懂得愈少。"在这场演讲中，他鼓励我们采取行动，戳破过滤事实的泡泡，并参与到撑起一切的现实世界里。
Michael Patrick Lynch - Philosopher
Michael Patrick Lynch examines truth, democracy, public discourse and the ethics of technology in the age of big data. Full bio
Michael Patrick Lynch examines truth, democracy, public discourse and the ethics of technology in the age of big data. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So, imagine that you had
your smartphone miniaturized
your smartphone miniaturized
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想像你把智能手机缩小到
00:16
and hooked up directly to your brain.
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可以直接安装进你脑袋里，
00:19
If you had this sort of brain chip,
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如果你有这样的大脑晶片，
00:21
you'd be able to upload
and download to the internet
and download to the internet
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你就能在网上
快速地下载和上传资料。
00:24
at the speed of thought.
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00:25
Accessing social media or Wikipedia
would be a lot like --
would be a lot like --
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当你在使用社群媒体或查询维基百科时，
至少是从你脑内读取的，
00:29
well, from the inside at least --
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就像是在咨询你自己的记忆一样。
00:30
like consulting your own memory.
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跟你在思考时一样简单、直接。
00:33
It would be as easy
and as intimate as thinking.
and as intimate as thinking.
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00:37
But would it make it easier
for you to know what's true?
for you to know what's true?
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但这样做，能让你
更轻易地辨别出真相吗？
更轻易地辨别出真相吗？
虽然这个方法可以让你
更快速地撷取信息，
更快速地撷取信息，
00:40
Just because a way
of accessing information is faster
of accessing information is faster
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却不能代表这些信息
是更可靠的，当然，
是更可靠的，当然，
00:43
it doesn't mean it's more
reliable, of course,
reliable, of course,
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也不代表我们每个人的
解读都会一致，
解读都会一致，
00:46
and it doesn't mean that we would all
interpret it the same way.
interpret it the same way.
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更不代表，你比别人
更会判断信息的重要性。
更会判断信息的重要性。
00:49
And it doesn't mean that you would be
any better at evaluating it.
any better at evaluating it.
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实际上，搞不好更糟糕，
00:52
In fact, you might even be worse,
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因为信息愈多，你判断的时间愈少。
00:54
because, you know, more data,
less time for evaluation.
less time for evaluation.
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00:58
Something like this is already
happening to us right now.
happening to us right now.
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这样的事情现在正在发生。
全球的信息都唾手可得，
01:01
We already carry a world of information
around in our pockets,
around in our pockets,
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但似乎我们在网上
接触、分享愈多的信息，
接触、分享愈多的信息，
01:05
but it seems as if the more information
we share and access online,
we share and access online,
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就越难区分
01:09
the more difficult it can be for us
to tell the difference
to tell the difference
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信息的真伪。
01:12
between what's real and what's fake.
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01:15
It's as if we know more
but understand less.
but understand less.
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我们变得知道越多，懂得却越少。
01:20
Now, it's a feature
of modern life, I suppose,
of modern life, I suppose,
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我想，这就是现代生活的
其中一个特色吧，
其中一个特色吧，
一堆人活在孤立的信息泡泡里。
01:23
that large swaths of the public
live in isolated information bubbles.
live in isolated information bubbles.
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01:27
We're polarized: not just over values,
but over the facts.
but over the facts.
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我们不仅对价值观有不一样的认知，
对事实的认知也是呈现对立的状况。
对事实的认知也是呈现对立的状况。
原因就是主导网路的"数据分析"，
01:32
One reason for that is, the data
analytics that drive the internet
analytics that drive the internet
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不仅给了我们更多的信息，
01:36
get us not just more information,
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还超出了信息本身的范围。
01:38
but more of the information that we want.
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人们的网络生活是定制的；
01:40
Our online life is personalized;
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我们所浏览的信息，广告，
01:43
everything from the ads we read
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到脸书塞给我们的新闻，
01:44
to the news that comes down
our Facebook feed
our Facebook feed
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都是为了满足我们的个人喜好
而经过修改的。
而经过修改的。
01:47
is tailored to satisfy our preferences.
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在我们获取更多资讯的同时，
01:51
And so while we get more information,
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不少信息到最后
会反映出我们自身，
会反映出我们自身，
01:53
a lot of that information ends up
reflecting ourselves
reflecting ourselves
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如同反映整个现实一样。
01:56
as much as it does reality.
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我想，到最后
01:59
It ends up, I suppose,
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02:01
inflating our bubbles
rather than bursting them.
rather than bursting them.
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这些泡泡不但刺不破，
反而越来越大。
反而越来越大。
02:05
And so maybe it's no surprise
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说我们是活在一个
似是而非的世界里，
一点也不令人讶异，
一点也不令人讶异，
02:07
that we're in a situation,
a paradoxical situation,
a paradoxical situation,
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我们懂这么多知识，
02:10
of thinking that we know so much more,
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但到底懂什么，却看法不一。
02:12
and yet not agreeing
on what it is we know.
on what it is we know.
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02:17
So how are we going to solve
this problem of knowledge polarization?
this problem of knowledge polarization?
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那么要如何解决知识对立的问题？
其中一个很明显的策略是，
试着修复科技，
试着修复科技，
02:20
One obvious tactic is to try
to fix our technology,
to fix our technology,
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重新设计我们的数字平台，
02:25
to redesign our digital platforms,
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以减少看法两极化的现象。
02:26
so as to make them less
susceptible to polarization.
susceptible to polarization.
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我很高兴向各位报告，
02:30
And I'm happy to report
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02:32
that many smart people at Google
and Facebook are working on just that.
and Facebook are working on just that.
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谷歌和脸书里优秀的人才
正朝此方向努力。
正朝此方向努力。
这些研究项目相当重要。
02:36
And these projects are vital.
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02:39
I think that fixing technology
is obviously really important,
is obviously really important,
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我认为修复科技显然至关重要，
但我不认为光靠修复科技就能解决
02:42
but I don't think technology alone,
fixing it, is going to solve the problem
fixing it, is going to solve the problem
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知识对立的问题。
02:47
of knowledge polarization.
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我不这么认为，是因为到头来，
02:49
I don't think that because I don't think,
at the end of the day,
at the end of the day,
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终究不是科技的问题，
02:52
it is a technological problem.
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而是人的问题，
02:53
I think it's a human problem,
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跟我们如何思考、
和重视的价值有关。
和重视的价值有关。
02:55
having to do with how we think
and what we value.
and what we value.
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为了解决问题，
我们需要各方的协助，
我们需要各方的协助，
03:00
In order to solve it, I think
we're going to need help.
we're going to need help.
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需要心理学与政治科学的辅助。
03:02
We're going to need help
from psychology and political science.
from psychology and political science.
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不过我认为，
我们也能从哲学当中获得帮助，
我们也能从哲学当中获得帮助，
03:05
But we're also going to need help,
I think, from philosophy.
I think, from philosophy.
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03:10
Because to solve the problem
of knowledge polarization,
of knowledge polarization,
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因为想要解决认知对立的问题，
03:15
we're going to need to reconnect
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我们必须重新思考
03:18
with one fundamental, philosophical idea:
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一个基本的哲学概念：
03:23
that we live in a common reality.
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我们是活在同一个现实里的。
03:26
The idea of a common reality
is like, I suppose,
is like, I suppose,
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我觉得活在同一个现实的这个想法
与众多哲学概念类似：
03:30
a lot of philosophical concepts:
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说起来简单，
03:32
easy to state
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但做起来却相当困难。
03:33
but mysteriously difficult
to put into practice.
to put into practice.
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要面对这样的现实，
03:37
To really accept it,
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我们有三件事要做，
03:38
I think we need to do three things,
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目前，每一项都很有挑战性。
03:40
each of which is a challenge right now.
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03:44
First, we need to believe in truth.
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首先，我们需要相信真相。
大家可能也注意到，
03:48
You might have noticed
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我们的文化对于这样的概念
03:49
that our culture is having
something of a troubled relationship
something of a troubled relationship
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似乎不太认同。
03:52
with that concept right now.
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03:55
It seems as if we disagree so much that,
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就像一位政治评论员不久前所说的，
我们越是不认同对方，
03:58
as one political commentator
put it not long ago,
put it not long ago,
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事实就越似不存在一样。
04:01
it's as if there are no facts anymore.
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04:04
But that thought is actually an expression
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但这种想法实际上只是
一种充斥在我们身边、
引人注意的陈述方式而已。
引人注意的陈述方式而已。
04:09
of a sort of seductive line
of argument that's in the air.
of argument that's in the air.
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04:13
It goes like this:
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有点像是:
04:16
we just can't step outside
of our own perspectives;
of our own perspectives;
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我们就是跳脱不出个人的观点，
放不下个人的偏见。
04:19
we can't step outside of our biases.
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我们每次试着这么做，
04:21
Every time we try,
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只会从个人的观点
产生出更多的信息。
产生出更多的信息。
04:23
we just get more information
from our perspective.
from our perspective.
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04:27
So, this line of thought goes,
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所以，这样的想法就变成：
04:31
we might as well admit
that objective truth is an illusion,
that objective truth is an illusion,
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我们干脆承认，
客观的事实只是假象，
客观的事实只是假象，
或者根本不重要，
04:34
or it doesn't matter,
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因为，要么我们无知，
04:35
because either we'll never
know what it is,
know what it is,
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04:39
or it doesn't exist in the first place.
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要么就是真相根本就不存在。
04:43
That's not a new philosophical thought --
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这不是一个崭兴的哲学思想——
真相怀疑论。
04:46
skepticism about truth.
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04:49
During the end of the last century,
as some of you know,
as some of you know,
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在上世纪末，可能有人知道，
怀疑论在特定学术圈大受欢迎。
04:52
it was very popular in certain
academic circles.
academic circles.
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04:55
But it really goes back all the way
to the Greek philosopher Protagoras,
to the Greek philosopher Protagoras,
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但这要回朔到
希腊哲学家普罗泰戈拉，
希腊哲学家普罗泰戈拉，
应该是他最早提出的。
05:00
if not farther back.
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05:02
Protagoras said that objective
truth was an illusion
truth was an illusion
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普罗泰戈拉认为，
客观的事实只是假象。
客观的事实只是假象。
因为"人是丈量万物的准则"。
05:04
because "man is the measure
of all things."
of all things."
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人是丈量万物的准则。
05:07
Man is the measure of all things.
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05:10
That can seem like a bracing bit
of realpolitik to people,
of realpolitik to people,
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像是权力政治对人们
灌输的价值观，
灌输的价值观，
深深地烙印在我们身上。
05:13
or liberating,
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它会让每个人探索或
创造出属于自己的真相。
创造出属于自己的真相。
05:14
because it allows each of us
to discover or make our own truth.
to discover or make our own truth.
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05:20
But actually, I think it's a bit
of self-serving rationalization
of self-serving rationalization
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但我觉得这其实
就是哲学上所说的——
就是哲学上所说的——
"把个人的自私合理化"。
05:24
disguised as philosophy.
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05:27
It confuses the difficulty
of being certain
of being certain
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它大大地降低了
确认真相的可能性。
05:30
with the impossibility of truth.
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05:34
Look --
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大家想想，
05:36
of course it's difficult
to be certain about anything;
to be certain about anything;
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要确认真相的确很困难；
05:40
we might all be living in "The Matrix."
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我们可能都活在
《黑客帝国》的世界里。
《黑客帝国》的世界里。
05:44
You might have a brain chip in your head
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你的大脑被植入晶片，
错误的信息被灌输在你的大脑里。
05:46
feeding you all the wrong information.
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05:49
But in practice, we do agree
on all sorts of facts.
on all sorts of facts.
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但实际上，我们却认同
各式各样的事实。
各式各样的事实。
我们认同子弹能杀人，
05:53
We agree that bullets can kill people.
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05:57
We agree that you can't flap
your arms and fly.
your arms and fly.
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我们认同人不能
挥挥手臂就飞起来，
挥挥手臂就飞起来，
我们认同--——或我们应该认同——
06:02
We agree -- or we should --
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06:05
that there is an external reality
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外面还有一个“现实世界"，
若你视而不见的话，可能会受伤。
06:07
and ignoring it can get you hurt.
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06:11
Nonetheless, skepticism
about truth can be tempting,
about truth can be tempting,
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但怀疑真相会令人着迷，
因为这样可以合理化我们的偏见。
06:15
because it allows us to rationalize
away our own biases.
away our own biases.
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当我们这么做，就像电影中的男主角，
06:18
When we do that, we're sort of like
the guy in the movie
the guy in the movie
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知道他自己活在《黑客帝国》里，
06:21
who knew he was living in "The Matrix"
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06:24
but decided he liked it there, anyway.
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但最后却决定留在里面。
06:29
After all, getting what you
want feels good.
want feels good.
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毕竟，得到你想要的
会让你快乐。
会让你快乐。
06:32
Being right all the time feels good.
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老觉得自己是对的，让你感觉良好。
所以，对我们来说，
通常这样比较容易：
通常这样比较容易：
06:34
So, often it's easier for us
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06:37
to wrap ourselves in our cozy
information bubbles,
information bubbles,
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把自己浸泡在舒适的信息泡泡中，
活在错误的信仰中、
06:42
live in bad faith,
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将这些泡泡当作衡量现实的标准。
06:43
and take those bubbles
as the measure of reality.
as the measure of reality.
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06:48
An example, I think, of how
this bad faith gets into our action
this bad faith gets into our action
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举个例子，我们对假新闻事件的反应，
会深深地影响我们的行为。
06:54
is our reaction
to the phenomenon of fake news.
to the phenomenon of fake news.
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06:59
The fake news that spread on the internet
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在2016美国总统大选期间，
散布于网络上的假新闻
07:02
during the American
presidential election of 2016
presidential election of 2016
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就是被设计用来加深我们的偏见，
07:07
was designed to feed into our biases,
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膨胀我们的泡泡的。
07:10
designed to inflate our bubbles.
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但真正令人讶异的
07:12
But what was really striking about it
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不只是假新闻愚弄了许多人，
07:14
was not just that it fooled
so many people.
so many people.
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07:17
What was really striking to me
about fake news,
about fake news,
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真正令我讶异的是，
07:20
the phenomenon,
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假新闻现象
很快地成为了认知对立的议题；
07:21
is how quickly it itself became
the subject of knowledge polarization;
the subject of knowledge polarization;
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07:27
so much so, that the very term --
the very term -- "fake news"
the very term -- "fake news"
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结果，＂假新闻＂这个词，
现在却演变成：＂我讨厌的新闻＂。
07:31
now just means: "news story I don't like."
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07:35
That's an example of the bad faith
towards the truth that I'm talking about.
towards the truth that I'm talking about.
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这就是我所说的对真相失去信仰的例子。
07:43
But the really, I think, dangerous thing
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不过我想更危险的是，
07:47
about skepticism with regard to truth
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对真相的怀疑
07:51
is that it leads to despotism.
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会演变成＂专制独裁＂。
07:54
"Man is the measure of all things"
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＂人是丈量万物的准则＂，
无可避免地会变成，
＂那个人＂就是丈量万物的准则，
＂那个人＂就是丈量万物的准则，
07:57
inevitably becomes "The Man
is the measure of all things."
is the measure of all things."
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08:01
Just as "every man for himself"
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像是＂每个人都能生存＂，
会演变成＂只有强者才能生存＂。
08:04
always seems to turn out to be
"only the strong survive."
"only the strong survive."
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08:08
At the end of Orwell's "1984,"
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在英国作家乔治·欧威尔的小说
《一九八四》的故事结尾，
《一九八四》的故事结尾，
08:12
the thought policeman O'Brien is torturing
the protagonist Winston Smith
the protagonist Winston Smith
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思想警察欧布莱恩虐待主角史密斯，
让主角相信二加二等于五。
08:16
into believing two plus two equals five.
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08:20
What O'Brien says is the point,
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欧布莱恩所说的观点在于，
他想说服史密斯相信，
凡是党说的就真相，
凡是党说的就真相，
08:25
is that he wants to convince Smith
that whatever the party says is the truth,
that whatever the party says is the truth,
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真相就是党说了算。
08:29
and the truth is whatever the party says.
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08:33
And what O'Brien knows
is that once this thought is accepted,
is that once this thought is accepted,
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因为欧布莱恩知道，
一旦这个思想被接受了，
一旦这个思想被接受了，
08:38
critical dissent is impossible.
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异议者就不可能存在。
08:41
You can't speak truth to power
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如果当权者诠释了什么是真相，
你就不能跟当权者说，
什么才是真相。
什么才是真相。
08:44
if the power speaks truth by definition.
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08:48
I said that in order to accept
that we really live in a common reality,
that we really live in a common reality,
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为了彻底接受我们活在现实里，
必须做三件事情。
08:53
we have to do three things.
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第一就是相信真相，
08:54
The first thing is to believe in truth.
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第二，则能用一句拉丁文总结，
08:56
The second thing can be summed up
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康德视之为启蒙时期的座右铭，
08:58
by the Latin phrase that Kant took
as the motto for the Enlightenment:
as the motto for the Enlightenment:
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＂Sapere aude＂，
09:03
"Sapere aude,"
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或是＂勇于求知＂，
09:04
or "dare to know."
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或如康德所说的，＂勇于为自己求知＂。
09:06
Or as Kant wants,
"to dare to know for yourself."
"to dare to know for yourself."
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09:10
I think in the early days of the internet,
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在网络诞生的早期，
许多人认为
09:12
a lot of us thought
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09:13
that information technology
was always going to make it easier
was always going to make it easier
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信息技术能帮助我们
更了解自己。
09:17
for us to know for ourselves,
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当然从很多方面来说，确实如此。
09:19
and of course in many ways, it has.
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不过，当网络渐渐渗透人们的生活，
09:21
But as the internet has become
more and more a part of our lives,
more and more a part of our lives,
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让人们更依赖网络，
09:25
our reliance on it, our use of it,
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这会让人们更被动。
09:27
has become often more passive.
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09:30
Much of what we know today we Google-know.
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众所周知，如今我们都
使用谷歌查询信息。
使用谷歌查询信息。
09:33
We download prepackaged sets of facts
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我们下载事先包装的事实，
并重新在社群媒体上分享。
09:37
and sort of shuffle them along
the assembly line of social media.
the assembly line of social media.
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09:41
Now, Google-knowing is useful
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没错，谷歌搜寻很有用，
这都要归功于谷歌收集了
很多外部的资源。
很多外部的资源。
09:42
precisely because it involves
a sort of intellectual outsourcing.
a sort of intellectual outsourcing.
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我们投入很多精力在
别人的网络与算法当中。
别人的网络与算法当中。
09:46
We offload our effort onto a network
of others and algorithms.
of others and algorithms.
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09:51
And that allows us, of course,
to not clutter our minds
to not clutter our minds
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当然，它能让我们的脑袋
不被各类事实所淹没。
09:54
with all sorts of facts.
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我们只有在需要这些信息时才会下载，
09:56
We can just download them
when we need them.
when we need them.
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这是很棒的事情。
09:58
And that's awesome.
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10:01
But there's a difference
between downloading a set of facts
between downloading a set of facts
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但下载一整套的事实与
透彻辨析这些真相，
透彻辨析这些真相，
10:06
and really understanding how or why
those facts are as they are.
those facts are as they are.
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两者之间还是有差距的。
10:13
Understanding why
a particular disease spreads,
a particular disease spreads,
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了解为何某个疾病会散播，
了解数学验证如何运作，
10:17
or how a mathematical proof works,
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或了解你的朋友为何忧郁，
10:19
or why your friend is depressed,
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其意义都远超过单纯的下载动作。
10:21
involves more than just downloading.
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10:25
It's going to require, most likely,
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前者更需要
你自己也要下点功夫，
10:27
doing some work for yourself:
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10:30
having a little creative insight;
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多一点创造巧思、
运用想像力、
10:32
using your imagination;
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亲身实践、
10:33
getting out into the field;
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做点小实验、
10:34
doing the experiment;
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引经据典验证、
10:36
working through the proof;
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与人聊聊。
10:37
talking to someone.
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10:43
Now, I'm not saying, of course,
that we should stop Google-knowing.
that we should stop Google-knowing.
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3544
当然我不是要大家停止谷歌搜寻，
10:48
I'm just saying
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我是说，
我们不该太看重搜寻结果。
10:49
we shouldn't overvalue it, either.
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我们需设法鼓励更积极的求知方式，
10:51
We need to find ways of encouraging
forms of knowing that are more active,
forms of knowing that are more active,
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10:56
and don't always involve passing off
our effort into our bubble.
our effort into our bubble.
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别老是让自己待在信息泡泡里，
11:02
Because the thing about Google-knowing
is that too often it ends up
is that too often it ends up
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因为谷歌知识最后多半变成，
泡泡知识，
11:05
being bubble-knowing.
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11:07
And bubble-knowing means
always being right.
always being right.
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而泡泡知识总认为自己是对的。
11:11
But daring to know,
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但是勇于求知，
勇于理解，
11:13
daring to understand,
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11:16
means risking the possibility
that you could be wrong.
that you could be wrong.
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意味着你要冒可能搞错的风险，
11:19
It means risking the possibility
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意味着到头来有可能，
你想知道的事和真相有出入。
11:22
that what you want and what's true
are different things.
are different things.
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11:28
Which brings me to the third thing
that I think we need to do
that I think we need to do
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这就引出了如果我们想直面现实世界
11:31
if we want to accept that we live
in a common reality.
in a common reality.
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就必须要做的第三件事。
那就是谦卑一点，
11:34
That third thing is:
have a little humility.
have a little humility.
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2891
11:38
By humility here, I mean
epistemic humility,
epistemic humility,
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2122
我指的是知识上的谦卑。
也就是说，
11:40
which means, in a sense,
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1989
11:43
knowing that you don't know it all.
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明白你其实不是万事通。
但这也进一步意味着，
11:46
But it also means something
more than that.
more than that.
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借由佐证与他人交流的经验，
11:48
It means seeing your worldview
as open to improvement
as open to improvement
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开启你的世界观，且精益求精。
11:52
by the evidence and experience of others.
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借由佐证与他人交流的经验，
11:54
Seeing your worldview
as open to improvement
as open to improvement
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开启你的世界观，且精益求精。
11:56
by the evidence and experience of others.
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这不只是打开心胸、拥抱改变，
12:00
That's more than just
being open to change.
being open to change.
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也不只是打开心胸、自我进步，
12:02
It's more than just being open
to self-improvement.
to self-improvement.
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而是要明白你个人的知识，
12:04
It means seeing your knowledge
as capable of enhancing
as capable of enhancing
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4285
能透过他人的贡献而有所提升。
12:08
or being enriched
by what others contribute.
by what others contribute.
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12:12
That's part of what is involved
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这就是认同现实世界存在
必须经历的一个过程，
12:14
in recognizing there's a common reality
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12:18
that you, too, are responsible to.
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而你也要负起责任。
12:21
I don't think it's much
of a stretch to say
of a stretch to say
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2205
我认为说我们的社会
不擅于提高或鼓励这种谦卑
12:23
that our society is not particularly great
at enhancing or encouraging
at enhancing or encouraging
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其实毫不夸张。
12:28
that sort of humility.
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1215
部分原因是由于，
12:30
That's partly because,
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12:32
well, we tend to confuse
arrogance and confidence.
arrogance and confidence.
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2988
我们分不清自大与自信，
12:36
And it's partly because, well, you know,
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有部分是因为，
12:39
arrogance is just easier.
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1553
自大比自信来得容易。
认为自己是万事通可简单多了，
12:40
It's just easier to think of yourself
as knowing it all.
as knowing it all.
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认为自己能了解一切也简单多了。
12:43
It's just easier to think of yourself
as having it all figured out.
as having it all figured out.
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12:48
But that's another example
of the bad faith towards the truth
of the bad faith towards the truth
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但这是我刚才提到
对真相有错误信仰的另一个例子。
12:51
that I've been talking about.
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12:55
So the concept of a common reality,
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2237
所以现实世界的概念
与很多哲学概念雷同，
12:57
like a lot of philosophical concepts,
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看起来很显眼，
13:00
can seem so obvious,
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1484
13:02
that we can look right past it
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但我们却视而不见，
13:05
and forget why it's important.
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1984
并忘掉其重要性。
13:09
Democracies can't function
if their citizens don't strive,
if their citizens don't strive,
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人民若不努力，民主就无法运作，
至少有时候是这样，
13:14
at least some of the time,
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如果人民不努力
13:15
to inhabit a common space,
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在共有的时空里交流意见，
13:17
a space where they can pass
ideas back and forth
ideas back and forth
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13:22
when -- and especially when --
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尤其是，
当大家想法不一致时。
13:23
they disagree.
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13:25
But you can't strive to inhabit that space
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但如果你还没接受，
13:29
if you don't already accept
that you live in the same reality.
that you live in the same reality.
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3586
大家是处在同一个现实里，
你就无法待在那个时空里。
你就无法待在那个时空里。
13:35
To accept that, we've got
to believe in truth,
to believe in truth,
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想要接受的话，
我们就必须相信真相，
我们就必须相信真相，
我们必须鼓励更积极的求知方法，
13:37
we've got to encourage
more active ways of knowing.
more active ways of knowing.
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13:41
And we've got to have the humility
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我们同时也必须保持谦卑，
13:44
to realize that we're not
the measure of all things.
the measure of all things.
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才能认识到我们不是丈量万物的准则。
13:49
We may yet one day realize the vision
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也许脑袋里配备网络的想法
会有实现的一天。
13:52
of having the internet in our brains.
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13:56
But if we want that to be liberating
and not terrifying,
and not terrifying,
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但如果我们想要解放思想，
并无所惧地执行，
并无所惧地执行，
如果我们想扩展视野，
14:00
if we want it to expand our understanding
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不只是被动地汲取知识，
14:03
and not just our passive knowing,
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14:06
we need to remember that our perspectives,
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3639
我们就要记住，我们的观点
是如此奇妙、美丽，
14:10
as wondrous, as beautiful as they are,
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3151
14:14
are just that --
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只要我们认同——
我们是活在同一个现实世界里。
14:15
perspectives on one reality.
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14:19
Thank you.
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谢谢各位！
(掌声)
14:20
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Patrick Lynch - PhilosopherMichael Patrick Lynch examines truth, democracy, public discourse and the ethics of technology in the age of big data.
Why you should listen
What is truth and why does it matter? Does information technology help or hinder its pursuit? And how do we encourage more productive public discourse? These are some of the questions that animate Michael Lynch's work as a philosopher.
Lynch is a writer and professor of philosophy at the University of Connecticut, where he directs the Humanities Institute. His work concerns truth, democracy, public discourse and the ethics of technology. Lynch is the author or editor of seven books, including The Internet of Us: Knowing More and Understanding Less in the Age of Big Data, In Praise of Reason: Why Rationality Matters for Democracy, Truth as One and Many and the New York Times Sunday Book Review Editor’s pick, True to Life.
The recipient of the Medal for Research Excellence from the University of Connecticut’s College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, he is The Principal Investigator for Humility & Conviction in Public Life, a $7 million project aimed at understanding and encouraging meaningful public discourse funded by the John Templeton Foundation and the University of Connecticut. He's a frequent contributor to the New York Times "The Stone" blog.
Michael Patrick Lynch | Speaker | TED.com