TEDxCHUV
Daphne Bavelier: Your brain on video games
達芙妮‧芭菲莉亞: 你的大腦在電玩遊戲中
Filmed:
Readability: 3.8
7,326,863 views
節奏急速的電玩遊戲怎樣影響大腦呢? 與腦神經科學研究人員達芙妮‧芭菲莉亞一同踏進實驗室，聽聽一些有關電玩遊戲的意想不到新消息。即使是那些充滿動作的射撃類遊戲也可以幫助我們學習、集中注意力、以及，不可思議地，「多任務處理」。（攝製於TEDxCHUV）
Daphne Bavelier - Cognitive researcher
Daphne Bavelier studies how the brain adapts to changes in experience, either by nature or by training. Full bio
Daphne Bavelier studies how the brain adapts to changes in experience, either by nature or by training. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I'm a brain scientist, and as a brain scientist,
0
578
3097
我是個腦神經科學家。身為一個腦神經科學家
00:19
I'm actually interested in how the brain learns,
1
3675
3072
我對大腦如何學習很感興趣，
00:22
and I'm especially interested in a possibility of
2
6747
3367
其中，最令我感興趣的是如何讓頭腦
00:26
making our brains smarter, better and faster.
3
10114
4732
變得更聰明、更好、更有效率。
00:30
This is in this context I'm going to tell you
4
14846
2876
在這個大前提之下，我將會談到電玩遊戲。
00:33
about video games. When we say video games,
5
17722
2750
當我們談起電玩遊戲時
00:36
most of you think about children.
6
20472
2538
大部分的人都會想到小孩子
00:38
It's true. Ninety percent of children do play video games.
7
23010
3978
沒錯。百分之九十的小孩都有玩電玩遊戲
00:42
But let's be frank.
8
26988
2918
但是，坦白講
00:45
When the kids are in bed, who is in front of the PlayStation?
9
29906
4789
當小孩們都就寢時，是誰還待在電子遊樂器 PlayStation 前呢？
00:50
Most of you. The average age of a gamer is 33 years old,
10
34695
6484
是絕大部分的你們。電玩玩家的平均年齡大約是 33 歲，
00:57
not eight years old, and in fact, if we look
11
41179
3007
並非八歲的小朋友。實際上，如果我們看看
01:00
at the projected demographics of video game play,
12
44186
3709
電玩遊戲的人口統計推算
01:03
the video game players of tomorrow are
13
47895
2733
未來的玩家將會是
01:06
older adults. (Laughter)
14
50628
3124
較年長的成人。(大笑)
01:09
So video [gaming] is pervasive throughout our society.
15
53752
4251
所以電玩遊戲在我們的社會中是很常見的
01:13
It is clearly here to stay. It has an amazing impact
16
58003
4383
它們會繼續存在於社會上，對於我們的日常生活來說
01:18
on our everyday life. Consider these statistics
17
62386
3387
這具有不可思議的影響力
看看這些由 Activision 發佈的統計數字
看看這些由 Activision 發佈的統計數字
01:21
released by Activision. After one month of release
18
65773
5815
在發行「決勝時刻：黑色行動」的一個月後
01:27
of the game "Call Of Duty: Black Ops," it had been played
19
71588
4492
這款遊戲讓全世界
01:31
for 68,000 years
20
76080
3373
的玩家花上 68,000 年
01:35
worldwide, right?
21
79453
1866
對不對？
01:37
Would any of you complain if this was the case
22
81319
2947
如果人們花同樣的時間在練習線性代數
01:40
about doing linear algebra?
23
84266
3163
在場的各位會有埋怨嗎？
01:43
So what we are asking in the lab is, how can we leverage that power?
24
87429
4295
所以在我們的實驗室裡，我們在思考如何發揮利用這樣的潛力?
01:47
Now I want to step back a bit.
25
91724
1848
現在，我想要退一步來談談別的
01:49
I know most of you have had the experience of coming back
26
93572
3241
我知道你們大部分都有這樣的經驗 -- 回到家
01:52
home and finding your kids playing these kinds of games.
27
96813
4720
發現你的孩子在玩類似的遊戲
01:57
(Shooting noises) The name of the game is to get
28
101533
2140
(射擊的聲音) 這款遊戲
01:59
after your enemy zombie bad guys
29
103673
2964
要你在殭屍敵人抓住你之前
02:02
before they get to you, right?
30
106637
3590
打倒它們，對嗎?
02:06
And I'm almost sure most of you have thought,
31
110227
3177
我幾乎百分之百肯定你們大多數會想
02:09
"Oh, come on, can't you do something more intelligent
32
113404
3321
「拜託，難道你除了射擊殭屍
02:12
than shooting at zombies?"
33
116725
3327
就不能幹一些更聰明的事嗎？」
02:15
I'd like you to put this kind of knee-jerk reaction
34
120052
3466
我想你把這樣的第一反應
02:19
in the context of what you would have thought
35
123518
2497
套用到以下的情境
02:21
if you had found your girl playing sudoku
36
126015
3509
如果你發現你的小女兒在玩數獨
02:25
or your boy reading Shakespeare. Right?
37
129524
4351
或是你的小兒子在閱讀「莎士比亞」，你會怎樣想呢?
02:29
Most parents would find that great.
38
133875
2737
大多數的父母認為他們太棒了
02:32
Well, I'm not going to tell you that playing video games
39
136612
3344
嗯.. 我說的並不是，日以繼夜玩著電玩
02:35
days in and days out is actually good for your health.
40
139956
2968
對你的健康是有益的
02:38
It's not, and binging is never good.
41
142924
3200
並非如此。過分沈迷從來就沒有好處
02:42
But I'm going to argue that in reasonable doses,
42
146124
3991
但是，我想論證的是適量地玩電玩遊戲
02:46
actually the very game I showed you at the beginning,
43
150115
2969
特別是我在演講剛開始時展示的那種動作電玩的射擊遊戲
02:48
those action-packed shooter games
44
153084
2584
特別是我在演講剛開始時展示的那種動作電玩的射擊遊戲
02:51
have quite powerful effects and positive effects
45
155668
3776
對於我們許多不同的行為
02:55
on many different aspects of our behavior.
46
159444
3858
有強大和正面的影響。
02:59
There's not one week that goes without some major
47
163302
3695
媒體的頭條上，沒有一個星期
03:02
headlines in the media about whether video games are
48
166997
2776
不是在討論到底電玩遊戲對你
03:05
good or bad for you, right? You're all bombarded with that.
49
169773
4616
是有益的還是有害的，對嗎？
你們都被這個議題疲勞轟炸了
你們都被這個議題疲勞轟炸了
03:10
I'd like to put this kind of Friday night bar discussion aside
50
174389
5688
我想將這些星期五晚上的酒吧話題攔置一旁
03:15
and get you to actually step into the lab.
51
180077
3143
帶你進入實驗室
03:19
What we do in the lab is actually measure directly,
52
183220
2873
在實驗室裡，我們採用量化的測量方式
03:21
in a quantitative fashion, what is the impact
53
186093
2767
實實在在測試電玩遊戲對大腦
03:24
of video games on the brain.
54
188860
2769
造成那些影響。
03:27
And so I'm going to take a few examples from our work.
55
191629
3335
我將會從我們的研究中挑選幾個例子。
03:30
One first saying that I'm sure you all have heard
56
194964
2599
首先提到的，我相信你們都一定聽說過
03:33
is the fact that too much screen time
57
197563
2286
使用螢幕的時間過久
03:35
makes your eyesight worse.
58
199849
2815
會使你的視力的變差。
03:38
That's a statement about vision.
59
202664
2203
這是一項對於視覺的陳述。
03:40
There may be vision scientists among you.
60
204867
2536
也許，在場的各位當中有視覺方面的科學家。
03:43
We actually know how to test that statement.
61
207403
2939
其實，我們知道如何測試這個陳述
03:46
We can step into the lab and measure how good your vision is.
62
210342
3437
我們可以走進實驗室裡，然後測試你的視力有多好
03:49
Well, guess what? People that don't play a lot
63
213779
3681
嗯... 你能想得到嗎? 那些不常玩電玩動作遊戲的人
03:53
of action games, that don't actually spend a lot of time
64
217460
2990
或是那些沒花長時間在螢幕前的人
03:56
in front of screens, have normal, or what we call
65
220450
3532
有著正常，或者我們說
03:59
corrective-to-normal vision. That's okay.
66
223982
2654
經糾正的視力，這沒什麼稀奇的。
04:02
The issue is what happens with these guys that actually
67
226636
2449
問題是這些沉迷
04:04
indulge into playing video games like five hours per week,
68
229085
3280
在電玩的世界裡的人，像那些每個星期會花5個小時、
04:08
10 hours per week, 15 hours per week.
69
232365
1875
10個小時或15個小時在電玩上會變得怎樣呢?
04:10
By that statement, their vision should be really bad, right?
70
234240
3228
誠如上述所敘，他們的視力應該會很糟糕才對，是嗎？
04:13
Guess what? Their vision is really, really good.
71
237468
2697
你能想得到嗎？他們的視力真的是好的不得了
04:16
It's better than those that don't play.
72
240165
2440
比那些不玩電玩的人還要好
04:18
And it's better in two different ways.
73
242605
2272
他們的視力在兩方面比一般人優勝
04:20
The first way is that they're actually able to resolve
74
244877
2425
第一個是他們有足夠的能力
04:23
small detail in the context of clutter, and though that means
75
247302
3255
在雜亂的背景中分辨微小細節，所以這意謂著
04:26
being able to read the fine print on a prescription
76
250557
3798
他們可以清楚地看到醫生處方上微細字體
04:30
rather than using magnifier glasses, you can actually do it
77
254355
4627
而不用放大鏡，事實上你可以
04:34
with just your eyesight.
78
258982
1566
在裸視的情況這樣做
04:36
The other way that they are better is actually being able
79
260548
2816
另一個方面則是他們其實有更佳的能力
04:39
to resolve different levels of gray.
80
263364
2909
去辨別不同程度的灰色。
04:42
Imagine you're driving in a fog. That makes a difference
81
266273
3171
想像你在一片霧茫茫的地方開車，分辨灰色的能力
04:45
between seeing the car in front of you
82
269444
2481
能夠令你看到前方的汽車、
04:47
and avoiding the accident, or getting into an accident.
83
271925
3743
避免發生意外，而非遇上意外
04:51
So we're actually leveraging that work to develop games
84
275668
3016
所以，我們為視力較差的病人
04:54
for patients with low vision, and to have an impact
85
278684
4474
開發一些遊戲，以此來訓練
04:59
on retraining their brain to see better.
86
283158
3335
他們的大腦，讓他們能夠看得較清楚。
05:02
Clearly, when it comes to action video games,
87
286493
3649
實驗顯示，關於玩動作電玩
05:06
screen time doesn't make your eyesight worse.
88
290142
2895
使用螢幕並不會讓你的視力變差
05:08
Another saying that I'm sure you have all heard around:
89
293037
3986
另外一個說法是，我相信你們都聽過：
05:12
Video games lead to attention problems and greater distractability.
90
297023
4374
電玩遊戲會導致注意力的問題並且使人難集中精神
05:17
Okay, we know how to measure attention in the lab.
91
301397
3905
沒問題，我們知道如何在實驗室裡測量注意力
05:21
I'm actually going to give you an example of how we do so.
92
305302
3601
我將會舉個例子來說明這是如何進行的
05:24
I'm going to ask you to participate, so you're going to have
93
308903
2725
我想請你們參與其中，所以你將會
05:27
to actually play the game with me. I'm going to show you
94
311628
3024
跟我一起玩這個遊戲。
接下來，我會展示一些彩色的文字
接下來，我會展示一些彩色的文字
05:30
colored words. I want you to shout out the color of the ink.
95
314652
5433
我要你大聲地唸出該文字的顏色
05:35
Right? So this is the first example.
96
320085
3383
沒問題吧? 先看第一個例子
05:39
["Chair"]
97
323468
1090
[椅子]
05:40
Orange, good. ["Table"] Green.
98
324558
3061
橙色，好。[桌子] 綠色
05:43
["Board"] Audience: Red.Daphne Bavelier: Red.
99
327619
1380
[板子] 觀眾：紅色
達芙妮‧芭菲莉亞：紅色
達芙妮‧芭菲莉亞：紅色
05:44
["Horse"] DB: Yellow. Audience: Yellow.
100
328999
1294
[馬] 達芙妮‧芭菲莉亞：黃色
觀眾：黃色
觀眾：黃色
05:46
["Yellow"] DB: Red. Audience: Yellow.
101
330293
1325
[黃色] 達芙妮‧芭菲莉亞：紅色
觀眾：黃色
觀眾：黃色
05:47
["Blue"] DB: Yellow.
102
331618
1509
[藍色] 達芙妮‧芭菲莉亞：黃色。
05:49
Okay, you get my point, right? (Laughter)
103
333127
6355
好的，你懂我的意思了吧? (大笑)
05:55
You're getting better, but it's hard. Why is it hard?
104
339482
3336
你會越做越好的，但是其實是有難度的。
為什麼你會覺得很難呢?
為什麼你會覺得很難呢?
05:58
Because I introduced a conflict between
105
342818
3954
因為我讓你看到了
06:02
the word itself and its color.
106
346772
2913
文字與顏色之間的衝突
06:05
How good your attention is determines actually how fast
107
349685
3039
你的注意力高低決定了你
06:08
you resolve that conflict, so the young guys here
108
352724
2527
解決這種衝突的快慢，所以在這場遊戲裡
06:11
at the top of their game probably, like, did a little better
109
355251
2561
頂尖的年輕佼佼者可能做得比
06:13
than some of us that are older.
110
357812
2544
一些我們當中較年長的人好
06:16
What we can show is that when you do this kind of task
111
360356
2568
我們傳達訊息是，當你用這個方式
06:18
with people that play a lot of action games,
112
362924
1600
測試那些經常玩動作電玩遊戲的人
06:20
they actually resolve the conflict faster.
113
364524
3320
你會發現他們能以較快的速度解決這類衝突。
06:23
So clearly playing those action games doesn't lead
114
367844
3208
所以，很明顯的，玩動作電玩並不會
06:26
to attention problems.
115
371052
2483
導致注意力問題
06:29
Actually, those action video game players have
116
373535
1971
實際上，這些動作電玩遊戲的玩家
06:31
many other advantages in terms of attention, and one
117
375506
2317
有著許多有關注意力的特長
06:33
aspect of attention which is also improved for the better
118
377823
2899
動作電玩遊戲能夠改善
06:36
is our ability to track objects around in the world.
119
380722
4778
我們在這世界裡追蹤物體的能力。
06:41
This is something we use all the time. When you're driving,
120
385500
2544
這些是我們平日常用的能力。我們在開車時，
06:43
you're tracking, keeping track of the cars around you.
121
388044
3248
你會追隨前方的車，持續地追蹤在你附近的車
06:47
You're also keeping track of the pedestrian, the running dog,
122
391292
3075
你也會隨時注意行人、正在奔跑的狗。
06:50
and that's how you can actually be safe driving, right?
123
394367
3053
這些事都是令你能夠安全駕駛，對吧?
06:53
In the lab, we get people to come to the lab,
124
397420
3064
在實驗室裡，我們讓受測者走進實驗室，
06:56
sit in front of a computer screen, and we give them
125
400484
2080
坐在電腦螢幕前，然後給他們一些小任務。
06:58
little tasks that I'm going to get you to do again.
126
402564
2896
我將會給你們相同的任務讓你們再做一次。
07:01
You're going to see yellow happy faces
127
405460
2952
你會看到黃色的笑臉
07:04
and a few sad blue faces. These are children
128
408412
3816
和藍色的哭臉。這些都是在冬天的日內瓦
07:08
in the schoolyard in Geneva during a recess
129
412228
3820
某個校園裏課間休息的小孩。
07:11
during the winter. Most kids are happy. It's actually recess.
130
416048
4301
大部分的小孩都很開心，課間休息嘛
07:16
But a few kids are sad and blue because they've forgotten their coat.
131
420349
3127
但是一些小孩則是很傷心且是憂鬱的，
因為他們忘記帶外套。
因為他們忘記帶外套。
07:19
Everybody begins to move around, and your task
132
423476
3320
大家開始隨意活動，而你的任務是
07:22
is to keep track of who had a coat at the beginning
133
426796
3124
持續追蹤那些在一開始有穿外套和
07:25
and who didn't. So I'm just going to show you an example
134
429920
2491
後來沒有穿外套的小孩。
接著，我將會展示一個例子，
接著，我將會展示一個例子，
07:28
where there is only one sad kid. It's easy because you can
135
432411
2829
只有一個傷心的小孩。這非常的簡單
07:31
actually track it with your eyes. You can track,
136
435240
2337
因為你只需要追蹤一個小孩。你可以追蹤，
07:33
you can track, and then when it stops, and there is
137
437577
2280
你可以追蹤，然後他停下來的時候，
07:35
a question mark, and I ask you, did this kid have a coat or not?
138
439857
3931
這裏會出現一個問號，
我問你，這個小孩有穿外套嗎?
我問你，這個小孩有穿外套嗎?
07:39
Was it yellow initially or blue?
139
443788
2828
他本來是黃色還是藍色呢?
07:42
I hear a few yellow. Good. So most of you have a brain. (Laughter)
140
446616
3797
我聽到一些人說"黃色"。
好，那證明你們大部分都有點腦袋 (笑聲)
好，那證明你們大部分都有點腦袋 (笑聲)
07:46
I'm now going to ask you to do the task, but now with
141
450413
4796
我現在想再給你們一個任務，但這次
07:51
a little more challenging task. There are going to be
142
455209
2088
會是一個更難的任務。這裏有
07:53
three of them that are blue. Don't move your eyes.
143
457297
3183
三個藍色的小孩。不要移動你的眼晴
07:56
Please don't move your eyes. Keep your eyes fixated
144
460480
2253
請不要移動你的眼晴。盡量將你的視線保持
07:58
and expand, pull your attention. That's the only way
145
462733
2646
及放大，牽動你的 注意力。這是唯一
08:01
you can actually do it. If you move your eyes, you're doomed.
146
465379
2848
令你可以完成這個任務的方法。
如果你移動你的眼晴，你注定要失敗了
如果你移動你的眼晴，你注定要失敗了
08:04
Yellow or blue?
147
468227
1463
黃色還是藍色?
08:05
Audience: Yellow.DB: Good.
148
469690
1646
觀眾: 黃色。 達芙妮‧芭菲莉亞: 好!
08:07
So your typical normal young adult
149
471336
2503
一個正常成年人的注意力
08:09
can have a span of about three or four objects of attention.
150
473839
3636
大概可以追蹤三至四個物件
08:13
That's what we just did. Your action video game player
151
477475
2760
就像我們剛完成的任務。
一個動作電玩遊戲玩家的注意力
一個動作電玩遊戲玩家的注意力
08:16
has a span of about six to seven objects of attention,
152
480235
3200
令他可以同時追踨六至七個物件
08:19
which is what is shown in this video here.
153
483435
2978
就像這個片段中展示的那樣
08:22
That's for you guys, action video game players.
154
486413
3476
這是你們這些動作電玩遊戲玩家能做到的
08:25
A bit more challenging, right? (Laughter)
155
489889
1885
有一點挑戰性，是嗎? (笑聲)
08:27
Yellow or blue? Blue. We have some people
156
491774
3708
黃色還是藍色呢? 藍色，我們當中有些人
08:31
that are serious out there. Yeah. (Laughter)
157
495482
3204
相當認真呢! 好極了! (笑聲)
08:34
Good. So in the same way that we actually see
158
498686
3604
好! 就像我們能夠觀察到
08:38
the effects of video games on people's behavior,
159
502290
3478
電玩玩家行為上的變化一樣
08:41
we can use brain imaging and look at the impact
160
505768
3065
我們可以利用腦掃描技術，看看這些電玩遊戲
08:44
of video games on the brain, and we do find many changes,
161
508833
3785
對大腦的影響，我們發現很多的變化
08:48
but the main changes are actually to the brain networks
162
512618
3360
但是最多的變化出現在用於控制注意力
08:51
that control attention. So one part is the parietal cortex
163
515978
4544
的神經網絡。其中一個部分是在大腦頂葉 (parietal lobe)、
08:56
which is very well known to control the orientation of attention.
164
520522
3719
用於控制的注意力運用的大腦區域
09:00
The other one is the frontal lobe, which controls
165
524241
2433
第二個是大腦額葉 (frontal lobe)，它控制
09:02
how we sustain attention, and another one
166
526674
2710
我們的持續專注力
09:05
is the anterior cingulate, which controls how we allocate
167
529384
2569
以及前帶狀皮層 (anterior cingulate)，它控制我們怎樣
09:07
and regulate attention and resolve conflict.
168
531953
3297
分配及管理注意力及解決衝突
09:11
Now, when we do brain imaging, we find that all three
169
535250
2864
我們參考腦掃描影像的時候，發現
09:14
of these networks are actually much more efficient
170
538114
3344
動作遊戲玩家的這三個神經網絡
09:17
in people that play action games.
171
541458
2760
效率特別高
09:20
This actually leads me to a rather counterintuitive finding
172
544218
4751
這引領我到一個在學術文獻中
09:24
in the literature about technology and the brain.
173
548969
3441
有關科技與大腦的驚喜發現
09:28
You all know about multitasking. You all have been faulty
174
552410
4449
你們都知道甚麼是「多任務處理」(multitasking)吧。
09:32
of multitasking when you're driving
175
556859
2210
你們都試過做多任務處理的壞事吧。
09:34
and you pick up your cellphone. Bad idea. Very bad idea.
176
559069
4691
在駕車時用手機就是其中一個例子。
不是很明智的想法，非常壞的想法。
不是很明智的想法，非常壞的想法。
09:39
Why? Because as your attention shifts to your cell phone,
177
563760
3903
為甚麼? 因為當你的注意力移到手機的時候
09:43
you are actually losing the capacity to react swiftly
178
567663
4148
你實際上是失去了
09:47
to the car braking in front of you, and so you're
179
571811
2448
敏捷剎車的能力，這時你遇上交通意外
09:50
much more likely to get engaged into a car accident.
180
574259
5571
的機會大大提高。
09:55
Now, we can measure that kind of skills in the lab.
181
579830
2876
現在，我們可以在實驗室裏量度這種技能
09:58
We obviously don't ask people to drive around and see
182
582706
2472
我們當然不會要求參加者漫無目的地駕駛
10:01
how many car accidents they have. That would be a little
183
585178
2345
跟著量度他們的意外率。這會是一個
10:03
costly proposition. But we design tasks on the computer
184
587523
3547
代價相當高的主張。但是我們
設計了一些在電腦上運行的實驗
設計了一些在電腦上運行的實驗
10:06
where we can measure, to millisecond accuracy,
185
591070
3118
令我們可以以毫秒的準確度
10:10
how good they are at switching from one task to another.
186
594188
4528
去量度參加者從一個任務轉移到另一個任務的能力
10:14
When we do that, we actually find that people
187
598716
2568
我們這樣做的時候，我們發現
10:17
that play a lot of action games are really, really good.
188
601284
3084
動作遊戲玩家的表現非常、非常的優異
10:20
They switch really fast, very swiftly. They pay a very small cost.
189
604368
4483
他們在轉移任務上相當快，非常迅速。
轉移任務的代價相對很少
轉移任務的代價相對很少
10:24
Now I'd like you to remember that result, and put it
190
608851
2658
我想你們記住這一個發現，並將它
10:27
in the context of another group of technology users,
191
611509
3732
套用到另一組的科技用家上
10:31
a group which is actually much revered by society,
192
615241
2410
一個社會大眾都崇敬的群組
10:33
which are people that engage in multimedia-tasking.
193
617651
4539
他們是經常作「多媒體任務處理」
(multimedia-tasking) 的一群
(multimedia-tasking) 的一群
10:38
What is multimedia-tasking? It's the fact that most of us,
194
622190
3645
甚麼是「多媒體任務處理」呢?
大部分我們的孩子當中
大部分我們的孩子當中
10:41
most of our children, are engaged with listening to music
195
625835
3281
他們在網上搜尋資訊的時候
10:45
at the same time as they're doing search on the web
196
629116
2747
一邊聽著音樂
10:47
at the same time as they're chatting on Facebook with their friends.
197
631863
3357
一邊與朋友在臉書 (facebook) 上交談
10:51
That's a multimedia-tasker.
198
635220
2336
這就是會做多媒體任務處理的人
10:53
There was a first study done by colleagues at Stanford
199
637556
3560
在史丹福大學的同事首先發表了一個研究
10:57
and that we replicated that showed that
200
641116
2553
我們也複制了一樣的實驗結果
10:59
those people that identify as being high multimedia-taskers
201
643669
4647
這些被界定為高效的多媒體任務處理者
11:04
are absolutely abysmal at multitasking.
202
648316
3847
其實是糟透的多任務處理者
11:08
When we measure them in the lab, they're really bad.
203
652163
2737
當我們量度他們的表現時，他們的表現相當差
11:10
Right? So these kinds of results really
204
654900
2706
真的嗎? 這些實驗結果告訴我們
11:13
makes two main points.
205
657606
2486
兩個重點
11:15
The first one is that not all media are created equal.
206
660092
3192
第一，不同媒體對我們的表現有不同的影響
11:19
You can't compare the effect of multimedia-tasking
207
663284
4912
你不能直接比較多媒體處理
11:24
and the effect of playing action games. They have
208
668196
1646
與參加電玩動作遊戲的影響
11:25
totally different effects on different aspects of cognition,
209
669842
3392
它們對於我們眾多的認知能力，如感知、注意力方面
11:29
perception and attention.
210
673234
3114
有截然不同的影響
11:32
Even within video games, I'm telling you right now
211
676348
2840
我告訴你們，即使不同的電玩遊戲
11:35
about these action-packed video games.
212
679188
1753
這些充滿動作的電玩遊戲
11:36
Different video games have a different effect on your brains.
213
680941
3334
對你們的大腦亦會產生不同的影響
11:40
So we actually need to step into the lab and really measure
214
684275
2682
我們真的要踏進實驗室
11:42
what is the effect of each video game.
215
686957
2511
去量度每個遊戲所產生的影響
11:45
The other lesson is that general wisdom carries no weight.
216
689468
4287
另外一件我學到的事就是
大眾智慧不一定準確
大眾智慧不一定準確
11:49
I showed that to you already, like we looked at the fact that
217
693755
3056
我已經向你展示，就像我們知道
11:52
despite a lot of screen time, those action gamers
218
696811
2448
即使長期對著電腦螢幕，
那些動作遊戲玩家
那些動作遊戲玩家
11:55
have a lot of very good vision, etc.
219
699259
4008
有很好的視力，諸如此類...
11:59
Here, what was really striking is that these undergraduates
220
703267
3318
這裏，令人吃驚的是
12:02
that actually report engaging in a lot of high
221
706585
3241
這些指自已經常作多媒體處理的大學本科生
12:05
multimedia-tasking are convinced they aced the test.
222
709826
4977
真的相信自己在測試中做得很棒
12:10
So you show them their data, you show them they are bad
223
714803
2290
你給他們看數據，看到自己那些糟糕的表現
12:12
and they're like, "Not possible." You know, they have
224
717093
2686
他們會說: 不可能。你知道，他們
12:15
this sort of gut feeling that, really, they are doing really, really good.
225
719779
3856
有著這種直覺，就是覺得
他們自己表現得非常、非常的優異
他們自己表現得非常、非常的優異
12:19
That's another argument for why we need to step into the lab
226
723635
2945
這就是另一個我們要踏進實驗室的原因
12:22
and really measure the impact of technology on the brain.
227
726580
3592
去實際測量科技對我們的大腦產生的變化。
12:26
Now in a sense, when we think about the effect
228
730172
4583
在某一個程度上，當我們想著電玩遊戲
12:30
of video games on the brain, it's very similar
229
734755
2480
對我們大腦的影響，就正如
12:33
to the effect of wine on the health.
230
737235
3864
紅酒對我們健康的影響一樣。
12:36
There are some very poor uses of wine. There are some
231
741099
3040
有些人沒有對紅酒用得其所，同時有些人
12:40
very poor uses of video games. But when consumed
232
744139
4216
也對電玩遊戲沒有用得其所。
12:44
in reasonable doses, and at the right age,
233
748355
3481
在適當的年紀、飲用適量的紅酒
12:47
wine can be very good for health. There are actually
234
751836
3271
對我們的健康有莫大的裨益。紅酒中的某些
12:51
specific molecules that have been identified
235
755107
3264
分子已經被驗證為
12:54
in red wine as leading to greater life expectancy.
236
758371
5832
有助於延壽
13:00
So it's the same way, like those action video games
237
764203
3272
同樣地，一些動作遊戲
13:03
have a number of ingredients that are actually really
238
767475
1662
有大量的成份對於
13:05
powerful for brain plasticity, learning, attention,
239
769137
3970
大腦的可塑性、學習、注意力、視覺等等
13:09
vision, etc., and so we need and we're working on
240
773107
3605
都有強大的影響力。我們需要、亦正在努力
13:12
understanding what are those active ingredients so that
241
776712
2755
理解這些有效成份
13:15
we can really then leverage them to deliver better games,
242
779467
3890
令我們可以對這些遊戲善加利用
13:19
either for education or for rehabilitation of patients.
243
783357
4243
把它們應用在教育或病人復康的層面
13:23
Now because we are interested in having an impact
244
787600
3779
正因為我們希望在
13:27
for education or rehabilitation of patients, we are actually
245
791379
2488
教育和復康治療有所貢獻，事實上我們
13:29
not that interested in how those of you that choose
246
793867
3416
對你怎樣選購電玩遊戲以消磨時間
13:33
to play video games for many hours on end perform.
247
797283
3872
並不感太大興趣
13:37
I'm much more interested in taking any of you
248
801155
3825
相對地，即使你對這些遊戲沒有絲毫興趣
13:40
and showing that by forcing you to play an action game,
249
804980
3780
我對怎樣能夠
13:44
I can actually change your vision for the better,
250
808760
2863
強迫你參與動作遊戲
13:47
whether you want to play that action game or not, right?
251
811623
2331
從而提升你的視力更感興趣，好嗎?
13:49
That's the point of rehabilitation or education.
252
813954
2416
這就是復康治療或者教育的重點
13:52
Most of the kids don't go to school saying,
253
816370
1926
大部分的小朋友都不會在上學時說
13:54
"Great, two hours of math!"
254
818296
2740
「很棒，兩小時的數學課!」
13:56
So that's really the crux of the research, and to do that,
255
821036
4439
所以這是我的研究重點
14:01
we need to go one more step.
256
825475
2464
要做到這樣，我們要踏出更進取的一步
14:03
And one more step is to do training studies.
257
827939
3024
這一步就是要做些鍛鍊研究
14:06
So let me illustrate that step with
258
830963
3400
讓我講解一下一個叫做
14:10
a task which is called mental rotation.
259
834363
3568
「心智旋轉」 的任務
14:13
Mental rotation is a task where I'm going to ask you,
260
837931
4175
我會再次請你嘗試這個任務
14:18
and again you're going to do the task,
261
842106
1885
我會再次請你嘗試這個任務
14:19
to look at this shape. Study it, it's a target shape,
262
843991
3685
去看看這些圖形。看看這個圖，它是個目標圖形
14:23
and I'm going to present to you four different shapes.
263
847676
3254
接著我會再給你四個圖形
14:26
One of these four different shapes is actually a rotated
264
850930
2840
四個之中其中一個是
14:29
version of this shape. I want you to tell me which one:
265
853770
4304
目標圖案被旋轉的版本。我想你告訴我哪一個:
14:33
the first one, second one, third one or fourth one?
266
858074
4841
第一個，第二個，第三或第四個呢?
14:38
Okay, I'll help you. Fourth one.
267
862915
2417
好了，讓我幫你一把吧。第四個。
14:41
One more. Get those brains working. Come on.
268
865332
4530
再來一次，用用你的腦袋吧。加油。
14:45
That's our target shape.
269
869862
4974
這是我們的目標圖形
14:50
Third. Good! This is hard, right?
270
874836
3703
第三個，好! 這很難吧，是嗎?
14:54
Like, the reason that I asked you to do that is because
271
878539
1487
我想你嘗試一下這個任務的原因是
14:55
you really feel your brain cringing, right?
272
880026
2734
你真的感受到你的腦袋扭作一團，對嗎?
14:58
It doesn't really feel like playing mindless action video games.
273
882760
3432
這真的不太像參與一些
不需要用腦袋的電玩動作遊戲
不需要用腦袋的電玩動作遊戲
15:02
Well, what we do in these training studies is, people
274
886192
2705
事實上，我們在這些鍛鍊研究中
15:04
come to the lab, they do tasks like this one,
275
888897
2609
參與者來到實驗室，他們就是要完成這些任務
15:07
we then force them to play 10 hours of action games.
276
891506
4330
之後我們強迫他們玩10小時的動作遊戲
15:11
They don't play 10 hours of action games in a row.
277
895836
2746
他們不會一下子玩十小時的動作遊戲
15:14
They do distributed practice, so little shots of 40 minutes
278
898582
3110
他們會接受分段訓練，每次四十分鐘
15:17
several days over a period of two weeks.
279
901692
4301
在兩星期中的某幾天完成訓練
15:21
Then, once they are done with the training, they come back
280
905993
1796
接著，當他們完成訓練後，他們會在幾天後
15:23
a few days later and they are tested again on a similar type
281
907789
3973
回到實驗室，再次接受差不多類型的
15:27
of mental rotation task. So this is work from a colleague
282
911762
3616
「心智旋轉」測試。這是加拿大多倫多一位同事
15:31
in Toronto. What they showed is that, initially,
283
915378
2535
的研究結果。他們的實驗結果顯示，
15:33
you know, subjects perform where they are expected
284
917913
2198
最初，你知道，參與者的表現就與他們同齡的人
15:36
to perform given their age. After two weeks of training
285
920111
5210
差不多。經過兩星期的
15:41
on action video games, they actually perform better,
286
925321
3856
動作遊戲訓練後，他們的表現有進步
15:45
and the improvement is still there five months after
287
929177
5356
這個進步一直維持到他們受訓完畢後的
15:50
having done the training. That's really, really important.
288
934533
2868
五個月。這是非常、非常重要的發現
15:53
Why? Because I told you we want to use these games
289
937401
2480
為甚麼? 因為我告訴你，我們想用這些遊戲
15:55
for education or for rehabilitation. We need to have effects
290
939881
3200
作教育及復康治療用途。我們需要
15:58
that are going to be long-lasting.
291
943081
2936
持久的效果
16:01
Now, at this point, a number of you are probably wondering
292
946017
2853
現在，在這裏，你們當中或許有一部分會問
16:04
well, what are you waiting for, to put on the market
293
948870
3633
嗯，你們還在等甚麼呢，還不把
16:08
a game that would be good for the attention
294
952503
2552
一個能夠增強我祖母注意力
16:10
of my grandmother and that she would actually enjoy,
295
955055
3520
同時她又喜歡的遊戲
16:14
or a game that would be great to rehabilitate the vision
296
958575
2583
又或者一個對我患有弱視的孫兒
16:17
of my grandson who has amblyopia, for example?
297
961158
3809
視覺復康治療有益的遊戲推出市場?
16:20
Well, we're working on it, but here is a challenge.
298
964967
4480
嗯，我們正在努力當中，但遇到這樣的挑戰
16:25
There are brain scientists like me that are beginning
299
969447
1911
有一些神經科學家，像我一樣，開始了解
16:27
to understand what are the good ingredients in games
300
971358
3257
遊戲中有正面作用的
16:30
to promote positive effects, and that's what I'm going
301
974615
3105
好成份，我稱
16:33
to call the broccoli side of the equation.
302
977720
3574
它們為方程式中的西蘭花部分
16:37
There is an entertainment software industry
303
981294
3736
娛樂軟件工業
16:40
which is extremely deft at coming up with
304
985030
3472
一直非常靈巧地發明
16:44
appealing products that you can't resist.
305
988502
4144
一些你難以抗拒的產品
16:48
That's the chocolate side of the equation.
306
992646
3528
那是方程式中的巧克力部分
16:52
The issue is we need to put the two together,
307
996174
3024
問題是我們需要把兩者結合
16:55
and it's a little bit like with food.
308
999198
2256
就像烹調一樣
16:57
Who really wants to eat chocolate-covered broccoli?
309
1001454
3641
有誰會想吃鋪上巧克力的西蘭花呢?
17:00
None of you. (Laughter) And you probably have had
310
1005095
2259
沒有人。(笑聲) 你們或許有這樣的想法
17:03
that feeling, right, picking up an education game
311
1007354
2332
對，拿起一副教育遊戲
17:05
and sort of feeling, hmm, you know, it's not really fun,
312
1009686
3392
然後某程度上覺得，唔，你知道啦，這真沒趣
17:08
it's not really engaging. So what we need
313
1013078
2417
這個遊戲真的不吸引。所以我們要的
17:11
is really a new brand of chocolate, a brand of chocolate
314
1015495
3351
是一個新的巧克力品牌，一個不能
17:14
that is irresistible, that you really want to play,
315
1018846
4011
抗拒的品牌，你會想參與其中
17:18
but that has all the ingredients, the good ingredients
316
1022857
2985
同時它又結合了所有成分，那些從
17:21
that are extracted from the broccoli that you can't recognize
317
1025842
3228
西蘭花中提取，你又不能辨認出、
17:24
but are still working on your brains. And we're working on it,
318
1029070
2839
又對你的腦袋甚有益處的有效成分。。我們正在努力中
17:27
but it takes brain scientists to come and to get together,
319
1031909
4476
但這需要神經科學家們
17:32
people that work in the entertainment software industry,
320
1036385
2963
娛樂軟件工業專家
17:35
and publishers, so these are not people that usually
321
1039348
2738
以及出版商聚起來，這些人一般來說不會
17:37
meet every day, but it's actually doable,
322
1042086
2337
每天見面，但這是可行的
17:40
and we are on the right track.
323
1044423
2647
同時我們也踏上正確的軌道
17:42
I'd like to leave you with that thought,
324
1047070
1782
這是我想留給你們的想法
17:44
and thank you for your attention. (Applause)
325
1048852
3367
也感謝你們的關注 (掌聲)
17:48
(Applause)
326
1052219
4000
(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Daphne Bavelier - Cognitive researcherDaphne Bavelier studies how the brain adapts to changes in experience, either by nature or by training.
Why you should listen
Daphne Bavelier studies how humans learn -- in particular, how the brain adapts to changes in experience, either by nature (for example, deafness) or by training (for example, playing video games). At her lab, her work shows that playing fast-paced, action-packed entertainment video games typically thought to be mind-numbing actually benefits several aspects of behavior. Exploiting this counterintuitive finding, her lab now investigates how new media, such as video games, can be leveraged to foster learning and brain plasticity.
Daphne Bavelier | Speaker | TED.com