TEDYouth 2015
Jill Heinerth: The mysterious world of underwater caves
吉爾 漢娜斯: 水下洞穴的奇妙世界
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洞穴潛水員 Jill Heinerth 探索流經我們星球的隱藏地底下水道。曾和生物學家、氣候學家及考古學家一起工作，Heinerth 揭開了居住在地球上一些最古老地區的生物的秘密，協助了科學研究者揭開歷史上氣候變化之謎。在這簡短演說中，讓我們潛到海浪下並且探索地表內部的奇觀
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'm an underwater explorer,
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我是水下探險員
00:17
more specifically a cave diver.
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更具體地說是洞穴潛水員
00:21
I wanted to be an astronaut
when I was a little kid,
when I was a little kid,
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當我還是小孩，我原本想成為太空人
00:23
but growing up in Canada as a young girl,
that wasn't really available to me.
that wasn't really available to me.
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以一個在加拿大成長的年輕女孩
這實在遙不可及
這實在遙不可及
00:29
But as it turns out,
we know a lot more about space
we know a lot more about space
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其實，我們了解外太空
00:33
than we do about the underground waterways
coursing through our planet,
coursing through our planet,
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比了解流經我們星球的
地底下水道還要多
地底下水道還要多
00:37
the very lifeblood of Mother Earth.
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而這正是地球的命脈
00:41
So I decided to do something
that was even more remarkable.
that was even more remarkable.
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所以我決定做一些更卓越的事情
00:45
Instead of exploring outer space,
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沒去外太空探險
00:47
I wanted to explore
the wonders of inner space.
the wonders of inner space.
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我反而去探索奇妙的地表深處
00:51
Now, a lot of people will tell you
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現在許多人會告訴你
00:53
that cave diving is perhaps
one of the most dangerous endeavors.
one of the most dangerous endeavors.
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洞穴潛水可能是最危險的冒險之一
00:58
I mean, imagine yourself
here in this room,
here in this room,
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我是說想像你自己
在現在這個房間裡
在現在這個房間裡
01:01
if you were suddenly
plunged into blackness,
plunged into blackness,
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如果你突然間陷入黑暗中
01:04
with your only job to find the exit,
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你所能做的就是找到出口
01:06
sometimes swimming
through these large spaces,
through these large spaces,
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有時要游過這些大空間
01:09
and at other times
crawling beneath the seats,
crawling beneath the seats,
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又有時得爬過座位底下
01:12
following a thin guideline,
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沿著一條指示細繩
01:15
just waiting for the life support
to provide your very next breath.
to provide your very next breath.
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等著維生裝備來供應你下一口氣
01:19
Well, that's my workplace.
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這就是我的工作場所
01:22
But what I want to teach you today
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今天我要告訴你的就是
01:24
is that our world
is not one big solid rock.
is not one big solid rock.
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我們的世界不是一個大的實心岩石
01:29
It's a whole lot more like a sponge.
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它比較像一個海綿
01:31
I can swim through a lot of the pores
in our earth's sponge,
in our earth's sponge,
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我可以在這個地球大海綿的孔隙中暢游
01:35
but where I can't,
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在我無法去的地方
01:37
other life-forms and other materials
can make that journey without me.
can make that journey without me.
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有其他的生物及物質可到達那裡
01:42
And my voice is the one
that's going to teach you
that's going to teach you
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而我將會教導你認識
01:45
about the inside of Mother Earth.
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有關地球內部
01:50
There was no guidebook available to me
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當我決定成為南極冰山的首位洞穴
潛水員時，並沒有可供我參考的手冊
潛水員時，並沒有可供我參考的手冊
01:53
when I decided to be the first person
to cave dive inside Antarctic icebergs.
to cave dive inside Antarctic icebergs.
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01:59
In 2000, this was the largest
moving object on the planet.
moving object on the planet.
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在 2000 年，這冰山是
世界最大的移動物體
世界最大的移動物體
02:04
It calved off the Ross Ice Shelf,
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它是從 “羅斯冰架” 崩解出來的
02:06
and we went down there
to explore ice edge ecology
to explore ice edge ecology
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我們就是在它底下探索冰緣生態
02:09
and search for life-forms beneath the ice.
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以及搜尋在冰下的生物
02:12
We use a technology called rebreathers.
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我們用一種叫「再生式氧氣系統」的技術
02:15
It's an awful lot like the same technology
that is used for space walks.
that is used for space walks.
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這和使用在太空漫步的技術幾乎相同
02:19
This technology enables us to go deeper
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這技術讓我們可以潛入
02:22
than we could've imagined
even 10 years ago.
even 10 years ago.
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比十年前能想像的更深處
02:25
We use exotic gases,
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我們使用新型的氣體
02:27
and we can make missions
even up to 20 hours long underwater.
even up to 20 hours long underwater.
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讓我們可以在水底長達
20 小時執行任務
20 小時執行任務
02:33
I work with biologists.
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我和生物學家一起工作
02:35
It turns out that caves
are repositories of amazing life-forms,
are repositories of amazing life-forms,
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我們發現這些洞穴是珍奇生物的寶庫
02:39
species that we never knew existed before.
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有我們以前不知道存在的物種
02:43
Many of these life-forms
live in unusual ways.
live in unusual ways.
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這裡的許多生物以特別的方式生存
02:47
They have no pigment
and no eyes in many cases,
and no eyes in many cases,
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牠們很多是沒有色素及沒有眼睛
02:51
and these animals
are also extremely long-lived.
are also extremely long-lived.
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而且這些動物也非常長壽
02:55
In fact, animals swimming
in these caves today
in these caves today
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事實上，現在在這些洞穴裡游動的動物
02:59
are identical in the fossil record
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和恐龍滅絕之前
這些動物所留下的化石相同
這些動物所留下的化石相同
03:01
that predates the extinction
of the dinosaurs.
of the dinosaurs.
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03:04
So imagine that: these are
like little swimming dinosaurs.
like little swimming dinosaurs.
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所以想像一下：這些就像在游泳的小恐龍
03:08
What can they teach us
about evolution and survival?
about evolution and survival?
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在演化和生存方面，
它們能教我們什麼呢？
它們能教我們什麼呢？
03:13
When we look at an animal
like this remipede swimming in the jar,
like this remipede swimming in the jar,
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我們看這個在罐裡游的槳足類動物
03:17
he has giant fangs with venom.
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牠具有劇毒的大毒牙
03:20
He can actually attack something
40 times his size and kill it.
40 times his size and kill it.
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可以攻擊並殺死比牠大 40 倍的生物
03:24
If he were the size of a cat,
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如果牠像貓那麼大
03:26
he'd be the most dangerous
thing on our planet.
thing on our planet.
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牠將是地球上最危險的生物
03:29
And these animals live
in remarkably beautiful places,
in remarkably beautiful places,
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而這些動物生活在這些極為美麗的地方
03:33
and in some cases,
caves like this, that are very young,
caves like this, that are very young,
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有些洞穴 ─像這個─ 非常年輕
03:37
yet the animals are ancient.
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但存在這古老的動物
03:39
How did they get there?
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牠們是怎麼來到那裡的？
03:41
I also work with physicists,
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我也和自然科學家一起工作
03:44
and they're interested oftentimes
in global climate change.
in global climate change.
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他們通常對全球氣候的改變有興趣
03:47
They can take rocks within the caves,
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他們從洞穴中的岩石取樣
03:50
and they can slice them
and look at the layers within with rocks,
and look at the layers within with rocks,
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然後將它們切成薄片
觀察岩石裡的分層
觀察岩石裡的分層
03:53
much like the rings of a tree,
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非常像樹的年輪
03:55
and they can count back in history
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他們可從歷史回溯
03:57
and learn about the climate on our planet
at very different times.
at very different times.
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而得知地球在不同時期的氣候
04:00
The red that you see in this photograph
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從這張圖片你看到的紅色部份
04:03
is actually dust from the Sahara Desert.
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實際上是來自撒哈拉沙漠的沙塵
04:06
So it's been picked up by wind,
blown across the Atlantic Ocean.
blown across the Atlantic Ocean.
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它曾隨風揚起並飄過大西洋
04:10
It's rained down in this case
on the island of Abaco in the Bahamas.
on the island of Abaco in the Bahamas.
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在巴哈馬的阿巴科島隨雨落下
04:15
It soaks in through the ground
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滲入地面
04:16
and deposits itself
in the rocks within these caves.
in the rocks within these caves.
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然後沉積在這些洞穴的岩石裡
04:20
And when we look back in the layers
of these rocks, we can find times
of these rocks, we can find times
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我們根據這些岩石的分層來回頭看
04:24
when the climate
was very, very dry on earth,
was very, very dry on earth,
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發現當時的地球氣候非常非常地乾燥
04:27
and we can go back
many hundreds of thousands of years.
many hundreds of thousands of years.
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而且我們能回溯到幾十萬年以前
04:32
Paleoclimatologists are also interested
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古氣候學家也對於
04:34
in where the sea level stands were
at other times on earth.
at other times on earth.
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地球在不同時期海平面的位置有興趣
04:38
Here in Bermuda, my team and I embarked
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在百慕達，我和我的隊友從事
04:40
on the deepest manned dives
ever conducted in the region,
ever conducted in the region,
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這區域有史以來最深的潛水
04:43
and we were looking for places
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我們在尋找
04:45
where the sea level
used to lap up against the shoreline,
used to lap up against the shoreline,
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過去鄰近海岸線的海平面位置
04:48
many hundreds of feet
below current levels.
below current levels.
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就在現在海平面以下數百呎的地方
04:52
I also get to work with paleontologists
and archaeologists.
and archaeologists.
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我也會與古生物學家
及考古學家一起工作
及考古學家一起工作
04:56
In places like Mexico,
in the Bahamas, and even in Cuba,
in the Bahamas, and even in Cuba,
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像在墨西哥、巴哈馬，甚至古巴
05:00
we're looking at cultural remains
and also human remains in caves,
and also human remains in caves,
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我們查看了洞穴裡文化及人類的遺跡
05:05
and they tell us a lot
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讓我們知道許多
05:06
about some of the earliest
inhabitants of these regions.
inhabitants of these regions.
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有關這些區域最早的居民
05:10
But my very favorite project of all
was over 15 years ago,
was over 15 years ago,
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但其中我最喜愛的研究計畫
是十五多年前
是十五多年前
05:14
when I was a part of the team
that made the very first
that made the very first
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當時我是成員之一
這個團隊是在製作
這個團隊是在製作
05:16
accurate, three-dimensional map
of a subterranean surface.
of a subterranean surface.
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最早的精確 3D 立體地表下地圖
05:20
This device that I'm
driving through the cave
driving through the cave
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這個我駕駛通過洞穴的儀器
05:22
was actually creating
a three-dimensional model as we drove it.
a three-dimensional model as we drove it.
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實際上它於我們駕駛時
就邊畫一個 3D 立體模型
就邊畫一個 3D 立體模型
05:27
We also used ultra low frequency radio
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我們也利用超低頻無線電
05:29
to broadcast back to the surface
our exact position within the cave.
our exact position within the cave.
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向在地面的人回報我們
在洞穴裡確切的位置
在洞穴裡確切的位置
05:34
So I swam under houses and businesses
and bowling alleys and golf courses,
and bowling alleys and golf courses,
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所以我游過了民宅、商家、
保齡球道及高爾夫球場
保齡球道及高爾夫球場
05:39
and even under a Sonny's BBQ Restaurant,
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甚至 Sonny 燒烤店的下面
05:43
Pretty remarkable, and what that taught me
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很了不起吧！這一切給我的啟示
05:45
was that everything we do
on the surface of our earth
on the surface of our earth
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是我們加諸地球表面的任何東西
05:48
will be returned to us to drink.
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都會回歸給我們飲用
05:50
Our water planet is not just
rivers, lakes and oceans,
rivers, lakes and oceans,
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我們這充滿水的星球不只是
河流、湖泊及海洋而已
河流、湖泊及海洋而已
05:55
but it's this vast network of groundwater
that knits us all together.
that knits us all together.
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而是廣大的地下水網絡
將我們緊密地結合在一起
將我們緊密地結合在一起
06:00
It's a shared resource
from which we all drink.
from which we all drink.
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它是一個共享資源
我們都飲用它
我們都飲用它
06:04
And when we can understand
our human connections with our groundwater
our human connections with our groundwater
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當我們能了解人類與
這個星球的地下水
這個星球的地下水
06:08
and all of our water resources
on this planet,
on this planet,
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和所有水資源的關連性
06:11
then we'll be working on the problem
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那麼我們將努力解決這個問題
06:12
that's probably the most important
issue of this century.
issue of this century.
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而且這可能是本世紀最重要的議題
06:17
So I never got to be that astronaut
that I always wanted to be,
that I always wanted to be,
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所以我沒有成為我一直想要當的太空人
06:20
but this mapping device,
designed by Dr. Bill Stone, will be.
designed by Dr. Bill Stone, will be.
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但是這個由比爾史東博士
設計的繪圖裝置，會！
設計的繪圖裝置，會！
06:24
It's actually morphed.
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事實上，它被修改過
06:25
It's now a self-swimming autonomous robot,
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它現在是一個會
自己游泳的自動化機器人
自己游泳的自動化機器人
06:28
artificially intelligent,
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具有人工智慧
06:30
and its ultimate goal
is to go to Jupiter's moon Europa
is to go to Jupiter's moon Europa
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它的終極目標是到木星的衛星
─ Europa / 歐羅巴
─ Europa / 歐羅巴
06:34
and explore oceans beneath
the frozen surface of that body.
the frozen surface of that body.
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探索該處冰涷地表下的海洋
06:39
And that's pretty amazing.
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這實在是非常了不起！
06:42
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jill Heinerth - Cave diverJill Heinerth explores underwater caves deep inside the earth.
Why you should listen
More people have walked on the moon than have been to some of the places that Jill's exploration has taken her right here on the earth. From the most dangerous technical dives deep inside underwater caves, to searching for never-before-seen ecosystems inside giant Antarctic icebergs, to the lawless desert border area between Egypt and Libya while a civil war raged around her, Jill's curiosity and passion about our watery planet is the driving force in her life.
Jill’s accolades include induction into the Explorer's Club and the inaugural class of the Women Diver's Hall of Fame. She received the Wyland ICON Award, an honor she shares with several of her underwater heroes including Jacques Cousteau, Robert Ballard and Dr. Sylvia Earle. She was named a "Living Legend" by Sport Diver Magazine and selected as Scuba Diving Magazine's "Sea Hero of the Year 2012."
In recognition of her lifetime achievement, Jill was awarded the inaugural Sir Christopher Ondaatje Medal for Exploration. Established by the Royal Canadian Geographical Society in 2013, the medal recognizes singular achievements and the pursuit of excellence by an outstanding Canadian explorer.
Jill Heinerth | Speaker | TED.com