Juan Enriquez: We can reprogram life. How to do it wisely
خوان أنريكيز: نستطيع برمجة الحياة, كيف نفعل ذلك بحكمة
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
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called Dustin Hoffman.
which some of you may have heard of,
- قد يكون البعض منكم قد سمع به-
by the old guy to the pool,
باصطحابه إلى المسبح
the old guy basically says one word,
يقول له الرجل الكبير كلمة واحدة
what that word is.
it was completely the wrong advice.
أن تلك النصيحة كانت خاطئة تماماً
for semiconductors had already been made,
لنصف النواقل كان قد تم تحضيرها بالفعل
being built in 1967,
في عام 1967
the right one word,
onstage -- oh, I don't know --
أو....لا أدري
we might want to give
التي من الممكن أن نقدمها
a Tupperware salesman.
التالي كبائع لآواني المطبخ
would you give people,
graduate out by the pool
we have of programming life.
التي نمتلكها من أجل برمجة حياتنا
or a whole series of creatures.
أو سلالة كاملة من المخلوقات
about this incredible ability
for thousands of years,
آلاف السنوات
you get broccoli.
سوف تحصل على البروكلي
in a second way, you get kale.
سوف تحصل على الكرنب
all-natural, organic markets,
المنتجات العضوية
the lifecode of plants for a long time.
بتغيير "شيفرة الحياة" للنباتات
politically neutral term --
intelligent design.
of doing this at random
we're inserting specific proteins,
و بإدخال بروتينات محددة
for very deliberate purposes.
لأسباب محددة و مقصودة
how this stuff happens.
مجرى سير هذه الأمور
might think about sex.
how we've changed sex.
كيف أننا قد غيرنا مفهوم ممارسة الجنس
and natural to change it.
لا تؤدي إلى انجاب الأطفال
that's perfectly normal and natural,
for most of human history.
على امتداد معظم تاريخ البشرية
of the consequences of that,
advanced, like art.
كالفن على سبيل المثال
of painting and sculpture,
reproductive technologies.
reproductive technologies?
are things like in vitro fertilization.
هي أشياء كالتلقيح الصناعي
there's very good reasons to do it.
فهنالك سبب وجيه لفعل ذلك
can't conceive otherwise.
لاتمام الحمل
sex, conception, baby.
الجنس عن الالقاح عن ولادة الطفل
of when you have a baby,
ولادة طفلك
and where the baby is fertilized.
of other things we've been doing,
you can freeze eggs,
و تجميد البيوض
if you're a cancer patient.
or under radiation,
أو العلاج بالأشعة
and you can freeze them,
و إن كنت تستطيع تجميدهم
decoupled sex from time.
born -- oh, in 50 years?
بعد 50 عاماً على سبيل المثال
really profound changes
turns out to be a superpower.
هي في الواقع قوة خارقة
powerful way of changing viruses,
على تغيير الفيروسات
have been thinking about for a while.
like electricity, like an automobile,
كالكهرباء و السيارات
potentially can be misused.
هذه الأمور قد يتم اساءة استخدامها
beings into chimeras.
where you mix animals?
التي يتم فيها مزج الحيوانات
in a female body or vice versa,
في جسد أنثى أو العكس
you're doing that
during cancer treatments.
some fundamental aspects of yourself,
that happened 20 years ago.
She graduated as a valedictorian.
و لقد تخرجت بمرتبة الشرف
born to three parents.
لثلاثة آباء
mitochondrial disease
germline engineering,
if she has kids, will be saved
في حال أنجبت أطفال سيتم انقاذهم
the various authorities said,
تساءلت السلطات
and there are risks to not doing stuff,
وهنالك مخاطر لعدم القيام بها
saved by this technology,
قد قمنا بإنقاذ العديد من الأرواح
for the next 20 years.
maybe we should have longer studies,
اجراء دراسات على المدى الطويل
maybe we should do that,"
and there are consequences to not acting.
وهنالك عواقب لعدم الفعل
is completely unnatural.
for humans to be felled
of smallpox, of tuberculosis.
الجدري أو السل
we are putting unnatural things
فأنت تقوم بحقن أشياء غير طبيعية
outweighs the risk.
unnatural animals,
و حيوانات غير طبيعية
like create new life-forms.
كخلق أشكال حياة جديدة
again, that sounds terribly scary
live on your dining room table.
موجودة على مائدة طعامك
on your dining room table --
that's natural about them,
the flowers to make this color,
للحصول على هذا اللون
your loved one wildflowers
a whole lot of time.
depended on two principles:
خضع لمبدأين أساسيين
what was structured,
وكل ما تم هيكلته
parallel evolutionary system
selection and non-random mutation.
و خلق الطفرات غير العشوائية
thousands of years ago
turning them into big dogs
are less natural than a cornfield.
walk through a virgin forest
growing in orderly rows
through unnatural selection.
it's the same with a rice field.
أو حقل من الأرز
it's the same with a suburb.
أو بالنسبة للضواحي
there is what we want,
you don't have grizzly bears
as the Octopus, his nickname.
of the Year in 2000.
that gave him six fingers
جعلته يمتلك ستة أصابع
if you're a pitcher.
through the forest
gene-editing instruments,
pharmaceutical products,
to treat arthritis,
best-selling drug, Humira.
that's going to change us
for this stuff.
what we are choosing.
و نتاجات خياراتنا
by a verdict of somebody else.
you break it, you own it.
اذا كسرتها عليك أن تشتريها
diversity in this stuff.
33 versions of hominids
state of this Earth
walking around at the same time,
التي تعيش في الوقت ذاته
have some Neanderthal in us.
مورثات "النياندرتال" بداخله
have a lot more of it.
to alter plants but not animals.
to alter themselves.
to evolve themselves.
of humans as very diverse,
from a single African mother
in 55 African chimpanzees
a quarter of the Earth
in the oceans, part on land.
وجزء على اليابسة
evolutionary decision on this planet.
القرارات التطورية على هذا الكوكب
our evolutionary system running.
evolutionary system running.
في الوقت نفسه
these two things running in parallel
adventure human beings have been on.
قد خاضها الجنس البشري قط
humans have ever had.
قد حصلنا عليها قط
not to participate in this stuff
إن لم نقم بالمشاركة في هذه المغامرة
You can participate in the politics.
يمكنك المشاركة في صياغة السياسات
about where medicine is going,
في اتجاه تطور الدواء
shows up at a swimming pool
if that word is "lifecode."
إن كانت هذه الكلمة هي "شيفرة الحياة"
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - FuturistJuan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.
Why you should listen
A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.
Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com