Juan Enriquez: We can reprogram life. How to do it wisely
Хуан Энрикез: Мудрый подход к перепрограммированию жизни
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
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called Dustin Hoffman.
which some of you may have heard of,
о котором вы, возможно, слышали,
by the old guy to the pool,
the old guy basically says one word,
старик говорит всего одно слово,
what that word is.
it was completely the wrong advice.
в корне неправильный.
for semiconductors had already been made,
уже были получены,
being built in 1967,
в 1967 году только строили,
the right one word,
единственное верное слово,
onstage -- oh, I don't know --
на сцене — ну, не знаю —
we might want to give
можно дать выпускнику,
a Tupperware salesman.
посуды Tupperware.
would you give people,
graduate out by the pool
we have of programming life.
программирования жизни.
or a whole series of creatures.
about this incredible ability
for thousands of years,
что мы делали тысячелетиями,
you get broccoli.
из неё получается брокколи,
in a second way, you get kale.
all-natural, organic markets,
органические рынки —
the lifecode of plants for a long time.
жизненный код растений.
politically neutral term --
intelligent design.
of doing this at random
чтобы действовать случайно
we're inserting specific proteins,
определённые белки
for very deliberate purposes.
и целенаправленно.
how this stuff happens.
might think about sex.
how we've changed sex.
само собой разумеющимся.
and natural to change it.
и естественно его менять.
отсутствие ребёнка.
that's perfectly normal and natural,
абсолютно естественным,
for most of human history.
истории человечества было не так.
of the consequences of that,
advanced, like art.
of painting and sculpture,
reproductive technologies.
репродуктивной технологии.
reproductive technologies?
are things like in vitro fertilization.
например, искусственное оплодотворение.
there's very good reasons to do it.
оплодотворению, на то есть веские причины.
can't conceive otherwise.
sex, conception, baby.
of when you have a baby,
появления ребёнка,
and where the baby is fertilized.
of other things we've been doing,
you can freeze eggs,
if you're a cancer patient.
or under radiation,
или облучение,
and you can freeze them,
decoupled sex from time.
born -- oh, in 50 years?
с разницей в 50 лет?
really profound changes
turns out to be a superpower.
это сверхспособность.
powerful way of changing viruses,
have been thinking about for a while.
со Стивом Галланом.
like electricity, like an automobile,
например, электричество, автомобиль
potentially can be misused.
может быть использован во зло.
beings into chimeras.
where you mix animals?
in a female body or vice versa,
в теле женщины, и наоборот.
you're doing that
during cancer treatments.
для лечения рака.
some fundamental aspects of yourself,
характеристики человека,
that happened 20 years ago.
She graduated as a valedictorian.
в двух видах спорта.
born to three parents.
рождённый от трёх родителей.
mitochondrial disease
унаследовала бы смертельное
germline engineering,
if she has kids, will be saved
они будут спасены
the various authorities said,
различные силы решили
and there are risks to not doing stuff,
saved by this technology,
for the next 20 years.
мы о ней размышляем.
maybe we should have longer studies,
maybe we should do that,"
and there are consequences to not acting.
и у бездействия.
is completely unnatural.
for humans to be felled
повально умирать
of smallpox, of tuberculosis.
оспы или туберкулёза.
we are putting unnatural things
outweighs the risk.
что польза перевешивает риск.
unnatural animals,
растения и животные
7 миллиардов человек.
like create new life-forms.
again, that sounds terribly scary
live on your dining room table.
можно найти на вашем столе.
on your dining room table --
that's natural about them,
the flowers to make this color,
чтобы получить нужный цвет,
your loved one wildflowers
a whole lot of time.
depended on two principles:
зависело от двух принципов:
what was structured,
по этим законам,
parallel evolutionary system
selection and non-random mutation.
и неслучайные мутации.
thousands of years ago
разводить волков
turning them into big dogs
на просторах Африки,
are less natural than a cornfield.
чем кукурузные поля.
walk through a virgin forest
вы не найдёте в природе места,
growing in orderly rows
through unnatural selection.
it's the same with a rice field.
it's the same with a suburb.
there is what we want,
по нашему выбору.
you don't have grizzly bears
as the Octopus, his nickname.
of the Year in 2000.
that gave him six fingers
у него шесть пальцев
if you're a pitcher.
through the forest
gene-editing instruments,
инструментов генной модификации,
pharmaceutical products,
to treat arthritis,
best-selling drug, Humira.
that's going to change us
for this stuff.
what we are choosing.
by a verdict of somebody else.
you break it, you own it.
«Разбил – купил».
diversity in this stuff.
разнообразие и ратовать за него.
33 versions of hominids
state of this Earth
видеть на планете
walking around at the same time,
have some Neanderthal in us.
частичка неандертальца.
от денисовского человека.
have a lot more of it.
to alter plants but not animals.
растения, но не животных.
to alter themselves.
to evolve themselves.
of humans as very diverse,
что мы, люди, очень разные,
from a single African mother
африканской праматери,
in 55 African chimpanzees
разнообразие генов больше,
a quarter of the Earth
in the oceans, part on land.
evolutionary decision on this planet.
решением на этой планете.
our evolutionary system running.
evolutionary system running.
система Дарвина.
these two things running in parallel
работали параллельно
adventure human beings have been on.
для человечества.
humans have ever had.
которой обладали люди.
not to participate in this stuff
You can participate in the politics.
что касается этики, политики,
about where medicine is going,
о развитии медицины
shows up at a swimming pool
if that word is "lifecode."
«жизненный код».
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - FuturistJuan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.
Why you should listen
A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.
Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com