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Juan Enriquez: We can reprogram life. How to do it wisely
Huan Enrikez (Juan Enriquez): Možemo reprogramirati život - kako da to učinimo na mudar način
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Tokom četiri milijarde godina, ono što je živelo i umiralo na zemlji, zavisilo je od dva principa: prirodna selekcija i nasumična mutacija. Onda su došli ljudi i sve promenili: hibridizacija biljaka, ukrštanje životinja, promena životne sredine i čak ciljana evolucija ljudskih bića. Enrikez iznosi pet smernica za budućnost gde će se ova mogućnost programiranja života naglo ubrzati. "Ovo je najuzbudljivija avantura u kojoj ljudska bića učestvuju", kaže Enrikez. "To je najveća supermoć koju su ljudi ikada imali".
Juan Enriquez - Futurist
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So, there's an actor
called Dustin Hoffman.
called Dustin Hoffman.
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Ima jedan glumac
koji se zove Dastin Hofman.
koji se zove Dastin Hofman.
00:16
And years ago, he made this movie
which some of you may have heard of,
which some of you may have heard of,
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Pre mnogo godina, snimio je film
za koji su neki od vas možda čuli,
za koji su neki od vas možda čuli,
00:19
called "The Graduate."
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a zove se Diplomac.
00:21
And there's two key scenes in that movie.
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Dve su ključne scene u tom filmu.
00:24
The first one is the seduction scene.
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Prva je scena zavođenja.
00:26
I'm not going to talk about that tonight.
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Neću govoriti o tome večeras.
00:28
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:30
The second scene is where he's taken out
by the old guy to the pool,
by the old guy to the pool,
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U drugoj sceni,
stariji tip ga izvodi do bazena
stariji tip ga izvodi do bazena
00:34
and as a young college graduate,
the old guy basically says one word,
the old guy basically says one word,
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i kao mladi diplomac fakulteta,
stariji tip izgovara jednu reč,
stariji tip izgovara jednu reč,
00:39
just one word.
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samo jednu reč.
00:41
And of course, all of you know
what that word is.
what that word is.
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I naravno, svi vi znate koja je to reč.
00:44
It's "plastics."
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To je "plastika"
00:45
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:47
And the only problem with that is,
it was completely the wrong advice.
it was completely the wrong advice.
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Jedini problem ovde je to
što je to bio potpuno pogrešan savet.
što je to bio potpuno pogrešan savet.
00:51
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:53
Let me tell you why it was so wrong.
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Reći ću vam zašto je bio pogrešan.
00:55
The word should have been "silicon."
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Reč je trebala biti "silicijum".
00:58
And the reason it should have been silicon
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A trebala je biti silicijum
01:00
is because the basic patents
for semiconductors had already been made,
for semiconductors had already been made,
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jer su osnovni patenti za poluprovodnike
tada već bili izrađeni,
tada već bili izrađeni,
01:05
had already been filed,
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već su bili podneti,
01:06
and they were already building them.
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i tada su ih već počeli praviti.
01:08
So Silicon Valley was just
being built in 1967,
being built in 1967,
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Izgradnja Silicijumske doline
je bila u toku 1967. godine
je bila u toku 1967. godine
01:11
when this movie was released.
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kad je ovaj film izašao.
01:13
And the year after the movie was released,
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Godinu dana nakon što je film izašao,
01:15
Intel was founded.
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osnovan je Intel.
01:17
So had the graduate heard
the right one word,
the right one word,
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Da je diplomac čuo pravu reč,
01:20
maybe he would have ended up
onstage -- oh, I don't know --
onstage -- oh, I don't know --
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možda bi bio na sceni sa - pa, ne znam -
01:23
maybe with these two.
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možda sa ovom dvojicom.
01:24
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:31
So as you're thinking of that,
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Dok razmišljate o tome,
01:34
let's see what bit of advice
we might want to give
we might want to give
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hajde da vidimo kakav bismo savet dali,
01:38
so that your next graduate doesn't become
a Tupperware salesman.
a Tupperware salesman.
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a da naš sledeći diplomac
ne postane putujući trgovac.
ne postane putujući trgovac.
01:41
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:43
So in 2015, what word of advice
would you give people,
would you give people,
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Dakle u 2015. kakav biste vi savet dali
01:47
when you took a college
graduate out by the pool
graduate out by the pool
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kada biste odveli nekog diplomca do bazena
01:50
and you said one word, just one word?
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i rekli jednu stvar, samo jednu stvar?
01:52
I think the answer would be "lifecode."
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MIslim da bi odgovor bio "životni kod".
01:55
So what is "lifecode?"
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Šta je "životni kod"?
01:56
Lifecode is the various ways
we have of programming life.
we have of programming life.
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To su razni načini
na koje možemo da programiramo život.
na koje možemo da programiramo život.
01:59
So instead of programming computers,
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Dakle, umesto programiranja kompjutera
02:01
we're using things to program viruses
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koristimo stvari za programiranje virusa
02:03
or retroviruses or proteins
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ili retrovirusa ili proteina
02:05
or DNA or RNA
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ili DNK ili RNK
02:08
or plants or animals,
or a whole series of creatures.
or a whole series of creatures.
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ili biljaka ili životinja
ili čitavog niza raznih bića.
ili čitavog niza raznih bića.
02:11
And as you're thinking
about this incredible ability
about this incredible ability
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I dok razmišljate
o ovoj neverovatnoj moći
o ovoj neverovatnoj moći
02:14
to make life do what you want it to do,
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da naterate život
da radi ono što vi hoćete,
da radi ono što vi hoćete,
02:16
what it's programmed to do,
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ono što je isprogramiran da uradi,
02:18
what you end up doing
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ovim mi, u stvari,
02:20
is taking what we've been doing
for thousands of years,
for thousands of years,
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uzimamo ono što radimo hiljadama godina,
02:23
which is breeding, changing,
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a to je uzgoj, promena,
02:27
mixing, matching
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mešanje, sparivanje
02:29
all kinds of life-forms,
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različitih oblika života,
02:31
and we accelerate it.
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i ubrzavamo sve to.
02:32
And this is not something new.
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I to nije ništa novo.
02:34
This humble mustard weed has been modified
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Ova obična gorušica je tako modifikovana
02:37
so that if you change it in one way,
you get broccoli.
you get broccoli.
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da ako je promenite na jedan način,
dobijete brokoli.
dobijete brokoli.
02:40
And if you change it
in a second way, you get kale.
in a second way, you get kale.
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A ako je promenite na drugi način,
dobijate kelj.
dobijate kelj.
02:43
And if you change it in a third way,
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A ako je promenite na treći način,
02:45
you get cauliflower.
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dobijate karfiol.
02:47
So when you go to these
all-natural, organic markets,
all-natural, organic markets,
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Kad odete na te prirodne, organske pijace,
02:51
you're really going to a place
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vi, u stvari, odlazite na mesto
02:52
where people have been changing
the lifecode of plants for a long time.
the lifecode of plants for a long time.
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gde ljudi već dugo vremena
menjaju životni kod biljaka.
menjaju životni kod biljaka.
02:57
The difference today,
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Razlika danas,
02:58
to pick a completely
politically neutral term --
politically neutral term --
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uzmimo u potpunosti
politički neutralan termin -
politički neutralan termin -
03:00
[Intelligent design]
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[Inteligentni dizajn]
03:02
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:03
We're beginning to practice
intelligent design.
intelligent design.
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Počinjemo da primenjujemo
inteligentni dizajn.
inteligentni dizajn.
03:06
That means that instead
of doing this at random
of doing this at random
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To znači
da umesto da ovo radimo nasumično,
da umesto da ovo radimo nasumično,
03:09
and seeing what happens over generations,
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i pratimo šta se događa
kroz više generacija
kroz više generacija
03:11
we're inserting specific genes,
we're inserting specific proteins,
we're inserting specific proteins,
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mi umećemo određene gene,
mi umećemo određene proteine,
mi umećemo određene proteine,
03:14
and we're changing lifecode
for very deliberate purposes.
for very deliberate purposes.
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i menjamo životni kod
sa jasno određenim ciljem.
sa jasno određenim ciljem.
03:18
And that allows us to accelerate
how this stuff happens.
how this stuff happens.
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I to nam omogućava da ubrzamo
odvijanje ovih procesa.
odvijanje ovih procesa.
03:22
Let me just give you one example.
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Daću vam jedan primer.
03:26
Some of you occasionally
might think about sex.
might think about sex.
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Neki od vas možda povremeno
pomisle na seks.
pomisle na seks.
03:31
And we kind of take it for granted
how we've changed sex.
how we've changed sex.
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U neku ruku, uzimamo zdravo za gotovo
to kako smo promenili seks.
to kako smo promenili seks.
03:34
So we think it's perfectly normal
and natural to change it.
and natural to change it.
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Dakle, mislimo da je potpuno
normalno i prirodno menjati ga.
normalno i prirodno menjati ga.
03:37
What's happened with sex over time is --
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Ono što se vremenom dogodilo
sa seksom jeste -
sa seksom jeste -
03:40
normally, sex equals baby, eventually.
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normalno, seks jednako beba, na kraju.
03:43
But in today's world,
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Ali ne u današnjem svetu.
03:45
sex plus pill equals no baby.
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seks plus pilule jenako je nema bebe.
03:48
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:49
And again, we think
that's perfectly normal and natural,
that's perfectly normal and natural,
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I opet, mislimo da je to
potpuno normalno i prirodno,
potpuno normalno i prirodno,
03:52
but that has not been the case
for most of human history.
for most of human history.
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ali nije bilo tako
većim delom istorije čovečanstva.
većim delom istorije čovečanstva.
03:55
And it's not the case for animals.
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I nije tako kod životinja.
03:57
What it is does is it gives us control,
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Ovo nam daje kontrolu,
03:59
so sex becomes separate from conception.
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pa seks postaje odvojen od začeća.
04:02
And as you're thinking
of the consequences of that,
of the consequences of that,
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I dok razmišljate o posledicama toga,
04:05
then we've been playing with stuff
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igrali smo se i ovim stvarima
04:07
that's a little bit more
advanced, like art.
advanced, like art.
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koje su nešto naprednije, poput umetnosti.
04:09
Not in the sense
of painting and sculpture,
of painting and sculpture,
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Ne u smislu slikarstva i vajarstva,
04:11
but in the sense of assisted
reproductive technologies.
reproductive technologies.
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već u smislu
novih reproduktivnih tehnologija.
novih reproduktivnih tehnologija.
04:17
So what are assisted
reproductive technologies?
reproductive technologies?
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Pa, šta su nove reproduktivne tehnologije?
04:19
Assisted reproductive technologies
are things like in vitro fertilization.
are things like in vitro fertilization.
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Nove reproduktivne tehnologije
su stvari poput veštačke oplodnje.
su stvari poput veštačke oplodnje.
04:24
And when you do in vitro fertilization,
there's very good reasons to do it.
there's very good reasons to do it.
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A kad se radi veštačka oplodnja,
postoje dobri razlozi za to.
postoje dobri razlozi za to.
04:27
Sometimes you just
can't conceive otherwise.
can't conceive otherwise.
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Ponekad je jednostavno nemoguće
začeti na drugi način.
začeti na drugi način.
04:31
But when you do that,
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Ali kada se to radi,
04:32
what you’re doing is separating
sex, conception, baby.
sex, conception, baby.
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razdvajaju se seks, začeće, beba.
04:37
So you haven't just taken control
of when you have a baby,
of when you have a baby,
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Ne samo da ste preuzeli kontrolu
nad tim kad ćete imati bebu,
nad tim kad ćete imati bebu,
04:40
you've separated when the baby
and where the baby is fertilized.
and where the baby is fertilized.
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već ste razdvojili i kada
i gde će beba biti oplođena.
i gde će beba biti oplođena.
04:44
So you've separated the baby
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Dakle, razdvojili ste bebu
04:46
from the body from the act.
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od tela, od čina.
04:49
And as you're thinking
of other things we've been doing,
of other things we've been doing,
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I dok razmišljate
o drugim stvarima koje radimo,
o drugim stvarima koje radimo,
04:52
think about twins.
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razmislite o blizancima.
04:55
So you can freeze sperm,
you can freeze eggs,
you can freeze eggs,
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Možete zamrnuti spermu,
i jajne ćelije,
i jajne ćelije,
04:57
you can freeze fertilized eggs.
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zamrznutu oplođenu jajnu ćeliju.
04:59
And what does that mean?
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A šta to znači?
05:01
Well, that's a good thing
if you're a cancer patient.
if you're a cancer patient.
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To je dobro ako imate rak.
05:04
You're about to go under chemotherapy
or under radiation,
or under radiation,
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Ako treba da idete
na hemoterapiju ili zračenje,
na hemoterapiju ili zračenje,
05:07
so you save these things.
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i tako čuvate ove stvari.
05:08
You don't irradiate them.
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Ne ozračite ih.
05:10
But if you can save them
and you can freeze them,
and you can freeze them,
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Ali ako ih možete sačuvati,
i možete zamrznuti,
i možete zamrznuti,
05:12
and you can have a surrogate mother,
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i možete imati surogat majku,
05:14
it means that you've
decoupled sex from time.
decoupled sex from time.
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to znači da ste razdvojili seks i vreme.
05:17
It means you can have twins
born -- oh, in 50 years?
born -- oh, in 50 years?
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To znači da možete imati blizance
kroz pedeset godina?
kroz pedeset godina?
05:23
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:27
In a hundred years?
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Kroz sto godina?
05:29
Two hundred years?
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Dvesto godina?
05:31
And these are three
really profound changes
really profound changes
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Ovo su tri zaista temeljne promene
05:34
that are not, like, future stuff.
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koje nisu stvar budućnsti.
05:36
This is stuff we take for granted today.
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Sve ovo danas uzimamo zdravo za gotovo.
05:38
So this lifecode stuff
turns out to be a superpower.
turns out to be a superpower.
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Dakle, ispada da je promena životnog koda
supermoć.
supermoć.
05:42
It turns out to be this incredibly
powerful way of changing viruses,
powerful way of changing viruses,
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To postaje izuzetno moćan način
da menjamo viruse,
da menjamo viruse,
05:46
of changing plants, of changing animals,
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menjamo biljke, menjamo životinje,
05:49
perhaps even of evolving ourselves.
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možda čak i da evoluiramo same sebe.
05:52
It's something that Steve Gullans and I
have been thinking about for a while.
have been thinking about for a while.
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To je nešto o čemu Stiv Galans i ja
razmišljamo već neko vreme.
razmišljamo već neko vreme.
05:56
Let's have some risks.
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Hajde da rizikujemo.
05:58
Like every powerful technology,
like electricity, like an automobile,
like electricity, like an automobile,
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Kao i svaka moćna tehnologija,
kao struja, kao auto,
kao struja, kao auto,
06:02
like computers, this stuff
potentially can be misused.
potentially can be misused.
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kao kompjuteri, ove stvari
se potencijalno mogu zloupotrebiti.
se potencijalno mogu zloupotrebiti.
06:06
And that scares a lot of people.
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A to plaši mnoge ljude.
06:09
And as you apply these technologies,
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Primenom ovih tehnologija,
06:10
you can even turn human
beings into chimeras.
beings into chimeras.
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možete pretvoriti ljude u čudovišta.
06:13
Remember the Greek myth
where you mix animals?
where you mix animals?
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Sećate se grčkog mita
u kom su izmešane životinje?
u kom su izmešane životinje?
06:16
Well, some of these treatments
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U nekim od ovih tretmana
06:18
actually end up changing your blood type.
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vam zapravo promene krvnu grupu.
06:21
Or they'll put male cells
in a female body or vice versa,
in a female body or vice versa,
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Ili stavljaju muške ćelije
u žensko telo i obrnuto,
u žensko telo i obrnuto,
06:26
which sounds absolutely horrible
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što zvuči potpuno zastrašujuće
06:27
until you realize, the reason
you're doing that
you're doing that
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dok ne shvatite,
razlog zbog kog se to radi
razlog zbog kog se to radi
06:30
is you're substituting bone marrow
during cancer treatments.
during cancer treatments.
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jeste zamena koštane srži
prilikom lečenja raka.
prilikom lečenja raka.
06:33
So by taking somebody else's bone marrow,
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Dakle, uzimanjem tuđe koštane srži,
06:35
you may be changing
some fundamental aspects of yourself,
some fundamental aspects of yourself,
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možda menjate neke izvorne aspekte sebe,
06:38
but you're also saving your life.
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ali takođe spasavate i svoj život.
06:40
And as you're thinking about this stuff,
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I dok razmišljate o ovome,
06:42
here's something
that happened 20 years ago.
that happened 20 years ago.
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evo nešto što se desilo
pre dvadeset godina.
pre dvadeset godina.
06:45
This is Emma Ott.
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Ovo je Ema Ot.
06:46
She's a recent college admittee.
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Nedavno je upisala fakultet.
06:49
She's studying accounting.
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Studira računovodstvo.
06:51
She played two varsity sports.
She graduated as a valedictorian.
She graduated as a valedictorian.
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Bavila se s dva univerzitetska sporta.
Bila je student generacije.
Bila je student generacije.
06:55
And that's not particularly extraordinary,
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2020
I to nije naročito neobično,
06:57
except that she's the first human being
born to three parents.
born to three parents.
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osim što je ona
prvo ljudsko biće sa tri roditelja.
prvo ljudsko biće sa tri roditelja.
07:02
Why?
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Zašto?
07:03
Because she had a deadly
mitochondrial disease
mitochondrial disease
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Imala je smrtonosnu
mitohondrijalnu bolest
mitohondrijalnu bolest
07:05
that she might have inherited.
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koju je možda nasledila.
07:07
So when you swap out a third person's DNA
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Pa, kad uzmete DNK treće osobe
07:09
and you put it in there,
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i stavite je tamo,
07:11
you save the lives of people.
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vi spasavate ljudske živote.
07:13
But you also are doing
germline engineering,
germline engineering,
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Ali takođe sprovodite
genetički inženjering,
genetički inženjering,
07:16
which means her kids,
if she has kids, will be saved
if she has kids, will be saved
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što znači da će njena deca,
ako ih bude imala, biti spasena
ako ih bude imala, biti spasena
07:20
and won't go through this.
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i neće prolaziti kroz to.
07:21
And [their] kids will be saved,
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I njihova deca će biti spasena,
07:23
and their grandchildren will be saved,
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i njihovi unuci će biti spaseni,
07:25
and this passes on.
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i to se prenosi dalje.
07:26
That makes people nervous.
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Ovo čini ljude nervoznim.
07:28
So 20 years ago,
the various authorities said,
the various authorities said,
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Pre dvadeset godina,
razne institucije su rekle,
razne institucije su rekle,
07:30
why don't we study this for a while?
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zašto ovo ne bismo izučavali neko vreme?
07:33
There are risks to doing stuff,
and there are risks to not doing stuff,
and there are risks to not doing stuff,
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Postoje rizici kad se rade određene stvari
i postoje rizici kad se one ne rade,
i postoje rizici kad se one ne rade,
07:37
because there were a couple dozen people
saved by this technology,
saved by this technology,
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jer ima nekoliko desetina ljudi
koji su spaseni ovom tehnologijom,
koji su spaseni ovom tehnologijom,
07:41
and then we've been thinking about it
for the next 20 years.
for the next 20 years.
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i onda smo razmišljali o tome
narednih dvadeset godina.
narednih dvadeset godina.
07:45
So as we think about it,
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1183
Dok razmišljamo o tome,
07:46
as we take the time to say, "Hey,
maybe we should have longer studies,
maybe we should have longer studies,
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3810
dok zastajemo da kažemo:
"Hej, možda bi trebalo duže da izučavamo,
"Hej, možda bi trebalo duže da izučavamo,
možda treba da uradimo ovo,
a možda da uradimo ono",
a možda da uradimo ono",
07:50
maybe we should do this,
maybe we should do that,"
maybe we should do that,"
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07:52
there are consequences to acting,
and there are consequences to not acting.
and there are consequences to not acting.
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Delovanje ima svoje posledice,
a i nedelovanje ima posledice.
a i nedelovanje ima posledice.
07:57
Like curing deadly diseases --
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1693
Kao lečenje smrtonosnih bolesti,
07:59
which, by the way,
is completely unnatural.
is completely unnatural.
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što je potpuno neprirodno.
08:02
It is normal and natural
for humans to be felled
for humans to be felled
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Normalno je i prirodno
da ljudi budu gnevni
da ljudi budu gnevni
08:06
by massive epidemics of polio,
of smallpox, of tuberculosis.
of smallpox, of tuberculosis.
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zbog masovnih epidemija dečje paralize,
malih boginja, tuberkuloze.
malih boginja, tuberkuloze.
08:10
When we put vaccines into people,
we are putting unnatural things
we are putting unnatural things
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Kada ubrizgavamo vakcine u ljude,
mi stavljamo neprirodne stvari
mi stavljamo neprirodne stvari
08:13
into their body
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u njihova tela
08:15
because we think the benefit
outweighs the risk.
outweighs the risk.
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jer mislimo
da prednosti pretežu nad rizicima.
da prednosti pretežu nad rizicima.
08:20
Because we've built unnatural plants,
unnatural animals,
unnatural animals,
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Zato što smo napravili neprirodne biljke,
neprirodne životinje
neprirodne životinje
08:23
we can feed about seven billion people.
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možemo da nahranimo
sedam milijardi ljudi.
sedam milijardi ljudi.
08:26
We can do things
like create new life-forms.
like create new life-forms.
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Možemo da radimo stvari
poput stvaranja novih oblika života.
poput stvaranja novih oblika života.
08:30
And as you create new life-forms,
again, that sounds terribly scary
again, that sounds terribly scary
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I stvaranje novih oblika života,
opet, zvuči užasno zastrašujuće
opet, zvuči užasno zastrašujuće
08:33
and terribly bothersome,
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1681
i strašno uznemirujuće,
08:35
until you realize that those life-forms
live on your dining room table.
live on your dining room table.
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dok ne shvatite da ti životni oblici
žive na vašem trpezarijskom stolu.
žive na vašem trpezarijskom stolu.
08:39
Those flowers you've got
on your dining room table --
on your dining room table --
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Ono cveće što imate
na trpezarijskom stolu -
na trpezarijskom stolu -
08:42
there's not a lot
that's natural about them,
that's natural about them,
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nema mnogo toga prirodnog u njima,
08:44
because people have been breeding
the flowers to make this color,
the flowers to make this color,
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512253
3092
jer ljudi uzgajaju cveće
kako bi napravili ovu boju,
kako bi napravili ovu boju,
08:47
to be this size, to last for a week.
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515369
1760
ovu veličinu, da traje nedelju dana.
08:49
You don't usually give
your loved one wildflowers
your loved one wildflowers
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Svojim bližnjim
obično ne poklanjate poljsko cveće
obično ne poklanjate poljsko cveće
08:51
because they don't last
a whole lot of time.
a whole lot of time.
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jer ne traje baš dugo.
08:56
What all this does
190
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1238
Svim ovim se
08:58
is it flips Darwin completely on his head.
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2175
Darvin okreće naglavačke.
09:01
See, for four billion years,
192
529159
1741
Tokom četiri milijarde godina
09:02
what lived and died on this planet
depended on two principles:
depended on two principles:
193
530924
3065
sve što je živelo i umiralo
zavisilo je od dva principa:
zavisilo je od dva principa:
09:06
on natural selection and random mutation.
194
534608
2524
na prirodnoj selekciji
i nasumičnoj mutaciji
i nasumičnoj mutaciji
09:10
And so what lived and died,
what was structured,
what was structured,
195
538016
2627
Sve što je živelo i umiralo,
što je bilo ustrojeno,
što je bilo ustrojeno,
09:13
has now been flipped on its head.
196
541167
1683
sada je okrenuto naglavačke.
09:16
And what we've done
197
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1199
I tako smo
09:17
is created this completely
parallel evolutionary system
parallel evolutionary system
198
545485
2611
stvorili paralelni evolutivni sistem
09:20
where we are practicing unnatural
selection and non-random mutation.
selection and non-random mutation.
199
548120
3329
gde primenjujemo neprirodnu
selekciju i nenasumičnu mutaciju.
selekciju i nenasumičnu mutaciju.
09:23
So let me explain these things.
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551473
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Da objasnim ove stvari.
09:25
This is natural selection.
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1389
Ovo je prirodna selekcija.
09:27
This is unnatural selection.
202
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1405
Ovo je neprirodna selekcija.
09:28
(Laughter)
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556519
2622
(Smeh)
09:31
So what happens with this stuff is,
204
559903
2644
Ono što se događa sa ovim stvarima jeste,
09:34
we started breeding wolves
thousands of years ago
thousands of years ago
205
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2714
počeli smo da gajimo vukove
pre više hiljada godina,
pre više hiljada godina,
09:37
in central Asia to turn them into dogs.
206
565309
2190
u centralnoj Aziji, da bismo stvorili pse.
09:39
And then we started
turning them into big dogs
turning them into big dogs
207
567523
2294
A onda smo počeli da ih pretvaramo
u velike pse,
u velike pse,
09:41
and into little dogs.
208
569841
1751
pa u male pse.
09:43
But if you take one of the chihuahuas
209
571616
1787
Ako uzmete jednu od čivava
09:45
you see in the Hermès bags on Fifth Avenue
210
573427
2848
koje viđate na kesama Hermesa
na Petoj aveniji,
na Petoj aveniji,
09:48
and you let it loose on the African plain,
211
576299
2657
i pustite je u afričku ravnicu,
09:50
you can watch natural selection happen.
212
578980
1984
videćete prirodnu selekciju na delu.
09:52
(Laughter)
213
580988
2681
(Smeh)
09:58
Few things on Earth
are less natural than a cornfield.
are less natural than a cornfield.
214
586419
2817
Malo je stvari koje su neprirodnije
od polja kukuruza.
od polja kukuruza.
10:02
You will never, under any scenario,
walk through a virgin forest
walk through a virgin forest
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3573
Nikad, ni po jednom scenariju,
nećete proći kroz prašumu
nećete proći kroz prašumu
10:05
and see the same plant
growing in orderly rows
growing in orderly rows
216
593785
2685
i videti istu biljku kako raste
u pravilnim redovima,
u pravilnim redovima,
10:08
at the same time,
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1324
u isto vreme,
10:09
nothing else living there.
218
597842
1611
gde ništa drugo ne živi.
10:12
When you do a cornfield,
219
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1159
Radom na polju kukuruza
10:13
you're selecting what lives and what dies.
220
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2047
birate šta će živeti, a šta umreti.
10:16
And you're doing that
through unnatural selection.
through unnatural selection.
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2339
I to radite kroz neprirodnu selekciju.
10:18
It's the same with a wheat field,
it's the same with a rice field.
it's the same with a rice field.
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3137
Isto je sa poljem pšenice,
isto je s pirinčanim poljem.
isto je s pirinčanim poljem.
10:21
It's the same with a city,
it's the same with a suburb.
it's the same with a suburb.
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609604
2615
Isto je s gradovima.
Isto je s predgrađima.
Isto je s predgrađima.
10:24
In fact, half the surface of Earth
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612243
1895
U stvari, polovina zemljine površine
10:26
has been unnaturally engineered
225
614162
1507
je uređena na neprirodan način
10:27
so that what lives and what dies
there is what we want,
there is what we want,
226
615693
3183
tako da ono što tu živi i što umire
je ono što mi želimo,
je ono što mi želimo,
10:30
which is the reason why
you don't have grizzly bears
you don't have grizzly bears
227
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2463
i zato nemamo grizlije
10:33
walking through downtown Manhattan.
228
621387
1927
koji se šetaju centrom Menhetna.
10:37
How about this random mutation stuff?
229
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1859
Šta kažete na ovu nasumičnu mutaciju?
10:38
Well, this is random mutation.
230
626960
1443
Ovo je nasumična mutacija.
10:40
This is Antonio Alfonseca.
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628427
1340
Ovo je Antonio Alfonseka.
10:42
He's otherwise known
as the Octopus, his nickname.
as the Octopus, his nickname.
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630350
2711
Inaće je poznat kao Hobotnica,
njegov nadimak.
njegov nadimak.
10:45
He was the Relief Pitcher
of the Year in 2000.
of the Year in 2000.
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2274
On je bio Bacač godine, 2000.
10:47
And he had a random mutation
that gave him six fingers
that gave him six fingers
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2764
Imao je nasumičnu mutaciju
koja mu je dala šest prstiju
koja mu je dala šest prstiju
10:50
on each hand,
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2228
na obe ruke,
10:52
which turns out to be really useful
if you're a pitcher.
if you're a pitcher.
236
640995
2642
što je veoma korisno ako ste bacač.
10:55
(Laughter)
237
643661
1640
(Smeh)
10:58
How about non-random mutation?
238
646119
1730
A nenasumična mutacija?
11:00
A non-random mutation is beer.
239
648415
2973
Nenasumična mutacija je pivo.
11:03
It's wine. It's yogurt.
240
651412
1698
Vino. Jogurt.
11:05
How many times have you walked
through the forest
through the forest
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653928
2336
Koliko ste puta hodali kroz šumu
11:08
and found all-natural cheese?
242
656288
1563
i našli potpuno prirodan sir?
11:10
Or all-natural yogurt?
243
658859
1243
Ili potpuno prirodan jogurt?
11:13
So we've been engineering this stuff.
244
661046
1785
Dakle, ovakve stvari pravimo.
11:14
Now, the interesting thing is,
245
662855
1468
Zanimljivo je da
11:16
we get to know the stuff better.
246
664347
1618
sve više saznajemo o svemu ovom.
11:18
We found one of the single most powerful
gene-editing instruments,
gene-editing instruments,
247
666364
3713
Pronašli smo jedan od najmoćnijih
instrumenata za izmenu gena,
instrumenata za izmenu gena,
11:22
CRISPR, inside yogurt.
248
670101
1787
CRISPR, u jogurtu.
11:25
And as we start engineering cells,
249
673028
1990
I kako menjamo ćelije,
11:27
we're producing eight out of the top 10
pharmaceutical products,
pharmaceutical products,
250
675042
4280
proizvodimo osam od deset
glavnih farmaceutskih proizvoda,
glavnih farmaceutskih proizvoda,
11:32
including the stuff that you use
to treat arthritis,
to treat arthritis,
251
680246
2525
uključujući i ono
što koristite za artritis,
što koristite za artritis,
11:34
which is the number one
best-selling drug, Humira.
best-selling drug, Humira.
252
682795
2426
najprodavaniji lek, Humira.
11:37
So this lifecode stuff.
253
685985
1451
Dakle, ovaj životni kod
11:40
It really is a superpower.
254
688229
1376
je stvarno supermoćan.
11:42
It really is a way of programming stuff,
255
690156
1914
To je način programiranja stvari
11:44
and there's nothing
that's going to change us
that's going to change us
256
692094
2557
i ne postoji ništa što će nas promeniti
11:46
more than this lifecode.
257
694675
2126
više od ovog životnog koda.
11:49
So as you're thinking of lifecode,
258
697597
1981
I dok razmišljate o životnom kodu,
11:51
let's think of five principles
259
699602
1689
hajde da razmislimo o pet principa,
11:54
as to how we start guiding,
260
702231
1855
kojima treba da se rukovodimo
11:56
and I'd love you to give me more.
261
704110
1619
i voleo bih da mi date još.
11:58
So, principle number one:
262
706315
1502
Princip broj jedan:
12:00
we have to take responsibility
for this stuff.
for this stuff.
263
708282
2143
moramo preuzeti odgovornost za sve ovo.
12:03
The reason we have to take responsibility
264
711042
2551
Razlog zbog kog moramo
preuzeti odgovornost
preuzeti odgovornost
12:05
is because we're in charge.
265
713617
1361
je to što je to naša briga.
12:07
These aren't random mutations.
266
715002
1913
Ovo nisu nasumične mutacije.
12:08
This is what we are doing,
what we are choosing.
what we are choosing.
267
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2303
To je ono što radimo,
što biramo.
što biramo.
12:11
It's not, "Stuff happened."
268
719266
1699
To nije: "Eto, desilo se".
12:12
It didn't happen at random.
269
720989
1473
Nije se nasumično desilo.
12:14
It didn't come down
by a verdict of somebody else.
by a verdict of somebody else.
270
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2604
Nije nam se desilo tuđom odlukom.
12:17
We engineer this stuff,
271
725114
1817
Mi modifikujemo ove stvari.
12:18
and it's the Pottery Barn rule:
you break it, you own it.
you break it, you own it.
272
726955
3245
to je pravilo koje glasi:
ako pokvariš nešto, ti si odgovoran.
ako pokvariš nešto, ti si odgovoran.
12:22
Principle number two:
273
730962
1529
Princip broj dva:
12:24
we have to recognize and celebrate
diversity in this stuff.
diversity in this stuff.
274
732515
3128
moramo prepoznati i veličati raznolikost
u ovim stvarima.
u ovim stvarima.
12:27
There have been at least
33 versions of hominids
33 versions of hominids
275
735667
3134
Postojale su najmanje 33 verzije hominida
12:30
that have walked around this Earth.
276
738825
1722
koje su hodale po zemlji.
12:32
Most all of them went extinct except us.
277
740912
2306
Većina njih je izumrla, osim nas.
12:35
But the normal and natural
state of this Earth
state of this Earth
278
743804
2161
Normalno i prirodno stanje na planeti
12:37
is we have various versions of humans
walking around at the same time,
walking around at the same time,
279
745989
3387
podrazumeva različite verzije ljudi
koje žive u isto vreme,
koje žive u isto vreme,
12:41
which is why most of us
have some Neanderthal in us.
have some Neanderthal in us.
280
749400
2657
zato mnogi od nas imaju
ponešto od Neandertalca u sebi
ponešto od Neandertalca u sebi
12:44
Some of us have some Denisova in us.
281
752559
2440
Neki od nas imaju
ponešto od Denisova u sebi.
ponešto od Denisova u sebi.
12:47
And some in Washington
have a lot more of it.
have a lot more of it.
282
755023
2349
A neki u Vašingtonu ga imaju mnogo više.
12:49
(Laughter)
283
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2578
(Smeh)
12:51
Principle number three:
284
759998
1885
Princip broj tri:
12:53
we have to respect other people's choices.
285
761907
2165
moramo poštovati izbore drugih ljudi.
12:56
Some people will choose to never alter.
286
764608
2275
Neki ljudi će odlučiti
da se nikad ne izmene.
da se nikad ne izmene.
12:58
Some people will choose to alter all.
287
766907
1810
Neki će odlučiti da izmene sve.
13:00
Some people will choose
to alter plants but not animals.
to alter plants but not animals.
288
768741
2626
Neki će odlučiti da izmene biljke,
ali ne životinje.
ali ne životinje.
13:03
Some people will choose
to alter themselves.
to alter themselves.
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771391
2051
Neki će odlučiti da izmene sebe.
13:05
Some people will choose
to evolve themselves.
to evolve themselves.
290
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2263
Neki će odlučiti da evoluiraju sebe.
13:07
Diversity is not a bad thing,
291
775753
1569
Različitost nije loša stvar.
13:09
because even though we think
of humans as very diverse,
of humans as very diverse,
292
777346
2642
jer, iako ljude smatramo veoma različitim,
13:12
we came so close to extinction
293
780012
2285
toliko smo se približili izumiranju
13:14
that all of us descend
from a single African mother
from a single African mother
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da svi mi potičemo od
iste afričke majke,
iste afričke majke,
13:16
and the consequence of that
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a posledica toga
13:18
is there's more genetic diversity
in 55 African chimpanzees
in 55 African chimpanzees
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je da kod 55 afričkih šimpanzi ima
više genetske različitosti,
više genetske različitosti,
13:22
than there are in seven billion humans.
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nego kod sedam milijardi ljudi.
13:26
Principle number four:
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Princip broj četiri:
13:29
we should take about
a quarter of the Earth
a quarter of the Earth
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treba da uzmemo otprilike četvrtinu zemlje
13:31
and only let Darwin run the show there.
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i dozvolimo Darvinu da vlada tamo.
13:34
It doesn't have to be contiguous,
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Teritorija se ne mora graničiti,
13:36
doesn't have to all be tied together.
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ne mora sva biti povezana.
13:38
It should be part
in the oceans, part on land.
in the oceans, part on land.
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Treba da se nalazi i u okeanima,
i na kopnu.
i na kopnu.
13:40
But we should not run every
evolutionary decision on this planet.
evolutionary decision on this planet.
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Ne treba mi da donosimo
svaku evolutivnu odluku na ovoj planeti.
svaku evolutivnu odluku na ovoj planeti.
13:44
We want to have
our evolutionary system running.
our evolutionary system running.
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Želimo da se naš
evolutivni sistem razvija.
evolutivni sistem razvija.
13:46
We want to have Darwin's
evolutionary system running.
evolutionary system running.
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Želimo da se
Darvinov evolutivni sistem razvija.
Darvinov evolutivni sistem razvija.
13:49
And it's just really important to have
these two things running in parallel
these two things running in parallel
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I stvarno je izuzetno važno
da se ova dva sistema razvijaju pararelno
da se ova dva sistema razvijaju pararelno
13:53
and not overwhelm evolution.
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a ne da nadvladaju evoluciju.
13:54
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
14:02
Last thing I'll say.
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Poslednja stvar koju ću reći.
14:04
This is the single most exciting
adventure human beings have been on.
adventure human beings have been on.
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Ovo je najuzbudljivija avantura
u kojoj ljudska bića učestvuju
u kojoj ljudska bića učestvuju
14:07
This is the single greatest superpower
humans have ever had.
humans have ever had.
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Ovo je najveća super moć
koju su ljudi ikad imali.
koju su ljudi ikad imali.
14:11
It would be a crime for you
not to participate in this stuff
not to participate in this stuff
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Bio bi zločin da ne učestvujete u tome
14:13
because you're scared of it,
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zato što je se plašite,
14:15
because you're hiding from it.
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zato što se skrivate od nje.
14:17
You can participate in the ethics.
You can participate in the politics.
You can participate in the politics.
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Možete učestvovati u etici.
Možete učestvovati u politici.
Možete učestvovati u politici.
14:20
You can participate in the business.
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Možete učestvovati u biznisu.
14:22
You can participate in just thinking
about where medicine is going,
about where medicine is going,
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Možete razmišljati
o tome kuda ide medicina.
o tome kuda ide medicina.
14:25
where industry is going,
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kuda ide industrija,
14:26
where we're going to take the world.
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kuda ćemo odvesti svet.
14:28
It would be a crime for all of us
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Za sve nas bi bio zločin
14:30
not to be aware when somebody
shows up at a swimming pool
shows up at a swimming pool
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da ne budemo svesni
da kada nam neko pokaže bazen
da kada nam neko pokaže bazen
14:34
and says one word, just one word,
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i kaže jednu stvar, samo jednu stvar
14:37
if you don't listen
if that word is "lifecode."
if that word is "lifecode."
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da ne slušamo
ako je ta stvar "životni kod".
ako je ta stvar "životni kod".
14:39
Thank you very much.
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Mnogo vam hvala.
14:41
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - FuturistJuan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.
Why you should listen
A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.
Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com