TEDGlobal 2011
Paul Bloom: The origins of pleasure
Paul Bloom: Glædens oprindelse
Filmed:
Readability: 3.7
2,137,903 views
Hvorfor kan vi bedre lide et originalt maleri end en forfalskning? Psykolog Paul Bloom argumenterer for at mennesker er essentialister -- at vores tro om historien om et objekt ændrer hvordan vi oplever det, ikke kun som en illusion, men som et dybt særpræg af hvad glæde (og smerte) er.
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality. Full bio
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'm going to talk today
0
0
2000
Jeg vil i dag tale
00:17
about the pleasures of everyday life.
1
2000
2000
om glæderne ved hverdagen.
00:19
But I want to begin with a story
2
4000
2000
Men jeg vil begynde med en historie
00:21
of an unusual and terrible man.
3
6000
2000
om en ualmindelig og forfærdelig mand.
00:23
This is Hermann Goering.
4
8000
2000
Dette er Hermann Goering.
00:25
Goering was Hitler's second in command in World War II,
5
10000
3000
Goering var Hitlers næstkommanderende under anden verdenskrig,
00:28
his designated successor.
6
13000
2000
hans udpegede efterfølger.
00:30
And like Hitler,
7
15000
2000
Og ligesom Hitler,
00:32
Goering fancied himself a collector of art.
8
17000
2000
prydede Goering sig af at være kunstsamler.
00:34
He went through Europe, through World War II,
9
19000
2000
Han rejste gennem Europa, gennem anden verdenskrig,
00:36
stealing, extorting and occasionally buying
10
21000
3000
stjal, afpressede og sommetider købte
00:39
various paintings for his collection.
11
24000
2000
forskellige malerier til sin samling.
00:41
And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer.
12
26000
3000
Og det han virkelig gerne ville have var noget af Vermeer.
00:44
Hitler had two of them, and he didn't have any.
13
29000
3000
Hitler havde to af dem, og han havde ikke nogen.
00:47
So he finally found an art dealer,
14
32000
2000
Så han fandt endelig en kunsthandler,
00:49
a Dutch art dealer named Han van Meegeren,
15
34000
3000
en hollandsk kunsthandler der hed Han van Meegeren,
00:52
who sold him a wonderful Vermeer
16
37000
2000
der solgte ham et vidundeligt Vermeer
00:54
for the cost of what would now be 10 million dollars.
17
39000
3000
til en pris der nu ville svare til 10 millioner dollars.
00:57
And it was his favorite artwork ever.
18
42000
3000
Og det var hans yndlingskunstværk nogensinde.
01:00
World War II came to an end,
19
45000
2000
Anden verdenskrig sluttede,
01:02
and Goering was captured, tried at Nuremberg
20
47000
3000
og Goering blev taget til fange,
01:05
and ultimately sentenced to death.
21
50000
3000
og i sidste ende dømt til døden.
01:08
Then the Allied forces went through his collections
22
53000
2000
Så gennemgik de allierede hans kunstsamling
01:10
and found the paintings
23
55000
2000
og fandt malerierne
01:12
and went after the people who sold it to him.
24
57000
2000
og gik efter de mennesker der havde solgt det til ham.
01:14
And at some point the Dutch police came into Amsterdam
25
59000
3000
Og på et tidspunkt kom det hollandske politi til Amsterdam
01:17
and arrested Van Meegeren.
26
62000
2000
og anholdte van Meegeren.
01:19
Van Meegeren was charged with the crime of treason,
27
64000
3000
Van Meegeren blev sigtet for forræderi,
01:22
which is itself punishable by death.
28
67000
3000
der i sig selv er strafbart med døden.
01:25
Six weeks into his prison sentence,
29
70000
2000
Seks uger inde i sin fængselsstraf,
01:27
van Meegeren confessed.
30
72000
2000
tilstod van Meegeren.
01:29
But he didn't confess to treason.
31
74000
2000
Men han tilstod ikke til forræderi.
01:31
He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece
32
76000
3000
Han sagde, "Jeg solgte ikke et stort kunstværk
01:34
to that Nazi.
33
79000
2000
til den nazist.
01:36
I painted it myself; I'm a forger."
34
81000
3000
Jeg malede det selv; jeg er falskner."
01:39
Now nobody believed him.
35
84000
3000
Der var ingen der troede på ham.
01:42
And he said, "I'll prove it.
36
87000
2000
Og han sagde, "Jeg beviser det.
01:44
Bring me a canvas and some paint,
37
89000
2000
Kom med et lærred og noget maling,
01:46
and I will paint a Vermeer much better
38
91000
2000
og jeg vil male et Vermeer der er meget bedre
01:48
than I sold that disgusting Nazi.
39
93000
2000
end det jeg solgte til den afskyelige nazist.
01:50
I also need alcohol and morphine, because it's the only way I can work."
40
95000
3000
Jeg har også brug for alkohol og morfin, fordi det er den eneste måde jeg kan arbejde på."
01:53
(Laughter)
41
98000
2000
(Latter)
01:55
So they brought him in.
42
100000
2000
Så de kom ind med ham.
01:57
He painted a beautiful Vermeer.
43
102000
3000
Han malede et smukt Vermeer.
02:00
And then the charges of treason were dropped.
44
105000
3000
Og så blev sigtelserne om forræderi droppet.
02:03
He had a lesser charge of forgery,
45
108000
2000
Han fik en mindre sigtelse for falskneri,
02:05
got a year sentence
46
110000
2000
fik et års fængselsstraf
02:07
and died a hero to the Dutch people.
47
112000
3000
og døde som en helt for det hollandske folk.
02:11
There's a lot more to be said about van Meegeren,
48
116000
3000
Der kan siges meget mere om van Meegeren,
02:14
but I want to turn now to Goering,
49
119000
2000
men jeg vil nu tale om Goering,
02:16
who's pictured here being interrogated at Nuremberg.
50
121000
3000
der her er afbilledet som afhørt ved Nuremberg.
02:19
Now Goering was, by all accounts, a terrible man.
51
124000
2000
Nu var Goering, efter alle udsagn, en forfærdelig mand.
02:21
Even for a Nazi, he was a terrible man.
52
126000
3000
Selv for en nazist var han en forfærdeligt mand.
02:24
His American interrogators described him
53
129000
3000
Hans amerikanske forhørere beskrev ham
02:27
as an amicable psychopath.
54
132000
2000
som en fremragende psykopat.
02:29
But you could feel sympathy
55
134000
2000
Men man kunne føle sympati
02:31
for the reaction he had
56
136000
2000
for den reaktion han havde
02:33
when he was told that his favorite painting
57
138000
2000
da han fik at vide at hans yndlings maleri
02:35
was actually a forgery.
58
140000
2000
faktisk var en forfalskning.
02:37
According to his biographer,
59
142000
2000
Ifølge sin biografi,
02:39
"He looked as if for the first time
60
144000
2000
"Han så ud som om han for første gang
02:41
he had discovered there was evil in the world."
61
146000
2000
havde opdaget, at der var ondskab i verden."
02:43
(Laughter)
62
148000
3000
(Latter)
02:46
And he killed himself soon afterwards.
63
151000
3000
Og han begik selvmord kort derefter.
02:49
He had discovered after all
64
154000
2000
Han havde fundet ud af
02:51
that the painting he thought was this
65
156000
2000
at maleriet som han troede var dit,
02:53
was actually that.
66
158000
3000
faktisk var dat.
02:56
It looked the same,
67
161000
2000
Det så magen til ud,
02:58
but it had a different origin, it was a different artwork.
68
163000
2000
men det havde forskellig oprindelse, det var et andet kunstværk.
03:00
It wasn't just him who was in for a shock.
69
165000
2000
Det var ikke kun ham der fik sig et chok.
03:02
Once van Meegeren was on trial, he couldn't stop talking.
70
167000
3000
Da van Meegeren var i retten, kunne han ikke stoppe med at tale.
03:05
And he boasted about all the great masterpieces
71
170000
2000
Og han pralede med alle de store mesterværker
03:07
that he himself had painted
72
172000
2000
som han selv havde malet
03:09
that were attributed to other artists.
73
174000
2000
som var tilskrevet andre kunstnere.
03:11
In particular, "The Supper at Emmaus"
74
176000
2000
Især, "The Supper at Emmaus"
03:13
which was viewed as Vermeer's finest masterpiece, his best work --
75
178000
3000
der blev set som Vermeers bedste mesterværk, hans bedste arbejde --
03:16
people would come [from] all over the world to see it --
76
181000
3000
mennesker kom [fra] hele verden for at se det --
03:19
was actually a forgery.
77
184000
2000
faktisk var et falskneri.
03:21
It was not that painting, but that painting.
78
186000
2000
Det var ikke dette maleri, men det maleri.
03:23
And when that was discovered,
79
188000
2000
Og da det blev opdaget,
03:25
it lost all its value and was taken away from the museum.
80
190000
3000
mistede det al sin værdi og blev fjernet fra museet.
03:28
Why does this matter?
81
193000
2000
Hvorfor betyder dette noget?
03:30
I'm a psychologists -- why do origins matter so much?
82
195000
3000
Jeg er psykolog -- hvorfor betyder oprindelse så meget?
03:33
Why do we respond so much
83
198000
2000
Hvorfor vi reagerer så meget
03:35
to our knowledge of where something comes from?
84
200000
3000
på vores viden om hvor noget kommer fra?
03:38
Well there's an answer that many people would give.
85
203000
2000
Jamen der er et svar som mange mennesker vil give.
03:40
Many sociologists like Veblen and Wolfe
86
205000
3000
Mange sociologer som Veblen og Wolfe
03:43
would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously
87
208000
3000
ville argumentere at grunden til at oprindelse er så vigtigt for os
03:46
is because we're snobs, because we're focused on status.
88
211000
3000
er fordi vi er snobber, fordi vi er fokuserede på status.
03:49
Among other things,
89
214000
2000
Blandt andre ting,
03:51
if you want to show off how rich you are, how powerful you are,
90
216000
2000
hvis man vil prale med hvor rig man er, hvor magtfuld man er,
03:53
it's always better to own an original than a forgery
91
218000
2000
er det altid bedre at eje en original end en forfalskning
03:55
because there's always going to be fewer originals than forgeries.
92
220000
3000
fordi der vil altid være færre originaler end forfalskninger.
03:59
I don't doubt that that plays some role,
93
224000
2000
Jeg tvivler ikke på at det spiller en rolle,
04:01
but what I want to convince you of today
94
226000
2000
men det jeg i dag vil overbevise jer om
04:03
is that there's something else going on.
95
228000
2000
er at der sker noget andet.
04:05
I want to convince you
96
230000
2000
Jeg vil overbevise jer om
04:07
that humans are, to some extent, natural born essentialists.
97
232000
3000
at mennesker er, til en vis grad, naturligt fødte essentialister.
04:10
What I mean by this
98
235000
2000
Det jeg mener med dette
04:12
is we don't just respond to things as we see them,
99
237000
2000
er at vi ikke kun svarer på ting som vi ser dem,
04:14
or feel them, or hear them.
100
239000
2000
eller føler dem, eller hører dem.
04:16
Rather, our response is conditioned on our beliefs,
101
241000
3000
Men i stedet er vores svar en følge af vores tro,
04:19
about what they really are, what they came from,
102
244000
3000
om hvad de virkelig er, hvad de kom fra,
04:22
what they're made of, what their hidden nature is.
103
247000
3000
hvad de er lavet af, hvad deres skjulte natur er.
04:25
I want to suggest that this is true,
104
250000
2000
Jeg vil forestille at dette er sandt,
04:27
not just for how we think about things,
105
252000
2000
ikke kun for hvordan vi tænker over ting,
04:29
but how we react to things.
106
254000
2000
men også for hvordan vi handler på ting.
04:31
So I want to suggest that pleasure is deep --
107
256000
2000
Så jeg vil foreslå at glæde er dyb --
04:33
and that this isn't true
108
258000
2000
og at det ikke er sandt
04:35
just for higher level pleasures like art,
109
260000
3000
udelukkende for højere niveau glæde som kunst,
04:38
but even the most seemingly simple pleasures
110
263000
3000
men selv de mest simple glæder
04:41
are affected by our beliefs about hidden essences.
111
266000
3000
bliver påvirket af vores tro om skjulte essenser.
04:44
So take food.
112
269000
2000
Tag mad.
04:46
Would you eat this?
113
271000
2000
Ville man spise dette?
04:48
Well, a good answer is, "It depends. What is it?"
114
273000
3000
Jamen, et godt svar er, "Det kommer an på. Hvad er det?"
04:51
Some of you would eat it if it's pork, but not beef.
115
276000
2000
Nogle af jer ville spise det hvis det er svin, men ikke oksekød.
04:53
Some of you would eat it if it's beef, but not pork.
116
278000
3000
Nogle af jer ville spise det hvis det er oksekød, men ikke svin.
04:56
Few of you would eat it if it's a rat
117
281000
2000
De færreste af jer ville spise det hvis det er rotte
04:58
or a human.
118
283000
2000
eller et menneske.
05:00
Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely colored piece of tofu.
119
285000
3000
Nogle af jer ville kun spise det hvis det er et mærkelig farvet stykke tofu.
05:04
That's not so surprising.
120
289000
2000
Det er ikke så overraskende.
05:06
But what's more interesting
121
291000
2000
Det der er mere interessant
05:08
is how it tastes to you
122
293000
2000
er hvordan det smager for jer
05:10
will depend critically on what you think you're eating.
123
295000
3000
kommer meget an på hvad I tror I spiser.
05:13
So one demonstration of this was done with young children.
124
298000
3000
Så en demonstration af dette blev givet af unge børn.
05:16
How do you make children
125
301000
2000
Hvordan får man børn
05:18
not just be more likely to eat carrots and drink milk,
126
303000
3000
til ikke kun med større sandsynlighed at spise gulerødder og drikke mælk,
05:21
but to get more pleasure from eating carrots and drinking milk --
127
306000
3000
men til at få mere glæde af at spise gulerødder og drikke mælk --
05:24
to think they taste better?
128
309000
2000
til at tro at de smager bedre?
05:26
It's simple, you tell them they're from McDonald's.
129
311000
3000
Det er simpelt, man fortæller dem at det kommer fra McDonalds.
05:29
They believe McDonald's food is tastier,
130
314000
2000
De tror på, at maden fra McDonalds smager bedre,
05:31
and it leads them to experience it as tastier.
131
316000
3000
og det får dem til at opleve at det smager bedre.
05:34
How do you get adults to really enjoy wine?
132
319000
2000
Hvordan får man voksne til virkelig at nyde vin?
05:36
It's very simple:
133
321000
2000
Det er meget simpelt:
05:38
pour it from an expensive bottle.
134
323000
2000
hæld det fra en kostbar flaske.
05:40
There are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing
135
325000
3000
Der er nu dusinvis, måske hundredvis af undersøgelser der viser
05:43
that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff,
136
328000
2000
at hvis man tror på at man drikker dyre ting,
05:45
it tastes better to you.
137
330000
2000
så smager det bedre for en.
05:47
This was recently done with a neuroscientific twist.
138
332000
3000
Dette blev for nylig gjort med et neurovidenskabeligt twist.
05:50
They get people into a fMRI scanner,
139
335000
2000
De lægger folk i en fMRI skanner,
05:52
and while they're lying there, through a tube,
140
337000
2000
og mens de ligger derinde, gennem et rør,
05:54
they get to sip wine.
141
339000
2000
får de lov til at sippe til vinen.
05:56
In front of them on a screen is information about the wine.
142
341000
3000
Foran dem på skærmen er der information om vinen.
05:59
Everybody, of course,
143
344000
2000
Alle, selvfølgelig,
06:01
drinks exactly the same wine.
144
346000
2000
drikker præcis den samme vin.
06:03
But if you believe you're drinking expensive stuff,
145
348000
3000
Men hvis man tror på at man drikker noget der er dyrt,
06:06
parts of the brain associated with pleasure and reward
146
351000
3000
lyser de dele af hjernen der er associeret med glæde og belønning
06:09
light up like a Christmas tree.
147
354000
2000
op som et juletræ.
06:11
It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable, you say you like it more,
148
356000
3000
Det er ikke kun det at man siger at det er mere glædeligt, man siger at man synes bedre om det,
06:14
you really experience it in a different way.
149
359000
3000
man oplever det virkeligt på en anden måde.
06:17
Or take sex.
150
362000
3000
Eller tag sex.
06:20
These are stimuli I've used in some of my studies.
151
365000
3000
Dette er små stimuli jeg har brugt i nogle af mine studier.
06:23
And if you simply show people these pictures,
152
368000
3000
Og hvis man bare viser disse billeder til mennesker,
06:26
they'll say these are fairly attractive people.
153
371000
2000
siger de at dette er nogenlunde attraktive mennesker.
06:28
But how attractive you find them,
154
373000
3000
Men hvor attraktiv man synes de er,
06:31
how sexually or romantically moved you are by them,
155
376000
3000
hvor seksuelt eller romantisk bevæget man er af dem,
06:34
rests critically on who you think you're looking at.
156
379000
3000
er kritisk forskelligt alt efter hvem man tror man kigger på.
06:37
You probably think the picture on the left is male,
157
382000
3000
Man tror sikkert at billedet til venstre er mandligt,
06:40
the one on the right is female.
158
385000
2000
det til højre er kvindelig.
06:42
If that belief turns out to be mistaken, it will make a difference.
159
387000
3000
Hvis den tro viser sig at være forkert, vil det gøre en forskel.
06:45
(Laughter)
160
390000
2000
(Latter)
06:47
It will make a difference if they turn out to be
161
392000
2000
Det vil gøre en forskel hvis de viser sig at være
06:49
much younger or much older than you think they are.
162
394000
3000
meget yngre eller meget ældre end man tror de er.
06:52
It will make a difference if you were to discover
163
397000
2000
Det vil gøre en forskel hvis man skulle finde ud af
06:54
that the person you're looking at with lust
164
399000
2000
at den person man kigger på med lyst
06:56
is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter,
165
401000
2000
faktisk er en udklædt udgave af en søn eller datter,
06:58
your mother or father.
166
403000
2000
ens mor eller far.
07:00
Knowing somebody's your kin typically kills the libido.
167
405000
3000
At vide at nogen er ens slægtning dræber som regel libidoen.
07:03
Maybe one of the most heartening findings
168
408000
2000
Måske en af de mest opmuntrende resultater
07:05
from the psychology of pleasure
169
410000
2000
fra glædens psykologi
07:07
is there's more to looking good than your physical appearance.
170
412000
3000
er at der er mere ved det at se godt ud, end ens fysiske fremtræden.
07:10
If you like somebody, they look better to you.
171
415000
3000
Hvis man kan lide nogen, ser de bedre ud for en.
07:13
This is why spouses in happy marriages
172
418000
3000
Dette grunden til at ægtefæller i lykkelige ægteskaber
07:16
tend to think that their husband or wife
173
421000
2000
har en tendens til at synes at deres mand eller kone
07:18
looks much better than anyone else thinks that they do.
174
423000
3000
ser meget bedre ud end alle andre synes de gør.
07:21
(Laughter)
175
426000
2000
(Latter)
07:23
A particularly dramatic example of this
176
428000
3000
Et særlig dramatisk eksempel på dette
07:26
comes from a neurological disorder known as Capgras syndrome.
177
431000
3000
kommer fra en neurologisk lidelse der hedder Capgras syndrom.
07:29
So Capgras syndrome is a disorder
178
434000
3000
Så Capgras syndrom er en lidelse
07:32
where you get a specific delusion.
179
437000
2000
hvor man har en specifik vrangforestilling.
07:34
Sufferers of Capgras syndrome
180
439000
2000
Dem der lider af Capgras syndrom
07:36
believe that the people they love most in the world
181
441000
2000
mener at de mennesker de holder mest af i verden
07:38
have been replaced by perfect duplicates.
182
443000
2000
er blevet erstattet af perfekte kopier.
07:40
Now often, a result of Capgras syndrome is tragic.
183
445000
3000
Nu er et tilfælde af Capgras syndrom tit tragisk.
07:43
People have murdered those that they loved,
184
448000
2000
Mennesker har myrdet dem de holdte af,
07:45
believing that they were murdering an imposter.
185
450000
3000
og troet at de har myrdet en bedrager.
07:48
But there's at least one case
186
453000
2000
Men der er i hvert fald en sag
07:50
where Capgras syndrome had a happy ending.
187
455000
2000
hvor Capgras syndrom havde en lykkelig slutning.
07:52
This was recorded in 1931.
188
457000
2000
Dette blev set i 1931.
07:54
"Research described a woman with Capgras syndrome
189
459000
3000
"Forskning beskrev en kvinde med Capgras syndrom
07:57
who complained about her poorly endowed and sexually inadequate lover."
190
462000
3000
der klagede over sin dårligt udrustede og seksuelt utilstrækkelige elsker."
08:00
But that was before she got Capgras syndrome.
191
465000
3000
Men det var inden hun fik Capgras syndrom.
08:03
After she got it, "She was happy to report
192
468000
2000
Efter hun fik det, "Hun var glad for at kunne meddele
08:05
that she has discovered that he possessed a double
193
470000
3000
at hun har fundet ud af at han havde en dobbeltgænger
08:08
who was rich, virile, handsome and aristocratic."
194
473000
2000
der var rig, viril, smuk og aristokratisk."
08:10
Of course, it was the same man,
195
475000
2000
Det var, selvfølgelig, den samme mand,
08:12
but she was seeing him in different ways.
196
477000
2000
men hun så ham på andre måder.
08:14
As a third example,
197
479000
2000
Som et tredje eksempel,
08:16
consider consumer products.
198
481000
2000
overvej forbrugsgoder.
08:18
So one reason why you might like something is its utility.
199
483000
3000
En af grundene til at man kan lide en ting er dens anvendelighed.
08:21
You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf with golf clubs;
200
486000
3000
Man kan putte sko på fødderne; man kan spille golf med golfkøller;
08:24
and chewed up bubble gum doesn't do anything at all for you.
201
489000
3000
og udtygget tyggegummi gør intet overhovedet for en.
08:27
But each of these three objects has value
202
492000
2000
Men hver af disse tre objekter har en værdi
08:29
above and beyond what it can do for you
203
494000
2000
ud over det det kan gøre for en
08:31
based on its history.
204
496000
2000
baseret på dets historie.
08:33
The golf clubs were owned by John F. Kennedy
205
498000
3000
Golfkøllerne var tidligere ejet af John F. Kennedy
08:36
and sold for three-quarters of a million dollars at auction.
206
501000
3000
og solgt for tre-kvart milllion dollars på en auktion.
08:39
The bubble gum was chewed up by pop star Britney Spears
207
504000
3000
Tyggegummiet blev gennemtygget af popstjernen Britney Spears
08:42
and sold for several hundreds of dollars.
208
507000
2000
og solgt for adskillige hundrede dollars.
08:44
And in fact, there's a thriving market
209
509000
2000
Og faktisk, er der et blomstrende marked
08:46
in the partially eaten food of beloved people.
210
511000
3000
i den delvist spiste mad af elskede mennesker.
08:49
(Laughter)
211
514000
2000
(Latter)
08:51
The shoes are perhaps the most valuable of all.
212
516000
3000
Skoene er måske det mest værdifulde overhovedet.
08:54
According to an unconfirmed report,
213
519000
2000
Ifølge en ubekræftet rapport,
08:56
a Saudi millionaire offered 10 million dollars
214
521000
2000
tilbød en saudisk millionær 10 millioner dollars
08:58
for this pair of shoes.
215
523000
2000
for dette par sko.
09:00
They were the ones thrown at George Bush
216
525000
3000
Det var dem der blev kastet efter George Bush
09:03
at an Iraqi press conference several years ago.
217
528000
2000
ved en irakisk pressekonference adskillige år siden.
09:05
(Applause)
218
530000
2000
(Bifald)
09:07
Now this attraction to objects
219
532000
2000
Nu virker denne tiltrækning til objekter
09:09
doesn't just work for celebrity objects.
220
534000
2000
ikke kun for kendtes objekter.
09:11
Each one of us, most people,
221
536000
2000
Hver af os, de fleste mennesker,
09:13
have something in our life that's literally irreplaceable,
222
538000
3000
har noget i vores liv der bogstavelig talt er uerstatteligt,
09:16
in that it has value because of its history --
223
541000
3000
på den måde at det har en værdi på grund af dets historie --
09:19
maybe your wedding ring, maybe your child's baby shoes --
224
544000
3000
måske vores vielsesring, måske ens børns babysko --
09:22
so that if it was lost, you couldn't get it back.
225
547000
3000
så hvis det gik tabt, kunne man ikke få det tilbage.
09:25
You could get something that looked like it or felt like it,
226
550000
2000
Man kunne få noget der lignede det eller føltes som det,
09:27
but you couldn't get the same object back.
227
552000
3000
men man kunne ikke få det samme objekt tilbage.
09:30
With my colleagues George Newman and Gil Diesendruck,
228
555000
3000
Men mine kolleger George Newman og Gil Diesendruck,
09:33
we've looked to see what sort of factors, what sort of history, matters
229
558000
3000
har vi set på hvilke faktorer, hvilken slags historie, gør en forskel
09:36
for the objects that people like.
230
561000
2000
for de objekter folk kan lide.
09:38
So in one of our experiments,
231
563000
2000
Så i et af vores eksperimenter,
09:40
we asked people to name a famous person who they adored,
232
565000
3000
bad vi mennesker om at navngive en kendt person de forgudede,
09:43
a living person they adored.
233
568000
2000
en levende person de forgudede.
09:45
So one answer was George Clooney.
234
570000
2000
Et af svarene var George Clooney.
09:47
Then we asked them,
235
572000
2000
Så spurgte vi dem,
09:49
"How much would you pay for George Clooney's sweater?"
236
574000
2000
"Hvor meget ville du betale for George Clooneys sweater?"
09:51
And the answer is a fair amount --
237
576000
2000
Og svaret er en hel del --
09:53
more than you would pay for a brand new sweater
238
578000
3000
mere end man ville betale for en helt ny sweater
09:56
or a sweater owned by somebody who you didn't adore.
239
581000
3000
eller en sweater ejet af en man ikke forguder.
09:59
Then we asked other groups of subjects --
240
584000
2000
Så bad vi en anden gruppe testpersoner --
10:01
we gave them different restrictions
241
586000
2000
vi gav dem forskellige restriktioner
10:03
and different conditions.
242
588000
2000
og forskellige forhold.
10:05
So for instance, we told some people,
243
590000
2000
Så for eksempel, fortalte vi nogle mennesker,
10:07
"Look, you can buy the sweater,
244
592000
2000
"Se, du kan købe sweateren,
10:09
but you can't tell anybody you own it,
245
594000
2000
men du kan ikke fortælle nogen at du ejer den,
10:11
and you can't resell it."
246
596000
2000
og du kan ikke sælge den videre."
10:13
That drops the value of it,
247
598000
2000
Det får værdien af den til at falde,
10:15
suggesting that that's one reason why we like it.
248
600000
3000
hvilket foreslår at det er en af grundene til at vi kan lide den.
10:18
But what really causes an effect
249
603000
2000
Men det der virkelig skaber en effekt
10:20
is you tell people, "Look, you could resell it, you could boast about it,
250
605000
3000
er at man fortæller mennesker, "Se, du kunne sælge den videre, du kunne prale om det,
10:23
but before it gets to you,
251
608000
2000
men før du får den,
10:25
it's thoroughly washed."
252
610000
2000
er den vasket grundigt."
10:27
That causes a huge drop in the value.
253
612000
3000
Det skaber et stort fald i værdien.
10:30
As my wife put it, "You've washed away the Clooney cooties."
254
615000
3000
Som min kone siger, "Du har vasket Clooney lusene væk."
10:33
(Laughter)
255
618000
2000
(Latter)
10:35
So let's go back to art.
256
620000
2000
Så lad os se på kunst igen.
10:37
I would love a Chagall. I love the work of Chagall.
257
622000
2000
Jeg ville elske et Chagall. Jeg elsker Chagalls arbejde.
10:39
If people want to get me something at the end of the conference,
258
624000
2000
Hvis mennesker vil købe noget til mig til slutningen af konferencen,
10:41
you could buy me a Chagall.
259
626000
2000
kunne man købe et Chagall til mig.
10:43
But I don't want a duplicate,
260
628000
2000
Men jeg vil ikke have en kopi,
10:45
even if I can't tell the difference.
261
630000
2000
selv hvis jeg ikke kan se forskel.
10:47
That's not because, or it's not simply because,
262
632000
2000
Det er ikke fordi, eller det er ikke bare fordi,
10:49
I'm a snob and want to boast about having an original.
263
634000
3000
jeg er snobbet og vil prale med at have en original.
10:52
Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific history.
264
637000
3000
Men, det er fordi jeg vil have noget der har en specifik historie.
10:55
In the case of artwork,
265
640000
2000
I tilfældet med kunstværker,
10:57
the history is special indeed.
266
642000
2000
er det bestemt en speciel historie.
10:59
The philosopher Denis Dutton
267
644000
2000
Filosofen Denis Dutton
11:01
in his wonderful book "The Art Instinct"
268
646000
2000
fremfører i hans vidunderlige bog "The Art Instinct"
11:03
makes the case that, "The value of an artwork
269
648000
2000
sagen, at "Værdien af et kunstværk
11:05
is rooted in assumptions about the human performance underlying its creation."
270
650000
3000
stammer fra formodningen om den menneskelige præstation der ligger til grund for dets skabelse."
11:08
And that could explain the difference
271
653000
2000
Og det kunne forklare forskellen
11:10
between an original and a forgery.
272
655000
2000
mellem en original og en forfalskning.
11:12
They may look alike, but they have a different history.
273
657000
2000
De ser måske ens ud, men de har en forskellig historie.
11:14
The original is typically the product of a creative act,
274
659000
3000
Den originale er typisk produktet af en kreativ
11:17
the forgery isn't.
275
662000
2000
det er forfalskningen ikke.
11:19
I think this approach can explain differences
276
664000
3000
Jeg mener at denne tilgang kan forklare forskellen
11:22
in people's taste in art.
277
667000
2000
i menneskers smag for kunst.
11:24
This is a work by Jackson Pollock.
278
669000
2000
Dette er et værk af Jackson Pollock.
11:26
Who here likes the work of Jackson Pollock?
279
671000
3000
Hvem her kan lide værket af Jackson Pollock?
11:30
Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them?
280
675000
2000
Okay. Hvem her, det gør ikke noget for dem?
11:32
They just don't like it.
281
677000
3000
De kan bare ikke lide det.
11:35
I'm not going to make a claim about who's right,
282
680000
2000
Jeg vil ikke komme med nogle påstande om hvem der har ret,
11:37
but I will make an empirical claim
283
682000
2000
men jeg vil lave en empirisk påstand
11:39
about people's intuitions,
284
684000
2000
om menneskers intuitioner,
11:41
which is that, if you like the work of Jackson Pollock,
285
686000
2000
som er, hvis man kan lide Jackson Pollock værker,
11:43
you'll tend more so than the people who don't like it
286
688000
3000
er der en større tendens til, end ved mennesker der ikke kan lide det,
11:46
to believe that these works are difficult to create,
287
691000
3000
at tro på at disse værker er svære at skabe,
11:49
that they require a lot of time and energy
288
694000
2000
at de kræver meget tid og energi
11:51
and creative energy.
289
696000
2000
og kreativ energi.
11:53
I use Jackson Pollock on purpose as an example
290
698000
3000
Jeg bruger med vilje Jackson Pollock som eksempel
11:56
because there's a young American artist
291
701000
2000
fordi der er en ung amerikansk kunstner
11:58
who paints very much in the style of Jackson Pollock,
292
703000
2000
der maler meget lig Jackson Pollocks stil,
12:00
and her work was worth
293
705000
2000
og hendes arbejde var måske
12:02
many tens of thousands of dollars --
294
707000
2000
mange tusinde dollars værd --
12:04
in large part because she's a very young artist.
295
709000
2000
for en stor del fordi hun er en meget ung kunstner.
12:06
This is Marla Olmstead
296
711000
2000
Dette er Maria Olmstead
12:08
who did most of her work when she was three years old.
297
713000
2000
der lavede mange af hendes værker da hun var tre år gammel.
12:10
The interesting thing about Marla Olmstead
298
715000
2000
Det interessante ved Maria Olmstead
12:12
is her family made the mistake
299
717000
2000
er at hendes familie begik den fejl
12:14
of inviting the television program 60 Minutes II into their house
300
719000
4000
at invitere fjernsynsprogrammet 60 Minutes ind i deres hjem
12:18
to film her painting.
301
723000
2000
til at filme hende mens hun maler.
12:20
And they then reported that her father was coaching her.
302
725000
3000
Og de rapporterer så at hendes far trænede hende.
12:23
When this came out on television,
303
728000
2000
Da dette kom ud i tv,
12:25
the value of her art dropped to nothing.
304
730000
3000
faldt værdien af hendes kunst til ingenting.
12:28
It was the same art, physically,
305
733000
2000
Det var den samme kunst, fysisk,
12:30
but the history had changed.
306
735000
3000
men historien havde ændret sig.
12:33
I've been focusing now on the visual arts,
307
738000
2000
Jeg har nu fokuseret på visuel kunst,
12:35
but I want to give two examples from music.
308
740000
2000
men jeg vil give jer to eksempler fra musik.
12:37
This is Joshua Bell, a very famous violinist.
309
742000
2000
Dette er Joshua Bell, en meget berømt violinist.
12:39
And the Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten
310
744000
3000
Og Washington Post journalisten Gene Weingarten
12:42
decided to enlist him for an audacious experiment.
311
747000
3000
besluttede sig for at tilmelde ham til et dristigt eksperiment.
12:45
The question is: How much would people like Joshua Bell,
312
750000
2000
Spørgsmålet er: Hvor meget ville mennesker kunne lide Joshua Bell,
12:47
the music of Joshua Bell,
313
752000
2000
Joshua Bells musik,
12:49
if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua Bell?
314
754000
3000
hvis de ikke vidste at de lyttede til Joshua Bell?
12:53
So he got Joshua Bell to take his million dollar violin
315
758000
3000
Så han fik Joshua Bell til at tage sin violin til en million dollars
12:56
down to a Washington D.C. subway station
316
761000
3000
med til Washinton D.C. undergrundsbanen
12:59
and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make.
317
764000
3000
og stå i et hjørne og se hvor mange penge han kunne tjene.
13:02
And here's a brief clip of this.
318
767000
2000
Og her er et kort klip af det.
13:04
(Violin music)
319
769000
7000
(Violin musik)
13:11
After being there for three-quarters of an hour,
320
776000
2000
Efter ar have været der i tre kvarter,
13:13
he made 32 dollars.
321
778000
3000
havde han tjent 32 dollars.
13:16
Not bad. It's also not good.
322
781000
2000
Ikke dårligt. Det er heller ikke godt.
13:18
Apparently to really enjoy the music of Joshua Bell,
323
783000
3000
For virkelig at nyde Joshua Bells musik,
13:21
you have to know you're listening to Joshua Bell.
324
786000
3000
skal man åbenbart vide at man lytter til Joshua Bell.
13:24
He actually made 20 dollars more than that,
325
789000
2000
Han tjente faktisk 20 dollars mere end det,
13:26
but he didn't count it.
326
791000
2000
men han talte det ikke.
13:28
Because this woman comes up --
327
793000
2000
Fordi der kom en kvinde hen til ham --
13:30
you see at the end of the video -- she comes up.
328
795000
2000
man ser det i slutningen af videoen -- hun kommer hen.
13:32
She had heard him at the Library of Congress a few weeks before
329
797000
2000
Hun havde hørt ham ved Library of Congress et par uger inden
13:34
at this extravagant black-tie affair.
330
799000
3000
ved denne ekstravagante fest.
13:37
So she's stunned that he's standing in a subway station.
331
802000
3000
Så hun er målløs over at han står i undergrundsbanen.
13:40
So she's struck with pity.
332
805000
2000
Så hun rammes af medlidenhed.
13:42
She reaches into her purse and hands him a 20.
333
807000
2000
Hun tager hånden ned i hendes pung og giver ham 20.
13:44
(Laughter)
334
809000
2000
(Latter)
13:46
(Applause)
335
811000
2000
(Bifald)
13:48
The second example from music
336
813000
2000
Det andet eksempel fra musik
13:50
is from John Cage's modernist composition,
337
815000
2000
er fra John Cages modernistiske partitur
13:52
"4'33"."
338
817000
2000
"4'33"."
13:54
As many of you know,
339
819000
2000
Som mange af jer ved,
13:56
this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench,
340
821000
3000
er dette partituren hvor pianisten sidder på bænken,
13:59
opens up the piano
341
824000
2000
åbner klaveret
14:01
and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds --
342
826000
2000
og sidder og gør ingenting i fire minutter og 33 sekunder --
14:03
that period of silence.
343
828000
2000
perioden med stilhed.
14:05
And people have different views on this.
344
830000
2000
Og mennesker har forskellige syn på dette.
14:07
But what I want to point out
345
832000
2000
Men det jeg vil pointere
14:09
is you can buy this from iTunes.
346
834000
2000
er at man kan købe dette i iTunes.
14:11
(Laughter)
347
836000
2000
(Latter)
14:13
For a dollar 99,
348
838000
2000
for en dollar og 99 cent,
14:15
you can listen to that silence,
349
840000
2000
kan man lytte til den stilhed,
14:17
which is different than other forms of silence.
350
842000
3000
som er forskellig fra andre former for stilhed.
14:20
(Laughter)
351
845000
2000
(Latter)
14:22
Now I've been talking so far about pleasure,
352
847000
3000
Nu har jeg indtil videre talt om glæde,
14:25
but what I want to suggest
353
850000
2000
men det jeg vil foreslå
14:27
is that everything I've said applies as well to pain.
354
852000
3000
er at alt jeg har sagt også gælder for smerte.
14:30
And how you think about what you're experiencing,
355
855000
2000
Og hvordan man tænker over det man oplever,
14:32
your beliefs about the essence of it,
356
857000
2000
ens tro om essensen ved det,
14:34
affect how it hurts.
357
859000
2000
påvirker hvordan det gør ondt.
14:36
One lovely experiment
358
861000
2000
Et dejligt eksperiment
14:38
was done by Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner.
359
863000
2000
blev udført af Kurt Gray og Dan Wegner.
14:40
What they did was they hooked up Harvard undergraduates
360
865000
2000
Det de gjorde var, at de satte nogle Harvard
14:42
to an electric shock machine.
361
867000
2000
til en elektrisk shock maskine.
14:44
And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks.
362
869000
3000
Og de gav dem en række smertefulde elektriske chok.
14:47
So it was a series of five painful shocks.
363
872000
3000
Det var en serie af fem smertefulde chok.
14:50
Half of them are told that they're being given the shocks
364
875000
2000
Halvdelen af dem bliver fortalt at de bliver givet chok
14:52
by somebody in another room,
365
877000
2000
af nogen i et andet lokale,
14:54
but the person in the other room doesn't know they're giving them shocks.
366
879000
3000
men personen i det andet lokale ved ikke at de giver dem chok.
14:57
There's no malevolence, they're just pressing a button.
367
882000
2000
Der er ikke nogen ondskab, de trykker bare på en knap.
14:59
The first shock is recorded as very painful.
368
884000
3000
De første chok bliver opgivet som meget smertefuldt.
15:02
The second shock feels less painful, because you get a bit used to it.
369
887000
3000
Det andet chok føles mindre smertefuldt, fordi man bliver lidt van til det.
15:05
The third drops, the fourth, the fifth.
370
890000
2000
Det tredje falder, det fjerde, det femte.
15:07
The pain gets less.
371
892000
3000
Smerten mindskes.
15:10
In the other condition,
372
895000
2000
I den anden form,
15:12
they're told that the person in the next room
373
897000
2000
bliver de fortalt at personen i det andet lokale
15:14
is shocking them on purpose -- knows they're shocking them.
374
899000
3000
giver dem chok med vilje -- ved at de giver dem chok.
15:17
The first shock hurts like hell.
375
902000
2000
Det første chok gør fandens ondt.
15:19
The second shock hurts just as much,
376
904000
2000
Det andet chok gør lige så ondt,
15:21
and the third and the fourth and the fifth.
377
906000
2000
og det tredje og det fjerde og det femte.
15:23
It hurts more
378
908000
2000
Det gør mere ondt
15:25
if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose.
379
910000
3000
hvis man tror at nogen gør det ved en med vilje.
15:28
The most extreme example of this
380
913000
3000
Det mest ekstreme eksempel på dette
15:31
is that in some cases,
381
916000
2000
er at i nogle tilfælde
15:33
pain under the right circumstances
382
918000
2000
kan smerte under de rigtige forhold
15:35
can transform into pleasure.
383
920000
2000
forvandle sig til glæde.
15:37
Humans have this extraordinarily interesting property
384
922000
3000
Mennesker har denne ekstraordinært interessant egenskab
15:40
that will often seek out low-level doses of pain
385
925000
2000
der ofte vil søge lave doser af smerte
15:42
in controlled circumstances
386
927000
2000
i kontrollerede forhold
15:44
and take pleasure from it --
387
929000
2000
og tage glæde af det --
15:46
as in the eating of hot chili peppers
388
931000
2000
ligesom at spise stærk chili peber
15:48
and roller coaster rides.
389
933000
3000
og rutsjebane ture.
15:51
The point was nicely summarized
390
936000
2000
Pointen blev fint opsummeret
15:53
by the poet John Milton
391
938000
2000
af poeten John Milton
15:55
who wrote, "The mind is its own place,
392
940000
2000
der skrev, "Sindet er dets eget sted,
15:57
and in itself can make a heaven of hell,
393
942000
2000
og i sig selv kan lave himmel af helvede,
15:59
a hell of heaven."
394
944000
2000
og helvede af himmel."
16:01
And I'll end with that. Thank you.
395
946000
2000
Og jeg vil slutte med det. Tak.
16:03
(Applause)
396
948000
7000
(Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - PsychologistPaul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.
Why you should listen
In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)
Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy."
He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com