TED2015
Sophie Scott: Why we laugh
Sophie Scott: ¿Por qué reímos?
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¿Sabías que somos 30 veces más propensos a reír si estamos con alguien que si estamos solos? La neurocientífica cognitiva Sophie Scott comparte este y otros hechos sorprendentes sobre la risa en esta charla trepidante, llena de acción y, sí, hilarante, que habla de la ciencia de la risa.
Sophie Scott - Neuroscientist, stand-up comic
While exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic. Full bio
While exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Hi. I'm going to talk
to you today about laughter,
to you today about laughter,
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Hola, hoy hablaré de la risa
00:15
and I just want to start
by thinking about the first time
by thinking about the first time
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y quiero empezar reflexionando
sobre la primera vez
sobre la primera vez
00:18
I can ever remember noticing laughter.
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que recuerdo haber descubierto la risa.
00:20
This is when I was a little girl.
I would've been about six.
I would've been about six.
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Fue de niña, tendría unos 6 años.
00:23
And I came across my parents
doing something unusual,
doing something unusual,
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Encontré a mis padres
haciendo algo inusual,
haciendo algo inusual,
00:27
where they were laughing.
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estaban riéndose.
00:28
They were laughing very, very hard.
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Se reían mucho, mucho.
00:30
They were lying on the floor laughing.
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Estaban tumbados en el suelo riéndose.
00:32
They were screaming with laughter.
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Estaban llorando de risa.
00:34
I did not know what they were
laughing at, but I wanted in.
laughing at, but I wanted in.
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Yo no sabía de qué se reían,
pero quería participar.
pero quería participar.
00:38
I wanted to be part of that,
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Quería ser parte de eso,
00:40
and I kind of sat around at the edge
going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)
going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)
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y me senté en el borde
y dije: "¡Juu, juu!" (Risas)
y dije: "¡Juu, juu!" (Risas)
00:43
Now, incidentally,
what they were laughing at
what they were laughing at
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Por cierto, se reían
00:47
was a song which people used to sing,
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de una canción que
la gente solía cantar,
la gente solía cantar,
00:49
which was based around
signs in toilets on trains
signs in toilets on trains
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sobre las señales de
los baños de los trenes
los baños de los trenes
00:53
telling you what you could
and could not do
and could not do
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que explicaba qué se podía
y qué no se podía hacer
y qué no se podía hacer
00:56
in toilets on trains.
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en los baños en los trenes.
00:57
And the thing you have to remember
about the English is, of course,
about the English is, of course,
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Y algo que se debe recordar
de los ingleses, claro,
de los ingleses, claro,
01:00
we do have an immensely
sophisticated sense of humor.
sophisticated sense of humor.
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es que tenemos un inmenso
y sofisticado sentido del humor.
y sofisticado sentido del humor.
01:03
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
01:04
At the time, though, I didn't
understand anything of that.
understand anything of that.
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En ese momento, sin embargo,
no entendía nada de eso.
no entendía nada de eso.
01:07
I just cared about the laughter,
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Solo me importaba la risa,
01:09
and actually, as a neuroscientist,
I've come to care about it again.
I've come to care about it again.
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y, de hecho, como neuróloga,
me interesa de nuevo.
me interesa de nuevo.
01:12
And it is a really weird thing to do.
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Y es algo muy raro.
01:15
What I'm going to do now
is just play some examples
is just play some examples
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Ahora pondré algunos ejemplos
01:17
of real human beings laughing,
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de humanos reales riendo,
01:19
and I want you think about the sound
people make and how odd that can be,
people make and how odd that can be,
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y quiero que piensen en el sonido que
hace la gente y lo extraño que puede ser
hace la gente y lo extraño que puede ser
01:22
and in fact how primitive
laughter is as a sound.
laughter is as a sound.
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y lo primitiva que es la risa
como sonido.
como sonido.
01:25
It's much more like an animal call
than it is like speech.
than it is like speech.
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Se parece más a un sonido
animal que al habla.
animal que al habla.
01:28
So here we've got some laughter for you.
The first one is pretty joyful.
The first one is pretty joyful.
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Tengo aquí algunas risas.
La primera es bastante alegre.
La primera es bastante alegre.
01:31
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Audio: Risas)
01:47
Now this next guy, I need him to breathe.
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Y este tipo, quiero que respire.
01:50
There's a point in there
where I'm just, like,
where I'm just, like,
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Llega un punto en el que digo
01:52
you've got to get some air in there, mate,
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tienes que respirar, hombre,
01:54
because he just sounds
like he's breathing out.
like he's breathing out.
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porque suena como si solo expirase.
01:56
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Audio: Risas)
02:05
This hasn't been edited; this is him.
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No fue editado; así es él.
02:08
(Audio: Laughing)
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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(Audio: Risas)
(Risas)
(Risas)
02:14
And finally we have --
this is a human female laughing.
this is a human female laughing.
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Y finalmente, esta es una risa femenina.
02:18
And laughter can take us to some pretty
odd places in terms of making noises.
odd places in terms of making noises.
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La risa puede llevarnos a lugares
extraños en materia de ruidos.
extraños en materia de ruidos.
02:22
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Audio: Risas)
02:41
She actually says, "Oh my God,
what is that?" in French.
what is that?" in French.
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Ella en realidad dice: "Oh, Dios mío,
¿qué es eso?" en francés.
¿qué es eso?" en francés.
02:44
We're all kind of with her.
I have no idea.
I have no idea.
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Nos dejamos llevar por ella.
No tengo idea.
No tengo idea.
02:48
Now, to understand laughter,
you have to look at a part of the body
you have to look at a part of the body
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Pero para entender la risa,
hay que mirar una parte del cuerpo
hay que mirar una parte del cuerpo
02:51
that psychologists and neuroscientists
don't normally spend much time looking at,
don't normally spend much time looking at,
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que ni psicólogos, ni neurocientíficos
suelen observar demasiado:
suelen observar demasiado:
02:55
which is the ribcage,
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la caja torácica.
02:56
and it doesn't seem terribly exciting,
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Y no parece muy emocionante,
02:58
but actually you're all using
your ribcage all the time.
your ribcage all the time.
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pero la usamos todo el tiempo.
03:00
What you're all doing
at the moment with your ribcage,
at the moment with your ribcage,
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Algo que todos hacemos
ahora con la caja torácica,
ahora con la caja torácica,
03:03
and don't stop doing it, is breathing.
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y sin parar, es respirar.
03:05
So you use the intercostal muscles,
the muscles between your ribs,
the muscles between your ribs,
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Los músculos intercostales,
entre las costillas los usamos
entre las costillas los usamos
03:08
to bring air in and out of your lungs
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para inspirar y expirar
aire de los pulmones
aire de los pulmones
03:10
just by expanding
and contracting your ribcage,
and contracting your ribcage,
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simplemente expandiendo
y contrayendo la caja torácica
y contrayendo la caja torácica
03:12
and if I was to put a strap
around the outside of your chest
around the outside of your chest
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y si pusiera una correa
alrededor del pecho,
alrededor del pecho,
03:15
called a breath belt, and just look
at that movement,
at that movement,
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un cinturón de aliento,
con solo mirar ese movimiento
con solo mirar ese movimiento
03:17
you see a rather gentle sinusoidal
movement, so that's breathing.
movement, so that's breathing.
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veríamos un movimiento sinusoidal
apacible, conforme respiramos.
apacible, conforme respiramos.
03:21
You're all doing it. Don't stop.
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Todos lo hacemos, todo el tiempo.
03:22
As soon as you start talking,
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En cuanto empezamos a hablar,
03:24
you start using your breathing
completely differently.
completely differently.
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usamos la respiración de
modo totalmente diferente.
modo totalmente diferente.
03:26
So what I'm doing now is you see
something much more like this.
something much more like this.
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Ahora ven que hago algo como esto.
03:29
In talking, you use very fine
movements of the ribcage
movements of the ribcage
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Al hablar, usamos movimientos
muy finos de la caja torácica
muy finos de la caja torácica
03:32
to squeeze the air out --
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para expulsar el aire...
03:33
and in fact, we're the only animals
that can do this.
that can do this.
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y, somos los únicos
animales capaces de hacerlo.
animales capaces de hacerlo.
03:36
It's why we can talk at all.
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Por eso podemos hablar.
03:37
Now, both talking and breathing
has a mortal enemy,
has a mortal enemy,
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Pero tanto el hablar como el respirar
tienen un enemigo mortal,
tienen un enemigo mortal,
03:40
and that enemy is laughter,
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y ese enemigo es la risa.
03:43
because what happens when you laugh
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Porque cuando reímos
03:45
is those same muscles
start to contract very regularly,
start to contract very regularly,
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esos mismos músculos empiezan
a contraerse con mucha regularidad
a contraerse con mucha regularidad
03:48
and you get this very marked
sort of zig-zagging,
sort of zig-zagging,
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y tenemos este zigzag muy pronunciado
03:51
and that's just squeezing
the air out of you.
the air out of you.
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que expulsa el aire.
03:53
It literally is that basic a way
of making a sound.
of making a sound.
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Es una forma muy elemental
de producir un sonido.
de producir un sonido.
03:56
You could be stamping on somebody,
it's having the same effect.
it's having the same effect.
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Pisotear a alguien,
tendría el mismo efecto.
tendría el mismo efecto.
03:59
You're just squeezing air out,
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Expiramos aire,
04:00
and each of those contractions --
Ha! -- gives you a sound.
Ha! -- gives you a sound.
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y cada una de esas contracciones...
¡Ja! Produce un sonido.
¡Ja! Produce un sonido.
04:03
And as the contractions run together,
you can get these spasms,
you can get these spasms,
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Si estas contracciones ocurren juntas,
se dan estos espasmos,
se dan estos espasmos,
04:06
and that's when you start getting
these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.
these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.
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y empiezan a ocurrir estos
(Respira con dificultad)
(Respira con dificultad)
04:10
I'm brilliant at this. (Laughter)
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Soy brillante en esto. (Risas)
04:13
Now, in terms of the science of laughter,
there isn't very much,
there isn't very much,
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En relación de la ciencia
de la risa, no es mucho,
de la risa, no es mucho,
04:17
but it does turn out that pretty much
everything we think we know
everything we think we know
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pero resulta que casi
todo lo que sabemos
todo lo que sabemos
04:20
about laughter is wrong.
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de la risa está equivocado.
04:23
So it's not at all unusual, for example,
to hear people to say
to hear people to say
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No es del todo inusual, por ejemplo,
escuchar a la gente decir
escuchar a la gente decir
04:25
humans are the only animals that laugh.
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que los humanos somos los
únicos animales que reímos.
únicos animales que reímos.
Nietzsche pensaba que los humanos
éramos los únicos animales que ríen.
éramos los únicos animales que ríen.
04:28
Nietzsche thought that humans
are the only animals that laugh.
are the only animals that laugh.
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04:30
In fact, you find laughter
throughout the mammals.
throughout the mammals.
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De hecho, existe la risa
en los mamíferos.
en los mamíferos.
04:33
It's been well-described
and well-observed in primates,
and well-observed in primates,
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Ha sido bien descrita
y observada en primates,
y observada en primates,
04:35
but you also see it in rats,
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pero también en ratas,
04:37
and wherever you find it --
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y dondequiera que la veamos
04:38
humans, primates, rats --
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-- humanos, primates, ratas --
04:40
you find it associated
with things like tickling.
with things like tickling.
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la asociamos a cosas como las cosquillas.
04:43
That's the same for humans.
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Es lo mismo en los humanos.
04:46
You find it associated with play,
and all mammals play.
and all mammals play.
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Se la asocia con el juego,
y todos los mamíferos juegan.
y todos los mamíferos juegan.
04:51
And wherever you find it,
it's associated with interactions.
it's associated with interactions.
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Siempre que se la encuentra,
se la asocia con las interacciones.
se la asocia con las interacciones.
04:55
So Robert Provine, who has done
a lot of work on this,
a lot of work on this,
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Robert Provine, que investigó
mucho este tema,
mucho este tema,
04:58
has pointed out that you are 30 times
more likely to laugh
more likely to laugh
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señaló que somos 30 veces
más propensos a reír
más propensos a reír
05:02
if you are with somebody else
than if you're on your own,
than if you're on your own,
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si estamos con compañía
que si estamos solos,
que si estamos solos,
05:06
and where you find most laughter
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y que la risa está más presente
05:08
is in social interactions
like conversation.
like conversation.
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en interacciones sociales
como la conversación.
como la conversación.
05:10
So if you ask human beings,
"When do you laugh?"
"When do you laugh?"
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Si le preguntamos a alguien:
"¿Cuándo ríes?"
"¿Cuándo ríes?"
05:13
they'll talk about comedy and they'll talk
about humor and they'll talk about jokes.
about humor and they'll talk about jokes.
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Dirán con una comedia,
con el humor, con los chistes.
con el humor, con los chistes.
05:17
If you look at when they laugh,
they're laughing with their friends.
they're laughing with their friends.
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Si observamos cuándo ríen,
ríen con sus amigos.
ríen con sus amigos.
05:20
And when we laugh with people, we're
hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.
hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.
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Y si nos reímos con las personas,
difícilmente sea de chistes.
difícilmente sea de chistes.
05:23
You are laughing to show people
that you understand them,
that you understand them,
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Nos reímos para mostrar a las
personas que uno las entiende,
personas que uno las entiende,
05:26
that you agree with them, that you're
part of the same group as them.
part of the same group as them.
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que está de acuerdo con ellas,
que uno es parte del grupo.
que uno es parte del grupo.
05:29
You're laughing to show
that you like them.
that you like them.
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Nos reímos para mostrar
que a uno le agradan.
que a uno le agradan.
05:31
You might even love them.
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Uno quizá los ame.
05:33
You're doing all that at the same time
as talking to them,
as talking to them,
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Uno hace todo eso mientras les habla,
05:35
and the laughter is doing a lot
of that emotional work for you.
of that emotional work for you.
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y la risa expresa todas
esas emociones por uno.
esas emociones por uno.
05:38
Something that Robert Provine
has pointed out, as you can see here,
has pointed out, as you can see here,
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Es algo que señaló Robert Provine,
como pueden ver aquí,
como pueden ver aquí,
05:41
and the reason why we were laughing
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y es la razón por la cual reímos
05:43
when we heard those
funny laughs at the start,
funny laughs at the start,
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al escuchar esas risas
graciosas al principio,
graciosas al principio,
05:45
and why I was laughing
when I found my parents laughing,
when I found my parents laughing,
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y por la que yo reí al descubrir
a mis padres riendo,
a mis padres riendo,
05:48
is that it's an enormously
behaviorally contagious effect.
behaviorally contagious effect.
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y ese es un enorme efecto
de comportamiento contagioso.
de comportamiento contagioso.
05:51
You can catch laughter from somebody else,
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Uno puede contagiarse la risa de otro,
05:53
and you are more likely to catch laughter
off somebody else if you know them.
off somebody else if you know them.
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y es más probable contagiarse la risa
si ese otro es alguien conocido.
si ese otro es alguien conocido.
05:57
So it's still modulated
by this social context.
by this social context.
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Por eso todavía es modulada
por este contexto social.
por este contexto social.
05:59
You have to put humor to one side
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Añadamos humor en un lado
06:00
and think about the social
meaning of laughter
meaning of laughter
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y pensemos en el sentido
social de la risa
social de la risa
06:03
because that's where its origins lie.
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porque allí yace su origen.
06:05
Now, something I've got very interested in
is different kinds of laughter,
is different kinds of laughter,
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Me interesan mucho los
distintos tipos de risas
distintos tipos de risas
06:09
and we have some neurobiological evidence
about how human beings vocalize
about how human beings vocalize
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y tenemos evidencias neurobiológicas
de cómo vocalizamos los humanos
de cómo vocalizamos los humanos
06:14
that suggests there might be
two kinds of laughs that we have.
two kinds of laughs that we have.
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que sugieren que podríamos
tener 2 tipos de risas.
tener 2 tipos de risas.
06:18
So it seems possible that the neurobiology
for helpless, involuntary laughter,
for helpless, involuntary laughter,
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Parece posible que la neurobiología
de la risa involuntaria e inevitable,
de la risa involuntaria e inevitable,
06:23
like my parents lying on the floor
screaming about a silly song,
screaming about a silly song,
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como la de mis padres en el suelo
riendo por una canción tonta,
riendo por una canción tonta,
06:26
might have a different basis to it
than some of that more polite
than some of that more polite
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podría tener una base distinta
que la risa social más educada
que la risa social más educada
06:29
social laughter that you encounter,
which isn't horrible laughter,
which isn't horrible laughter,
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que encontramos, y no es
una risa horrible,
una risa horrible,
06:32
but it's behavior somebody is doing
as part of their communicative act to you,
as part of their communicative act to you,
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sino que responde al comportamiento
de alguien que se comunica con uno,
de alguien que se comunica con uno,
06:36
part of their interaction with you;
they are choosing to do this.
they are choosing to do this.
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es parte de su interacción
con uno; eligen hacer eso.
con uno; eligen hacer eso.
06:40
In our evolution, we have developed
two different ways of vocalizing.
two different ways of vocalizing.
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En la evolución, hemos desarrollado
dos maneras distintas de vocalizar.
dos maneras distintas de vocalizar.
06:43
Involuntary vocalizations
are part of an older system
are part of an older system
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Las vocalizaciones involuntarias
son parte de un sistema más antiguo
son parte de un sistema más antiguo
06:46
than the more voluntary vocalizations
like the speech I'm doing now.
like the speech I'm doing now.
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que las vocalizaciones más voluntarias
como esta charla que doy ahora.
como esta charla que doy ahora.
06:49
So we might imagine that laughter
might actually have two different roots.
might actually have two different roots.
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Podemos imaginar que la risa
tiene dos raíces distintas.
tiene dos raíces distintas.
06:53
So I've been looking at this
in more detail.
in more detail.
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He estudiado esto en más detalle.
06:55
To do this, we've had to make
recordings of people laughing,
recordings of people laughing,
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Para esto, he grabado
a las personas riendo,
a las personas riendo,
06:58
and we've had to do whatever it takes
to make people laugh,
to make people laugh,
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y hemos hecho de todo para que se rían,
07:01
and we got those same people
to produce more posed, social laughter.
to produce more posed, social laughter.
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y hemos hecho que esas mismas personas
produzcan una risa social más forzada.
produzcan una risa social más forzada.
07:04
So imagine your friend told a joke,
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Imaginen que un amigo
les cuenta un chiste,
les cuenta un chiste,
07:05
and you're laughing because
you like your friend,
you like your friend,
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y Uds. se ríen porque
aprecian a su amigo
aprecian a su amigo
07:08
but not really because
the joke's all that.
the joke's all that.
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pero no por el chiste.
07:10
So I'm going to play you
a couple of those.
a couple of those.
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Les pondré un par de esas risas.
07:12
I want you to tell me if you think
this laughter is real laughter,
this laughter is real laughter,
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Quiero que me digan si son risas reales,
07:15
or if you think it's posed.
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o si piensan que son forzadas.
07:16
So is this involuntary laughter
or more voluntary laughter?
or more voluntary laughter?
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Estas risas ¿son involuntarias
o más voluntarias?
o más voluntarias?
07:19
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Audio: Risas)
07:24
What does that sound like to you?
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¿Qué les parece ese sonido?
07:26
Audience: Posed.
Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.
Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.
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Público: Forzada.
Sophie Scott: ¿Forzada? Forzada.
Sophie Scott: ¿Forzada? Forzada.
07:28
How about this one?
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¿Y este sonido?
07:29
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Audio: Risas)
07:34
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
07:35
I'm the best.
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Soy la mejor.
07:37
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Risas) (Aplausos)
07:39
Not really.
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En realidad no.
07:41
No, that was helpless laughter,
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No, esa era una risa inevitable,
07:43
and in fact, to record that,
all they had to do was record me
all they had to do was record me
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y, de hecho, para grabarla
solo tuvieron que grabarme
solo tuvieron que grabarme
07:47
watching one of my friends listening to
something I knew she wanted to laugh at,
something I knew she wanted to laugh at,
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viendo a una de mis amigas escuchar
algo que sabía le haría gracia,
algo que sabía le haría gracia,
07:50
and I just started doing this.
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y empecé a hacer esto.
07:52
What you find is that people
are good at telling the difference
are good at telling the difference
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Podemos ver que somos buenos
para notar la diferencia
para notar la diferencia
07:55
between real and posed laughter.
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entre la risa real y la forzada.
07:57
They seem to be different things to us.
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Nos parecen cosas diferentes.
07:59
Interestingly, you see something
quite similar with chimpanzees.
quite similar with chimpanzees.
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Curiosamente, vemos algo bastante
similar en los chimpancés.
similar en los chimpancés.
08:02
Chimpanzees laugh differently
if they're being tickled
if they're being tickled
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Los chimpancés ríen diferente
si les hacen cosquillas
si les hacen cosquillas
08:04
than if they're playing with each other,
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que si se ríen jugando
unos con otros,
unos con otros,
08:06
and we might be seeing
something like that here,
something like that here,
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y puede que veamos algo así aquí,
08:08
involuntary laughter, tickling laughter,
being different from social laughter.
being different from social laughter.
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la risa involuntaria, la de cosquillas,
es diferente de la risa social.
es diferente de la risa social.
08:12
They're acoustically very different.
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Acústicamente son muy diferentes.
08:14
The real laughs are longer.
They're higher in pitch.
They're higher in pitch.
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Las risas reales son más
prolongadas. Son más agudas.
prolongadas. Son más agudas.
08:16
When you start laughing hard,
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Cuando empiezas a reír con fuerza,
08:18
you start squeezing air out
from your lungs
from your lungs
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empiezas a expulsar aire de los pulmones
08:20
under much higher pressures
than you could ever produce voluntarily.
than you could ever produce voluntarily.
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con mucha más fuerza de la que
ejercemos voluntariamente.
ejercemos voluntariamente.
08:23
For example, I could never
pitch my voice that high to sing.
pitch my voice that high to sing.
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Por ejemplo, yo no podría
cantar con una voz tan alta.
cantar con una voz tan alta.
08:26
Also, you start to get these sort of
contractions and weird whistling sounds,
contractions and weird whistling sounds,
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Además, empezamos a hacer
contracciones y silbidos extraños,
contracciones y silbidos extraños,
08:30
all of which mean that real laughter
is extremely easy,
is extremely easy,
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lo que implica que la risa
verdadera es muy fácil,
verdadera es muy fácil,
08:32
or feels extremely easy to spot.
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podemos detectarla fácilmente.
08:34
In contrast, posed laughter,
we might think it sounds a bit fake.
we might think it sounds a bit fake.
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Por el contrario, la riza forzada,
podríamos pensar que suena un poco falsa.
podríamos pensar que suena un poco falsa.
08:39
Actually, it's not, it's actually
an important social cue.
an important social cue.
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En realidad no lo es,
es una señal social importante.
es una señal social importante.
08:42
We use it a lot, we're choosing
to laugh in a lot of situations,
to laugh in a lot of situations,
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La usamos mucho, elegimos reír
en muchas situaciones,
en muchas situaciones,
08:45
and it seems to be its own thing.
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y parece tener entidad propia.
Por ejemplo, observamos
nasalidad en la risa forzada,
nasalidad en la risa forzada,
08:47
So, for example, you find
nasality in posed laughter,
nasality in posed laughter,
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08:50
that kind of "ha ha ha ha ha" sound
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ese sonido tipo "ja, ja, ja, ja, ja"
un sonido que no podríamos hacer
con la risa involuntaria.
con la risa involuntaria.
08:52
that you never get, you could not do,
if you were laughing involuntarily.
if you were laughing involuntarily.
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Por lo que parecen ser genuinamente
dos tipos de risas diferentes.
dos tipos de risas diferentes.
08:55
So they do seem to be genuinely
these two different sorts of things.
these two different sorts of things.
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08:58
We took it into the scanner
to see how brains respond
to see how brains respond
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Las llevamos al escáner para
ver cómo responde el cerebro
ver cómo responde el cerebro
09:01
when you hear laughter.
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al escuchar las risas.
09:02
And when you do this,
this is a really boring experiment.
this is a really boring experiment.
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Hacer esto es un experimento
realmente aburrido.
realmente aburrido.
09:05
We just played people
real and posed laughs.
real and posed laughs.
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2045
Le pusimos a las personas
risas reales y forzadas.
risas reales y forzadas.
09:07
We didn't tell them
it was a study on laughter.
it was a study on laughter.
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No les dijimos que era
un estudio sobre la risa.
un estudio sobre la risa.
09:09
We put other sounds in there
to distract them,
to distract them,
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Les pusimos otros sonidos
para distraerlos;
para distraerlos;
09:11
and all they're doing
is lying listening to sounds.
is lying listening to sounds.
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2387
todos están allí oyendo sonidos.
09:14
We don't tell them to do anything.
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1643
No les pedimos que hagan nada.
09:15
Nonetheless, when you hear real laughter
and when you hear posed laughter,
and when you hear posed laughter,
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3474
Sin embargo, al oír risas reales
y risas forzadas
y risas forzadas
09:19
the brains are responding
completely differently,
completely differently,
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2417
el cerebro responde de forma
totalmente diferente
totalmente diferente
09:21
significantly differently.
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1432
significativamente diferente.
09:23
What you see in the regions in blue,
which lies in auditory cortex,
which lies in auditory cortex,
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3548
Lo que ven en las zonas de azul,
que cae en la corteza auditiva,
que cae en la corteza auditiva,
09:26
are the brain areas that respond
more to the real laughs,
more to the real laughs,
192
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2689
son las zonas del cerebro que
responden más a la risa real,
responden más a la risa real,
09:29
and what seems to be the case,
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1441
que parece ser el caso
09:30
when you hear somebody
laughing involuntarily,
laughing involuntarily,
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2157
al oír a alguien reír involuntariamente,
09:33
you hear sounds you would never
hear in any other context.
hear in any other context.
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561021
2727
uno oye sonidos que nunca
oiría en otro contexto.
oiría en otro contexto.
09:35
It's very unambiguous,
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1086
Es muy nítido
09:36
and it seems to be associated
with greater auditory processing
with greater auditory processing
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y parece estar asociado a un
mayor procesamiento auditivo
mayor procesamiento auditivo
09:39
of these novel sounds.
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de estos nuevos sonidos.
09:41
In contrast, when you hear somebody
laughing in a posed way,
laughing in a posed way,
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3809
Por el contrario, al oír a alguien
riendo de manera forzada,
riendo de manera forzada,
09:45
what you see are these regions in pink,
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2042
se observan estas zonas en rosa,
09:47
which are occupying brain areas
associated with mentalizing,
associated with mentalizing,
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que ocupan zonas del cerebro
asociadas a la mentalización,
asociadas a la mentalización,
09:50
thinking about what
somebody else is thinking.
somebody else is thinking.
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a pensar en lo que otra
persona está pensando.
persona está pensando.
09:52
And I think what that means is,
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1540
Y pienso que eso significa
09:53
even if you're having your brain scanned,
which is completely boring
which is completely boring
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3197
que incluso si nos escanean el cerebro,
algo totalmente aburrido,
algo totalmente aburrido,
09:56
and not very interesting,
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1200
algo no muy interesante,
09:58
when you hear somebody going,
"A ha ha ha ha ha,"
"A ha ha ha ha ha,"
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2333
al oír a alguien haciendo
"Ja, ja, ja, ja, ja, ja",
"Ja, ja, ja, ja, ja, ja",
10:00
you're trying to work out
why they're laughing.
why they're laughing.
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uno se pregunta por qué se ríe.
10:02
Laughter is always meaningful.
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1445
La risa siempre tiene significado.
10:04
You are always trying
to understand it in context,
to understand it in context,
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Siempre tratamos de
entenderla en contexto,
entenderla en contexto,
10:06
even if, as far as you are concerned,
at that point in time,
at that point in time,
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2866
incluso si, en lo que a uno
respecta, en ese momento,
respecta, en ese momento,
10:09
it has not necessarily
anything to do with you,
anything to do with you,
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no tiene necesariamente
nada que ver con uno,
nada que ver con uno,
10:11
you still want to know
why those people are laughing.
why those people are laughing.
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2672
siempre querremos saber
por qué la gente se ríe.
por qué la gente se ríe.
10:14
Now, we've had the opportunity to look
at how people hear real and posed laughter
at how people hear real and posed laughter
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3866
También hemos podido observar cómo las
personas oyen risas reales y forzadas
personas oyen risas reales y forzadas
10:18
across the age range.
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en todo el rango de edad.
10:19
So this is an online experiment
we ran with the Royal Society,
we ran with the Royal Society,
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2931
Este es un experimento en línea
que hicimos con la Royal Society,
que hicimos con la Royal Society,
10:21
and here we just asked people
two questions.
two questions.
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donde hicimos 2 preguntas.
10:24
First of all, they heard some laughs,
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1828
Primero, oyeron algunas risas,
10:25
and they had to say, how real
or posed do these laughs sound?
or posed do these laughs sound?
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3019
y tuvieron que decir cuán reales
o forzadas sonaban esas risas.
o forzadas sonaban esas risas.
10:28
The real laughs are shown in red
and the posed laughs are shown in blue.
and the posed laughs are shown in blue.
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Las risas reales aparecen en rojo
y las forzadas en azul.
y las forzadas en azul.
10:32
What you see is there is a rapid onset.
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1897
Se ve que hay un inicio rápido.
10:34
As you get older, you get better
and better at spotting real laughter.
and better at spotting real laughter.
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3352
Conforme envejecemos, hay una mejor
detección de la risa real.
detección de la risa real.
10:37
So six-year-olds are at chance,
they can't really hear the difference.
they can't really hear the difference.
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Los niños de 6 años ríen al azar,
no pueden oír la diferencia.
no pueden oír la diferencia.
10:40
By the time you are older, you get better,
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2152
Conforme envejecemos, mejoramos,
10:43
but interestingly, you do not hit
peak performance in this dataset
peak performance in this dataset
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3622
pero, curiosamente, no llegamos
al máximo rendimiento
al máximo rendimiento
10:46
until you are in your
late 30s and early 40s.
late 30s and early 40s.
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hasta finales de los 30,
principios de los 40.
principios de los 40.
10:50
You don't understand laughter fully
by the time you hit puberty.
by the time you hit puberty.
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3041
Uno no entiende plenamente
la risa en la pubertad.
la risa en la pubertad.
10:53
You don't understand laughter fully
by the time your brain has matured
by the time your brain has matured
227
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3297
Uno no entiende plenamente la risa
cuando el cerebro ha madurado
cuando el cerebro ha madurado
10:56
at the end of your teens.
228
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1394
al final de la pubertad.
10:58
You're learning about laughter
throughout your entire early adult life.
throughout your entire early adult life.
229
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Aprendemos sobre la risa durante
toda la vida temprana de adulto.
toda la vida temprana de adulto.
11:01
If we turn the question around and now say
not, what does the laughter sound like
not, what does the laughter sound like
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3802
Si cambiamos la pregunta y en vez
de decir cómo suena la risa
de decir cómo suena la risa
11:05
in terms of being real
or posed, but we say,
or posed, but we say,
231
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2052
en términos de real o forzada,
y en cambio decimos
y en cambio decimos
11:07
how much does this laughter
make you want to laugh,
make you want to laugh,
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2484
cuántas ganas de reír te da esta risa,
11:10
how contagious is this laughter to you,
we see a different profile.
we see a different profile.
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3215
cuán contagiosa te resulta esta risa,
vemos un perfil diferente.
vemos un perfil diferente.
11:13
And here, the younger you are,
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1503
Aquí, cuando más joven es uno,
11:14
the more you want to join in
when you hear laughter.
when you hear laughter.
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2434
más quiere sumarse a la risa.
11:17
Remember me laughing with my parents
when I had no idea what was going on.
when I had no idea what was going on.
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3493
Recuerden mi risa con mis padres
cuando no tenía idea de qué pasaba.
cuando no tenía idea de qué pasaba.
11:20
You really can see this.
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1226
Realmente pueden ver esto.
11:22
Now everybody, young and old,
238
670021
1395
Todos, jóvenes y ancianos,
11:23
finds the real laughs more contagious
than the posed laughs,
than the posed laughs,
239
671416
2845
encuentran la risa real más
contagiosa que la risa forzada,
contagiosa que la risa forzada,
11:26
but as you get older, it all becomes
less contagious to you.
less contagious to you.
240
674261
2910
pero conforme envejecemos,
todo se vuelve menos contagioso.
todo se vuelve menos contagioso.
11:29
Now, either we're all just becoming
really grumpy as we get older,
really grumpy as we get older,
241
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4204
O perdemos el humor con los años,
11:33
or it may mean that as you
understand laughter better,
understand laughter better,
242
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2929
o entendemos mejor la risa,
11:36
and you are getting better at doing that,
243
684304
2089
y nos volvemos tan buenos en eso,
11:38
you need more than just
hearing people laugh to want to laugh.
hearing people laugh to want to laugh.
244
686393
2946
que necesitamos más que oír
una risa para querer reír.
una risa para querer reír.
11:41
You need the social stuff there.
245
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2647
Necesitamos el aspecto social.
11:43
So we've got a very interesting behavior
246
691986
1974
Tenemos un comportamiento
muy interesante
muy interesante
11:45
about which a lot of our
lay assumptions are incorrect,
lay assumptions are incorrect,
247
693960
3153
sobre el cual tenemos muchas
presunciones incorrectas,
presunciones incorrectas,
11:49
but I'm coming to see that actually
there's even more to laughter
there's even more to laughter
248
697113
3851
pero encuentro que la risa es mucho más
11:52
than it's an important social emotion
we should look at,
we should look at,
249
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2731
que una emoción social importante
que deberíamos observar
que deberíamos observar
11:55
because it turns out
people are phenomenally nuanced
people are phenomenally nuanced
250
703695
2919
porque resulta que las personas
expresan muchos matices
expresan muchos matices
11:58
in terms of how we use laughter.
251
706614
1587
en el uso de la risa.
12:00
There's a really lovely
set of studies coming out
set of studies coming out
252
708201
2284
Hay unos estudios encantadores
12:02
from Robert Levenson's lab in California,
253
710485
2094
de Robert Levenson en California,
12:04
where he's doing
a longitudinal study with couples.
a longitudinal study with couples.
254
712579
2476
son estudios longitudinales con parejas.
12:07
He gets married couples,
men and women, into the lab,
men and women, into the lab,
255
715055
2783
Él lleva parejas casadas,
hombres y mujeres, al laboratorio
hombres y mujeres, al laboratorio
12:09
and he gives them
stressful conversations to have
stressful conversations to have
256
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2294
y les da conversaciones estresantes
12:12
while he wires them up to a polygraph
so he can see them becoming stressed.
so he can see them becoming stressed.
257
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3532
y les coloca un polígrafo
para verlos estresarse.
para verlos estresarse.
12:15
So you've got the two of them in there,
and he'll say to the husband,
and he'll say to the husband,
258
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3235
Tiene allí a los dos
y le dice al marido:
y le dice al marido:
12:18
"Tell me something that your wife does
that irritates you."
that irritates you."
259
726899
2782
"Cuéntame algo que haga tu mujer
que a ti te irrite".
que a ti te irrite".
12:21
And what you see is immediately --
260
729681
1616
Y se observa de inmediato...
12:23
just run that one through your head
briefly, you and your partner --
briefly, you and your partner --
261
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3327
--imaginen eso un instante,
Uds. y su pareja--
Uds. y su pareja--
12:26
you can imagine everybody gets a bit
more stressed as soon as that starts.
more stressed as soon as that starts.
262
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4148
es de suponer que todo se pone
más tenso cuando esto empieza.
más tenso cuando esto empieza.
12:30
You can see physically,
people become more stressed.
people become more stressed.
263
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2624
Se ven reacciones físicas,
las personas se tensan.
las personas se tensan.
12:33
What he finds is that the couples
who manage that feeling of stress
who manage that feeling of stress
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5782
Él encuentra que las parejas
que manejan esa tensión
que manejan esa tensión
12:39
with laughter,
positive emotions like laughter,
positive emotions like laughter,
265
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3506
con risa, con emociones
positivas como la risa,
positivas como la risa,
12:42
not only immediately become less stressed,
266
750684
3808
no solo están menos tensas de inmediato,
12:46
they can see them
physically feeling better,
physically feeling better,
267
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2414
sino que puede verse que
físicamente se sienten mejor,
físicamente se sienten mejor,
12:48
they're dealing with this
unpleasant situation better together,
unpleasant situation better together,
268
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3158
y enfrentan mejor esta situación
desagradable, juntos,
desagradable, juntos,
12:52
they are also the couples that report
269
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1821
son también las parejas que tienen
12:53
high levels of satisfaction
in their relationship
in their relationship
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altos niveles de satisfacción
en sus relaciones
en sus relaciones
12:56
and they stay together for longer.
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y permanecen juntos más tiempo.
12:57
So in fact, when you look
at close relationships,
at close relationships,
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De hecho, al estudiar
relaciones cercanas
relaciones cercanas
13:00
laughter is a phenomenally useful index
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la risa es un índice
extraordinariamente útil
extraordinariamente útil
13:02
of how people are regulating
their emotions together.
their emotions together.
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de cómo las personas regulan
sus emociones juntas.
sus emociones juntas.
13:04
We're not just emitting it at each other
to show that we like each other,
to show that we like each other,
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No solo la emitimos unos a otros
para mostrar aprecio mutuo,
para mostrar aprecio mutuo,
13:08
we're making ourselves
feel better together.
feel better together.
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sino que buscamos sentirnos mejor juntos.
13:10
Now, I don't think this is going
to be limited to romantic relationships.
to be limited to romantic relationships.
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No creo que esto se limite
a las relaciones románticas.
a las relaciones románticas.
13:13
I think this is probably
going to be a characteristic
going to be a characteristic
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Creo que quizá es una característica
13:16
of close emotional relationships
such as you might have with friends,
such as you might have with friends,
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de las relaciones afectivas
cercanas como las amistades
cercanas como las amistades
13:19
which explains my next clip,
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que explican mi próximo clip,
13:21
which is of a YouTube video of some
young men in the former East Germany
young men in the former East Germany
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un video de YouTube de unos jóvenes
de la antigua Alemania del Este
de la antigua Alemania del Este
13:24
on making a video to promote
their heavy metal band,
their heavy metal band,
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que hacían un video para promocionar
su banda de heavy metal.
su banda de heavy metal.
13:28
and it's extremely macho,
and the mood is very serious,
and the mood is very serious,
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Es muy machista y
el ambiente es muy serio.
el ambiente es muy serio.
13:31
and I want you to notice
what happens in terms of laughter
what happens in terms of laughter
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Y quiero que noten qué ocurre
en materia de risas
en materia de risas
13:34
when things go wrong
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cuando algo sale mal,
13:36
and how quickly that happens,
and how that changes the mood.
and how that changes the mood.
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lo rápido que sucede,
y cómo cambia el humor.
y cómo cambia el humor.
13:41
He's cold. He's about to get wet.
He's got swimming trunks on,
He's got swimming trunks on,
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Tiene frío. Está a punto de mojarse.
Tiene el traje de baño,
Tiene el traje de baño,
13:44
got a towel.
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tiene una toalla.
13:48
Ice.
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Hay hielo.
13:50
What might possibly happen?
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¿Qué podría pasar?
13:54
Video starts.
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Empieza el video.
13:57
Serious mood.
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Seriedad.
14:06
And his friends are already laughing.
They are already laughing, hard.
They are already laughing, hard.
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Sus amigos ya se están riendo.
Se ríen con ganas.
Se ríen con ganas.
14:11
He's not laughing yet.
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Todavía no ríe.
14:14
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
14:16
He's starting to go now.
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Empieza a reírse.
14:25
And now they're all off.
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Y ahora que están todos riendo.
14:27
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
14:44
They're on the floor.
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Están en el suelo.
14:46
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
14:55
The thing I really like about that
is it's all very serious
is it's all very serious
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Lo que me gusta de esto
es que todo es muy serio
es que todo es muy serio
14:59
until he jumps onto the ice, and
as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,
as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,
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hasta que salta al hielo y tan pronto
como no atraviesa el hielo
como no atraviesa el hielo
15:02
but also there isn't blood
and bone everywhere,
and bone everywhere,
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pero tampoco hay sangre
ni huesos por todas partes,
ni huesos por todas partes,
15:05
his friends start laughing.
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sus amigos empiezan a reír.
15:06
And imagine if that had played him out
with him standing there going,
with him standing there going,
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Imaginen si ocurriera eso
con él allí diciendo:
con él allí diciendo:
15:09
"No seriously, Heinrich,
I think this is broken,"
I think this is broken,"
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"No, en serio, Heinrich,
creo que me rompí algo",
creo que me rompí algo",
15:12
we wouldn't enjoy watching that.
That would be stressful.
That would be stressful.
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no disfrutaríamos al verlo.
Nos pondría tensos.
Nos pondría tensos.
15:15
Or if he was running around
with a visibly broken leg laughing,
with a visibly broken leg laughing,
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Tampoco si corriese por allí
riendo con una fractura expuesta,
riendo con una fractura expuesta,
15:18
and his friends are going, "Heinrich, I
think we need to go to the hospital now,"
think we need to go to the hospital now,"
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y sus amigos dijeran: "Heinrich, creo
que tenemos que ir al hospital ahora",
que tenemos que ir al hospital ahora",
15:22
that also wouldn't be funny.
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eso tampoco sería gracioso.
15:23
The fact that the laughter works,
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La risa funciona porque
15:25
it gets him from a painful,
embarrassing, difficult situation,
embarrassing, difficult situation,
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lo saca de una situación dolorosa,
embarazosa y difícil
embarazosa y difícil
15:28
into a funny situation, into what we're
actually enjoying there,
actually enjoying there,
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y lo pone en una situación
graciosa que disfrutamos
graciosa que disfrutamos
15:31
and I think that's
a really interesting use,
a really interesting use,
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y creo que es un uso muy interesante
15:33
and it's actually happening all the time.
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que ocurre todo el tiempo.
15:35
For example, I can remember
something like this happening
something like this happening
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Por ejemplo, recuerdo que pasó algo así
15:37
at my father's funeral.
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en el funeral de mi padre.
15:39
We weren't jumping around
on the ice in our underpants.
on the ice in our underpants.
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No estábamos saltando en
el hielo en calzoncillos.
el hielo en calzoncillos.
15:41
We're not Canadian.
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No somos canadienses.
15:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Risas) (Aplausos)
15:46
These events are always difficult, I had
a relative who was being a bit difficult,
a relative who was being a bit difficult,
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Son eventos siempre difíciles,
tenía un pariente un poco difícil,
tenía un pariente un poco difícil,
15:50
my mum was not in a good place,
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mi madre no estaba en un buen lugar,
15:52
and I can remember finding myself
just before the whole thing started
just before the whole thing started
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y recuerdo encontrarme justo
antes de que todo empezara
antes de que todo empezara
15:55
telling this story about something
that happened in a 1970s sitcom,
that happened in a 1970s sitcom,
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contando la historia de algo
ocurrido en una comedia de 1970,
ocurrido en una comedia de 1970,
15:59
and I just thought at the time,
I don't know why I'm doing this,
I don't know why I'm doing this,
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y pensé en ese momento, no sé
por qué estoy haciendo esto,
por qué estoy haciendo esto,
16:02
and what I realized I was doing
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y me di cuenta de que
16:04
was I was coming up with
something from somewhere
something from somewhere
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sacaba algo de algún sitio
16:07
I could use to make her laugh
together with me.
together with me.
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que podía usar para hacerla
reír conmigo.
reír conmigo.
16:11
It was a very basic reaction
to find some reason we can do this.
to find some reason we can do this.
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Fue una reacción muy básica
encontrar alguna razón para hacerlo.
encontrar alguna razón para hacerlo.
16:14
We can laugh together.
We're going to get through this.
We're going to get through this.
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Podemos reír juntas.
Vamos a superar esto.
Vamos a superar esto.
16:17
We're going to be okay.
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Vamos a estar bien.
16:19
And in fact, all of us
are doing this all the time.
are doing this all the time.
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De hecho, todos nosotros
lo hacemos todo el tiempo.
lo hacemos todo el tiempo.
16:21
You do it so often,
you don't even notice it.
you don't even notice it.
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Lo hacemos tan a menudo,
que no lo notamos.
que no lo notamos.
16:23
Everybody underestimates
how often they laugh,
how often they laugh,
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Todos subestimamos todo lo que reímos
16:26
and you're doing something,
when you laugh with people,
when you laugh with people,
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y hacemos algo al reír con la gente,
16:29
that's actually letting you access
a really ancient evolutionary system
a really ancient evolutionary system
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nos permite acceder a un
sistema evolutivo muy antiguo
sistema evolutivo muy antiguo
16:33
that mammals have evolved
to make and maintain social bonds,
to make and maintain social bonds,
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que los mamíferos hemos evolucionado
para crear y mantener vínculos sociales
para crear y mantener vínculos sociales
16:37
and clearly to regulate emotions,
to make ourselves feel better.
to make ourselves feel better.
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claramente para regular emociones,
que nos hagan sentir mejor.
que nos hagan sentir mejor.
16:41
It's not something specific to humans --
it's a really ancient behavior
it's a really ancient behavior
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No es algo específico de los humanos;
es un comportamiento muy antiguo
es un comportamiento muy antiguo
16:44
which really helps us regulate how we feel
and makes us feel better.
and makes us feel better.
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que nos ayuda a regular cómo nos
sentimos y nos hace sentir mejor.
sentimos y nos hace sentir mejor.
16:48
In other words, when it comes to laughter,
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En otras palabras,
en materia de risas,
en materia de risas,
16:51
you and me, baby, ain't nothing
but mammals. (Laughter)
but mammals. (Laughter)
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tú y yo, bebé, no somos
más que mamíferos.
más que mamíferos.
16:54
Thank you.
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Gracias.
(Aplausos)
16:56
Thank you. (Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sophie Scott - Neuroscientist, stand-up comicWhile exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic.
Why you should listen
As deputy director of the University College London’s Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Sophie Scott seeks out the neurological basis of communication, whether it’s speech or vocalized emotion.
As a pioneering researcher in the science of laughter, she’s made some unexpected discoveries -- including that rats are ticklish, and that the one tactic that’s almost guaranteed to get someone to laugh is to show them someone else laughing. But as an occasional stand-up comedian with UCL’s Bright Club, she shows that she’s no slouch at getting laughs herself.
Sophie Scott | Speaker | TED.com