Sophie Scott: Why we laugh
Sophie Scott: Kodėl mes juokiamės
While exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
to you today about laughter,
by thinking about the first time
I would've been about six.
apie šešerių metų.
doing something unusual,
darant kažką neįprasto,
laughing at, but I wanted in.
bet norėjau prisijungti.
going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)
ir juokiausi „Hū hūūū!“ (Juokas.)
what they were laughing at
signs in toilets on trains
traukinių tualetuose,
and could not do
daryti ir ko ne
about the English is, of course,
apie anglus, žinoma,
sophisticated sense of humor.
rafinuotą humoro jausmą.
understand anything of that.
I've come to care about it again.
aš vėl juo susidomėjau.
is just play some examples
people make and how odd that can be,
keliamą garsą ir koks keistas jis būna,
laughter is as a sound.
juokas yra kaip garsas.
than it is like speech.
nei kalba.
The first one is pretty joyful.
Pirmasis – gana džiaugsmingas.
where I'm just, like,
like he's breathing out.
(Laughter)
(Juokas.)
this is a human female laughing.
juokiasi moteriškos lyties atstovė.
odd places in terms of making noises.
vietas triukšmo požiūriu.
what is that?" in French.
„O Dieve, kas tai?“
I have no idea.
Neturiu supratimo.
you have to look at a part of the body
pažvelgti į kūno dalį,
don't normally spend much time looking at,
nekreipia daug dėmesio,
your ribcage all the time.
naudojate savo krūtinės ląstą.
at the moment with your ribcage,
krūtinės ląsta,
the muscles between your ribs,
raumenis, esančius tarp šonkaulių,
and contracting your ribcage,
krūtinės ląstą,
around the outside of your chest
jūsų krūtinę,
at that movement,
ir pažiūrėtumėte į judėjimą,
movement, so that's breathing.
judėjimą, tai yra kvėpavimas.
completely differently.
something much more like this.
tai atrodo labiau šitaip.
movements of the ribcage
smulkius ląstos judesius,
that can do this.
kurie tai gali.
has a mortal enemy,
mirtiną priešą,
start to contract very regularly,
susitraukinėti labai reguliariai,
sort of zig-zagging,
the air out of you.
of making a sound.
it's having the same effect.
tai turėtų tą patį efektą.
Ha! -- gives you a sound.
Cha! – išgauna garsą.
you can get these spasms,
gaunasi šie spazmai,
these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.
(švokščia).
there isn't very much,
tai nėra labai daug,
everything we think we know
ką mes manome žinantys
to hear people to say
girdėti žmones sakant, kad
are the only animals that laugh.
gyvūnai, kurie juokiasi.
throughout the mammals.
tarp žinduolių.
and well-observed in primates,
pastebėta tarp primatų,
with things like tickling.
dalykais, kaip kutenimas.
and all mammals play.
ir visi žinduoliai žaidžia.
it's associated with interactions.
tai susiję su bendravimu.
a lot of work on this,
daug ties tuo dirbo,
more likely to laugh
yra 30 kartų didesnė,
than if you're on your own,
like conversation.
kaip pokalbiuose.
"When do you laugh?"
„Kada tu juokiesi?“
about humor and they'll talk about jokes.
humorą ir anekdotus.
they're laughing with their friends.
jie juokiasi kartu su draugais.
hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.
kada juokiamės iš anekdotų.
that you understand them,
žmonėms, kad suprantate,
part of the same group as them.
tos pačios grupės narys.
that you like them.
as talking to them,
kalbėdami su jais,
daug emocinio darbo.
of that emotional work for you.
has pointed out, as you can see here,
juokus pradžioje,
funny laughs at the start,
užklupusi besijuokiančius tėvus,
when I found my parents laughing,
užkrečiamo elgesio efektas.
behaviorally contagious effect.
nuo ko nors kito,
nuo to, kurį pažįstate.
off somebody else if you know them.
šio socialinio aspekto.
by this social context.
meaning of laughter
is different kinds of laughter,
tai skirtingo tipo juokas,
about how human beings vocalize
kaip žmonės artikuliuoja,
two kinds of laughs that we have.
dviejų rūšių juoką.
for helpless, involuntary laughter,
bejėgiškam, nevalingam juokui,
screaming about a silly song,
spiegiantys dėl kvailos dainos,
than some of that more polite
nei koks labiau mandagus,
which isn't horrible laughter,
kas nėra baisus juokas,
as part of their communicative act to you,
kaip savo komunikavimo su jumis dalį,
they are choosing to do this.
jie renkasi tai daryti.
two different ways of vocalizing.
skirtingus artikuliavimo būdus.
are part of an older system
senesnių sistemų dalis,
like the speech I'm doing now.
kaip kalbėjimas, ką aš darau.
might actually have two different roots.
gali turėti dvi skirtingas ištakas.
in more detail.
recordings of people laughing,
žmonių juoką
to make people laugh,
to produce more posed, social laughter.
juokiantis apsimestinu, socialiu juoku.
you like your friend,
patinka jūsų draugas,
the joke's all that.
a couple of those.
this laughter is real laughter,
juokas yra tikras,
or more voluntary laughter?
ar labiau valingas?
Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.
S.Scott: Taip? Taip.
all they had to do was record me
jiems tereikėjo įrašyti mane
something I knew she wanted to laugh at,
to, iš ko norėjo juoktis,
are good at telling the difference
pastebėti skirtumą tarp
quite similar with chimpanzees.
šimpanzėmis.
if they're being tickled
kai jas kutena
something like that here,
being different from social laughter.
skiriasi nuo socialinio juoko.
They're higher in pitch.
Jo tonas aukštesnis.
from your lungs
iš savo plaučių
than you could ever produce voluntarily.
nei galėtumėte padaryti valingai.
pitch my voice that high to sing.
dainuoti tokiu aukštu balsu.
contractions and weird whistling sounds,
ir keisti švilpimo garsai,
is extremely easy,
yra labai lengvas,
we might think it sounds a bit fake.
pagalvoti, skamba truputį netikrai.
an important social cue.
to laugh in a lot of situations,
juoktis daugelyje situacijų,
nasality in posed laughter,
nosies garsą valingame juoke,
if you were laughing involuntarily.
jei juokiatės nevalingai.
these two different sorts of things.
skirtingi dalykai.
to see how brains respond
kaip smegenys reaguoja,
this is a really boring experiment.
tai labai nuobodus eksperimentas.
real and posed laughs.
tikro ir apsimestinio juoko.
it was a study on laughter.
tai buvo juoko tyrimas.
to distract them,
juos blaškytume,
is lying listening to sounds.
and when you hear posed laughter,
ir apsimestinį juoką,
completely differently,
which lies in auditory cortex,
pažymėtos smegenų vietos,
more to the real laughs,
laughing involuntarily,
hear in any other context.
kitam kontekste.
with greater auditory processing
didesne klausos veikla,
laughing in a posed way,
juokiantis apsimestinai,
associated with mentalizing,
susijusios su protavimu,
somebody else is thinking.
which is completely boring
kas yra visiškai nuobodu
"A ha ha ha ha ha,"
„A cha cha cha cha“,
why they're laughing.
to understand it in context,
at that point in time,
anything to do with you,
šie žmonės juokiasi.
why those people are laughing.
kaip žmonės girdi tikrą ir valingą juoką
at how people hear real and posed laughter
atliktas su Karališkąja draugija,
we ran with the Royal Society,
dviejų klausimų.
two questions.
or posed do these laughs sound?
ir kiek dirbtinai jis skamba?
o apsimestinis – mėlynai.
and the posed laughs are shown in blue.
atpažįsti tikrą juoką.
and better at spotting real laughter.
they can't really hear the difference.
išgirsti skirtumą.
peak performance in this dataset
aukščiausio taško šioje lentelėje,
late 30s and early 40s.
by the time you hit puberty.
kol tu nesubrendi.
by the time your brain has matured
kol tavo smegenys nesubręsta
throughout your entire early adult life.
savo suaugusio žmogaus gyvenimą.
not, what does the laughter sound like
ne ar juokas skamba
or posed, but we say,
verčia tave patį juoktis,
make you want to laugh,
matome skirtingą pjūvį.
we see a different profile.
when you hear laughter.
kai išgirsti juoką.
when I had no idea what was going on.
tėvais, nesuprantančią kodėl.
than the posed laughs,
užkrečiamas, nei apsimestinis,
tampa mažiau užkrečiamas.
less contagious to you.
really grumpy as we get older,
su amžiumi,
understand laughter better,
suprantant juoką,
hearing people laugh to want to laugh.
juokiantis, kad irgi juoktumėtės.
lay assumptions are incorrect,
prielaidų buvo neteisingos,
there's even more to laughter
juokas yra svarbesnis,
we should look at,
į kurią reikėtų žiūrėti,
people are phenomenally nuanced
turi fenomenalių niuansų,
set of studies coming out
kurį atlieka
Kalifornijoje,
a longitudinal study with couples.
su poromis.
men and women, into the lab,
vyrus ir moteris
stressful conversations to have
pokalbius,
so he can see them becoming stressed.
poligrafą, kuris parodo jų stresą.
and he'll say to the husband,
sako vyrui,
that irritates you."
kas tave erzina.“
briefly, you and your partner --
save ir savo partnerį –
more stressed as soon as that starts.
susierzina, kai tik tai prasideda.
people become more stressed.
kaip žmonės stresuoja.
who manage that feeling of stress
valdo streso jausmą
positive emotions like laughter,
kaip juokas,
physically feeling better,
unpleasant situation better together,
geriau,
in their relationship
savo santykiais
at close relationships,
their emotions together.
savo emocijas.
to show that we like each other,
kad vienas kitą mėgstame,
feel better together.
jaustumėmės geriau.
to be limited to romantic relationships.
vien romantiškais santykiais.
going to be a characteristic
such as you might have with friends,
kokius galbūt turite su draugais,
young men in the former East Germany
jauni vyrai buvusioje Rytų Vokietijoje
their heavy metal band,
savo sunkaus metalo grupę,
and the mood is very serious,
labai rimta nuotaika,
what happens in terms of laughter
nutinka juoko požiūriu,
and how that changes the mood.
kaip pakeičia nuotaiką.
He's got swimming trunks on,
Apsivilkęs maudymosi glaudes,
They are already laughing, hard.
Jie jau stipriai juokiasi.
is it's all very serious
kad tai labai rimta,
as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,
ir kad nepavyksta jo pralaužti,
and bone everywhere,
with him standing there going,
ir jis liktų ten stovėti,
I think this is broken,"
manau, tai lūžo“,
Tai keltų stresą.
That would be stressful.
lūžusia koja ir juoktųsi,
with a visibly broken leg laughing,
mums reikia važiuoti į ligoninę“,
think we need to go to the hospital now,"
erzinančios, sunkios situacijos
embarrassing, difficult situation,
kurią mėgaujamės.
actually enjoying there,
įdomus juoko panaudojimas,
a really interesting use,
panašaus vykstant
something like this happening
vilkėdami savo apatinius.
on the ice in our underpants.
a relative who was being a bit difficult,
mano giminaitis buvo sudėtingas,
just before the whole thing started
visam tam dalykui,
that happened in a 1970s sitcom,
kas nutiko 1970 seriale,
I don't know why I'm doing this,
kad nežinau, kodėl tai darau,
something from somewhere
together with me.
mama juoktųsi su manimi.
to find some reason we can do this.
ieškojimas priežasties tam.
We're going to get through this.
Mes tai išgyvensime.
are doing this all the time.
visą laiką.
you don't even notice it.
kad net nepastebite.
how often they laugh,
kaip dažnai juokiasi,
when you laugh with people,
su žmonėmis,
a really ancient evolutionary system
senovinę evoliucinę sistemą,
to make and maintain social bonds,
kurtų ir puoselėtų socialinius ryšius,
to make ourselves feel better.
kad pasijustų geriau.
it's a really ancient behavior
tai tikrai senovinis elgesys,
and makes us feel better.
jaučiamės ir leidžia pasijusti geriau.
kai kalbame apie juoką,
but mammals. (Laughter)
(Juokas.)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sophie Scott - Neuroscientist, stand-up comicWhile exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic.
Why you should listen
As deputy director of the University College London’s Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Sophie Scott seeks out the neurological basis of communication, whether it’s speech or vocalized emotion.
As a pioneering researcher in the science of laughter, she’s made some unexpected discoveries -- including that rats are ticklish, and that the one tactic that’s almost guaranteed to get someone to laugh is to show them someone else laughing. But as an occasional stand-up comedian with UCL’s Bright Club, she shows that she’s no slouch at getting laughs herself.
Sophie Scott | Speaker | TED.com