TED2015
Sophie Scott: Why we laugh
Sophie Scott: Miks me naerame?
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Kas sa teadsid, et kellegagi koos olles on tõenäosus naerda 30 korda suurem kui üksi olles? Selles tempokas, põnevas ja naljakas loos läbime koos kognitiivse neuroteadlase Sophie Scottiga meeleoluka teekonna naeruteaduse radadel ning saame teada nii mõndagi huvitavat selle kohta, miks naermine meile vajalik on ja kuidas neuroteadus nendele järeldustele on jõudnud.
Sophie Scott - Neuroscientist, stand-up comic
While exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic. Full bio
While exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Hi. I'm going to talk
to you today about laughter,
to you today about laughter,
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Tere. Räägin teile täna naerust.
00:15
and I just want to start
by thinking about the first time
by thinking about the first time
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Alustuseks meenutaksin päris esimest korda,
kui mäletan, et märkasin kedagi naermas.
00:18
I can ever remember noticing laughter.
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00:20
This is when I was a little girl.
I would've been about six.
I would've been about six.
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Olin siis väike tüdruk, umbes 6-aastane.
00:23
And I came across my parents
doing something unusual,
doing something unusual,
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Ja juhtusin nägema oma vanemaid tegemas midagi ebatavalist.
Nad nimelt naersid kõvasti.
00:27
where they were laughing.
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00:28
They were laughing very, very hard.
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Nad lihtsalt lagistasid naerda.
00:30
They were lying on the floor laughing.
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Naersid nii, et olid naerust põrandal kõveras.
00:32
They were screaming with laughter.
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Nad olid naerust hullumas.
00:34
I did not know what they were
laughing at, but I wanted in.
laughing at, but I wanted in.
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Ma ei saanud küll aru, mille üle nad naeravad,
aga ma tahtsin ka.
Tahtsin, et mul oleks ka naljakas.
00:38
I wanted to be part of that,
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Läksin ja tegin siis ka lihtsalt "Hu-huu!"
00:40
and I kind of sat around at the edge
going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)
going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)
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(Naer)
00:43
Now, incidentally,
what they were laughing at
what they were laughing at
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Tuli välja, et nad naersid ühte laulu
00:47
was a song which people used to sing,
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mida tollal palju lauldi ja mille sisuks olid
rongide WC-des olevad sildid,
00:49
which was based around
signs in toilets on trains
signs in toilets on trains
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00:53
telling you what you could
and could not do
and could not do
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kus on kirjas, mida tohib ja mida ei tohi
00:56
in toilets on trains.
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teha rongi tualetis.
00:57
And the thing you have to remember
about the English is, of course,
about the English is, of course,
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Inglaste puhul tuleb muidugi arvestada,
et meil on ju erakordselt peen huumorimeel.
01:00
we do have an immensely
sophisticated sense of humor.
sophisticated sense of humor.
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(Naer)
01:03
(Laughter)
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01:04
At the time, though, I didn't
understand anything of that.
understand anything of that.
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Tollal ei saanud ma sellest midagi aru.
Mind huvitas ainult naer.
01:07
I just cared about the laughter,
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01:09
and actually, as a neuroscientist,
I've come to care about it again.
I've come to care about it again.
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Ja nüüd, neuroteadlasena, huvitab mind see naer jälle.
Naer on muidugi päris veider teema, mida uurida.
01:12
And it is a really weird thing to do.
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01:15
What I'm going to do now
is just play some examples
is just play some examples
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Annan teile kuulata mõned näited
01:17
of real human beings laughing,
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kuidas inimesed naeravad.
01:19
and I want you think about the sound
people make and how odd that can be,
people make and how odd that can be,
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Pöörake tähelepanu helidele, mida kuulete.
Kui kummaliselt see tegelikult kõlab,
kui primitiivne on naeru kõla helilises mõttes,
01:22
and in fact how primitive
laughter is as a sound.
laughter is as a sound.
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01:25
It's much more like an animal call
than it is like speech.
than it is like speech.
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see meenutab pigem loomade häälitsusi kui kõnet.
01:28
So here we've got some laughter for you.
The first one is pretty joyful.
The first one is pretty joyful.
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Nüüd kuulete natuke naeru.
Esimene näide on päris lustlik.
01:31
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Heli: naer)
01:47
Now this next guy, I need him to breathe.
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See järgmine mees peaks hingama ka.
01:50
There's a point in there
where I'm just, like,
where I'm just, like,
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Ühe koha peal tuleb küll tahtmine öelda, et
01:52
you've got to get some air in there, mate,
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kuule mees, sa pead hingama ka,
01:54
because he just sounds
like he's breathing out.
like he's breathing out.
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sest kõlab nagu ta hingaks ainult välja.
01:56
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Heli: naer)
02:05
This hasn't been edited; this is him.
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See pole monteeritud. Nii ta naerabki.
02:08
(Audio: Laughing)
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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(Heli: naer)
02:14
And finally we have --
this is a human female laughing.
this is a human female laughing.
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Ning viimasena kuulete ühe naise naeru.
02:18
And laughter can take us to some pretty
odd places in terms of making noises.
odd places in terms of making noises.
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Naerdes võime tekitada päris imelikke helisid.
02:22
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Heli: naer)
Ta ütleb: "Appike, mis see on?" prantsuse keeles.
02:41
She actually says, "Oh my God,
what is that?" in French.
what is that?" in French.
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Me küsiks ilmselt samamoodi.
02:44
We're all kind of with her.
I have no idea.
I have no idea.
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Ja ma lihtsalt ei kujuta ette.
Naeru mõistmiseks tuleb vaadelda üht keha piirkonda,
02:48
Now, to understand laughter,
you have to look at a part of the body
you have to look at a part of the body
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mida psühholoogid ja neuroteadlased tavaliselt väga ei uuri.
02:51
that psychologists and neuroscientists
don't normally spend much time looking at,
don't normally spend much time looking at,
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Jutt on rinnakorvist.
02:55
which is the ribcage,
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Ei ole nagu midagi erilist, aga me kasutame rinnakorvi kogu aeg.
02:56
and it doesn't seem terribly exciting,
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02:58
but actually you're all using
your ribcage all the time.
your ribcage all the time.
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See, mida te kõik parajasti oma rinnakorviga teete
03:00
What you're all doing
at the moment with your ribcage,
at the moment with your ribcage,
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- ja ärge seda järele jätke - ,
ongi hingamine.
03:03
and don't stop doing it, is breathing.
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Kasutame roietevahelisi lihaseid kopsudesse õhu toomiseks ja viimiseks.
03:05
So you use the intercostal muscles,
the muscles between your ribs,
the muscles between your ribs,
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03:08
to bring air in and out of your lungs
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Tänu rinnakorvi paisumisele ja kokkutõmbumisele käib õhk sisse-välja .
03:10
just by expanding
and contracting your ribcage,
and contracting your ribcage,
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Kui ma paneks andurvöö ümber rinnakorvi,
03:12
and if I was to put a strap
around the outside of your chest
around the outside of your chest
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vaadake siin seda graafikut,
03:15
called a breath belt, and just look
at that movement,
at that movement,
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näete rahulikku sinusoidset liikumist.
03:17
you see a rather gentle sinusoidal
movement, so that's breathing.
movement, so that's breathing.
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See ongi hingamine.
Te kõik teete seda, jätkake samamoodi.
03:21
You're all doing it. Don't stop.
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Kui aga hakkate rääkima, kasutate hingamist hoopis teisiti.
03:22
As soon as you start talking,
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03:24
you start using your breathing
completely differently.
completely differently.
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Minu hingamine näeb praegu välja umbes selline.
03:26
So what I'm doing now is you see
something much more like this.
something much more like this.
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Rääkides on rinnakorvi liikumine tihedam, õhk pigistatakse välja.
03:29
In talking, you use very fine
movements of the ribcage
movements of the ribcage
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03:32
to squeeze the air out --
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Me oleme ainus liik, kes nii suudab teha.
03:33
and in fact, we're the only animals
that can do this.
that can do this.
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Tänu sellele saamegi üldse rääkida.
03:36
It's why we can talk at all.
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Nii rääkimisel ja hingamisel on aga üks surmavaenlane,
03:37
Now, both talking and breathing
has a mortal enemy,
has a mortal enemy,
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03:40
and that enemy is laughter,
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See vaenlane on naer.
03:43
because what happens when you laugh
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Naerdes hakkavad samad lihased väga rütmiliselt kokkutõmbuma.
03:45
is those same muscles
start to contract very regularly,
start to contract very regularly,
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Toimub tihe üles-alla liikumine, mis pigistab õhku välja
03:48
and you get this very marked
sort of zig-zagging,
sort of zig-zagging,
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03:51
and that's just squeezing
the air out of you.
the air out of you.
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Põhimõtteliselt on see kõige lihtsam viis heli tekitada.
03:53
It literally is that basic a way
of making a sound.
of making a sound.
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03:56
You could be stamping on somebody,
it's having the same effect.
it's having the same effect.
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Kui trambiksite kellegi otsas, annaks see samasuguse efekti.
03:59
You're just squeezing air out,
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Õhk lihtsalt pressitakse välja ja iga kokkusurumine tekitab heli.
04:00
and each of those contractions --
Ha! -- gives you a sound.
Ha! -- gives you a sound.
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Kui need kokkutõmbed sagenevad, tekivad justkui spasmid,
04:03
And as the contractions run together,
you can get these spasms,
you can get these spasms,
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ja tuleb kuuldavale midagi sellist: (kähin)
04:06
and that's when you start getting
these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.
these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.
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Mul tuleb see väga hästi välja..
04:10
I'm brilliant at this. (Laughter)
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(Naer)
04:13
Now, in terms of the science of laughter,
there isn't very much,
there isn't very much,
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Kuigi naeruteadus pole just väga arenenud valdkond,
04:17
but it does turn out that pretty much
everything we think we know
everything we think we know
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paistab, et suur osa sellest, mida me naeru kohta arvame teadvat,
04:20
about laughter is wrong.
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ei pea paika.
04:23
So it's not at all unusual, for example,
to hear people to say
to hear people to say
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Sageli väidetakse, et inimene on ainus liik, kes suudab naerda.
04:25
humans are the only animals that laugh.
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Nietzsche on öelnud, et inimesed on ainsad olendid, kes naeravad.
04:28
Nietzsche thought that humans
are the only animals that laugh.
are the only animals that laugh.
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Tegelikult naeravad paljud imetajad.
04:30
In fact, you find laughter
throughout the mammals.
throughout the mammals.
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04:33
It's been well-described
and well-observed in primates,
and well-observed in primates,
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On selgeid tõendeid, et ahvid naeravad
naermist on tuvastatud ka rottidel.
04:35
but you also see it in rats,
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04:37
and wherever you find it --
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Ja kes siis parajasti ka ei naeraks,
04:38
humans, primates, rats --
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olgu need inimesed, ahvid või rotid,
04:40
you find it associated
with things like tickling.
with things like tickling.
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esineb naer kindlates olukordades, näiteks kõdistamisel.
Sama kehtib inimeste kohta.
04:43
That's the same for humans.
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04:46
You find it associated with play,
and all mammals play.
and all mammals play.
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Naer on seotud mängimisega
- kõik imetajad ju mängivad.
04:51
And wherever you find it,
it's associated with interactions.
it's associated with interactions.
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Naermine on alati seotud omavahelise suhtlemisega.
04:55
So Robert Provine, who has done
a lot of work on this,
a lot of work on this,
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Robert Provine, kes on selle teemaga põhjalikult tegelenud, leidis,
04:58
has pointed out that you are 30 times
more likely to laugh
more likely to laugh
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et me naerame 30 korda tõenäolisemalt siis, kui oleme kellegagi koos
05:02
if you are with somebody else
than if you're on your own,
than if you're on your own,
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kui siis, kui oleme üksi
05:06
and where you find most laughter
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ja kõige rohkem naerdakse suhtlussituatsioonis, näiteks vesteldes.
05:08
is in social interactions
like conversation.
like conversation.
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05:10
So if you ask human beings,
"When do you laugh?"
"When do you laugh?"
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Kui inimestelt küsida: "Millal te naerate?"
05:13
they'll talk about comedy and they'll talk
about humor and they'll talk about jokes.
about humor and they'll talk about jokes.
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nimetatakse komöödiat, huumorit ja nalju.
05:17
If you look at when they laugh,
they're laughing with their friends.
they're laughing with their friends.
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Aga kõige rohkem naerdakse siis, kui ollakse koos sõpradega
05:20
And when we laugh with people, we're
hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.
hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.
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Ja sõpradega koos olles ei naera me tingimata konkreetsete naljade üle.
05:23
You are laughing to show people
that you understand them,
that you understand them,
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Naerdame, et väljendada mõistmist -
05:26
that you agree with them, that you're
part of the same group as them.
part of the same group as them.
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et näidata teistele nõustumist, kuulumist samasse gruppi
Naerdame, et väljendada meeldimist. Ehk isegi armastust.
05:29
You're laughing to show
that you like them.
that you like them.
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05:31
You might even love them.
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Naerdakse samaaegselt vestlemisega
05:33
You're doing all that at the same time
as talking to them,
as talking to them,
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05:35
and the laughter is doing a lot
of that emotional work for you.
of that emotional work for you.
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väljendades nõnda oma emotsioone.
Nagu näete, ja sama leidis ka Robert Provine,
05:38
Something that Robert Provine
has pointed out, as you can see here,
has pointed out, as you can see here,
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on naermise põhjus selles,
ja seda nii varasemates naeruklippides
05:41
and the reason why we were laughing
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05:43
when we heard those
funny laughs at the start,
funny laughs at the start,
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kui ka siis, kui ma oma vanemaid naersin,
05:45
and why I was laughing
when I found my parents laughing,
when I found my parents laughing,
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et naer on kohutavalt nakkav. Naer hakkab lihtsalt külge.
05:48
is that it's an enormously
behaviorally contagious effect.
behaviorally contagious effect.
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05:51
You can catch laughter from somebody else,
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Eriti nakkav on naer siis, kui sa seda teist inimest tunned.
05:53
and you are more likely to catch laughter
off somebody else if you know them.
off somebody else if you know them.
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Seega on naer mõjutatud ka sotsiaalsest kontekstist.
05:57
So it's still modulated
by this social context.
by this social context.
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05:59
You have to put humor to one side
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Paneme huumori kõrvale ning
06:00
and think about the social
meaning of laughter
meaning of laughter
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mõtleme naeru sotsiaalse tähenduse peale,
06:03
because that's where its origins lie.
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kuna see naeru evolutsiooniline lähtepunkt.
06:05
Now, something I've got very interested in
is different kinds of laughter,
is different kinds of laughter,
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Mind huvitavad väga erinevad naerud.
06:09
and we have some neurobiological evidence
about how human beings vocalize
about how human beings vocalize
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Meil on neurobioloogilisi tõendeid
selle kohta, kuidas inimene häält tekitab,
06:14
that suggests there might be
two kinds of laughs that we have.
two kinds of laughs that we have.
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ilmneb, et inimestel võib olla kahte sorti naeru.
06:18
So it seems possible that the neurobiology
for helpless, involuntary laughter,
for helpless, involuntary laughter,
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Seega paistab, et selle spontaanse naeru neurobioloogiline taust,
mis mu vanemaid seda napakat laulu kuuldes põrandal tabas
06:23
like my parents lying on the floor
screaming about a silly song,
screaming about a silly song,
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võib olla sootuks erinev kui sellisel viisakamal naerul
06:26
might have a different basis to it
than some of that more polite
than some of that more polite
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mida me kasutame suhtlemisel ja mis ei ole nii ülevoolav,
06:29
social laughter that you encounter,
which isn't horrible laughter,
which isn't horrible laughter,
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see pole tingimata tehtud naer,
06:32
but it's behavior somebody is doing
as part of their communicative act to you,
as part of their communicative act to you,
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aga kasutame seda lihtsalt suhtlusvahendina,
06:36
part of their interaction with you;
they are choosing to do this.
they are choosing to do this.
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rakendame seda teadlikult.
06:40
In our evolution, we have developed
two different ways of vocalizing.
two different ways of vocalizing.
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Evolutsiooni käigus on inimesel arenenud välja kaks hääle tekitamise viisi.
06:43
Involuntary vocalizations
are part of an older system
are part of an older system
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Tahtmatud häälitsused pärinevad vanemast süsteemist,
Tahtlik kõne, nagu ma siin praegu räägin, on hilisem.
06:46
than the more voluntary vocalizations
like the speech I'm doing now.
like the speech I'm doing now.
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06:49
So we might imagine that laughter
might actually have two different roots.
might actually have two different roots.
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Võiks arvata, et ka naermisel on kaks erinevat lähtekohta.
06:53
So I've been looking at this
in more detail.
in more detail.
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See ongi olnud minu uurimisteemaks.
06:55
To do this, we've had to make
recordings of people laughing,
recordings of people laughing,
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Selleks oleme lindistanud inimeste naeru,
06:58
and we've had to do whatever it takes
to make people laugh,
to make people laugh,
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teinud kõik selleks, et neid naerma ajada.
07:01
and we got those same people
to produce more posed, social laughter.
to produce more posed, social laughter.
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Palusime samadel inimesed teha ka seda tehtud viisakat naeru.
07:04
So imagine your friend told a joke,
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"Kujuta ette, et su sõber teeb nalja
07:05
and you're laughing because
you like your friend,
you like your friend,
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ning sa naerad, sest ta meeldib sulle,
mitte et see nali väga naljakas oleks."
07:08
but not really because
the joke's all that.
the joke's all that.
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07:10
So I'm going to play you
a couple of those.
a couple of those.
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Ma lasen teile mõnda neist.
07:12
I want you to tell me if you think
this laughter is real laughter,
this laughter is real laughter,
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Ma tahan, et te ütleksite, kas see naer on loomulik
või tehtud naer.
07:15
or if you think it's posed.
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07:16
So is this involuntary laughter
or more voluntary laughter?
or more voluntary laughter?
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Teisisõnu, kas see on tahtlik või spontaanne naer.
07:19
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Heli: naer)
07:24
What does that sound like to you?
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Kuidas see tundub?
07:26
Audience: Posed.
Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.
Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.
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Tehtud? Tehtud.
07:28
How about this one?
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Aga see? Tehtud.
07:29
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Heli: naer)
07:34
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
07:35
I'm the best.
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Mina olen parim!
07:37
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Naer) (Aplaus)
07:39
Not really.
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Tegelikult mitte.
07:41
No, that was helpless laughter,
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Ei. See oli spontaanne naer.
07:43
and in fact, to record that,
all they had to do was record me
all they had to do was record me
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Minu naeru salvestamiseks, tuli mind tabada hetkel, kui lindistasin midagi
07:47
watching one of my friends listening to
something I knew she wanted to laugh at,
something I knew she wanted to laugh at,
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mis oleks mu sõpra naerma ajanud ja kujutasin ette teda naermas
ning juba ma naersingi.
07:50
and I just started doing this.
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07:52
What you find is that people
are good at telling the difference
are good at telling the difference
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Näeme, et on inimestel lihtne ära tunda spontaanset ja tehtud naeru.
07:55
between real and posed laughter.
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Meie kõrva jaoks tunduvad need erinevad.
07:57
They seem to be different things to us.
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Huvitaval kombel on šimpansidega on sama lugu.
07:59
Interestingly, you see something
quite similar with chimpanzees.
quite similar with chimpanzees.
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Nad naeravad kõdistamise peale teistmoodi
08:02
Chimpanzees laugh differently
if they're being tickled
if they're being tickled
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kui üksteisega mängides.
08:04
than if they're playing with each other,
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Siin näeme midagi sarnast:
08:06
and we might be seeing
something like that here,
something like that here,
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spontaanne naer, mis kaasneb kõdistamisega, on suhtlemisnaerust erinev.
08:08
involuntary laughter, tickling laughter,
being different from social laughter.
being different from social laughter.
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Ka akustiliselt siin suur erinevus.
08:12
They're acoustically very different.
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Päris naer kestab pikemalt ja on kõrgema tooniga.
08:14
The real laughs are longer.
They're higher in pitch.
They're higher in pitch.
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Kõvasti naerma hakates
08:16
When you start laughing hard,
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surutakse kopsudest õhk välja palju suurema survega
08:18
you start squeezing air out
from your lungs
from your lungs
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kui seda oleks võimalik ise teha.
08:20
under much higher pressures
than you could ever produce voluntarily.
than you could ever produce voluntarily.
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Ma ei suudaks eales sama kõrgelt laulda.
08:23
For example, I could never
pitch my voice that high to sing.
pitch my voice that high to sing.
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Lisaks on kuulda igasuguseid
08:26
Also, you start to get these sort of
contractions and weird whistling sounds,
contractions and weird whistling sounds,
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ähkivaid ja vilistavaid häälitsusi.
08:30
all of which mean that real laughter
is extremely easy,
is extremely easy,
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See näitab, et loomulik naer tuleb lihtsalt
08:32
or feels extremely easy to spot.
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või vähemalt on seda lihtne ära tunda.
08:34
In contrast, posed laughter,
we might think it sounds a bit fake.
we might think it sounds a bit fake.
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Sama ajal võib tehtud naer tunduda võltsina.
Aga päris nii see ei ole, sel naerul on oluline sotsiaalne tähendus.
08:39
Actually, it's not, it's actually
an important social cue.
an important social cue.
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Seda kasutatakse tihti. On palju olukordi, kus me tahtlikult naerame
08:42
We use it a lot, we're choosing
to laugh in a lot of situations,
to laugh in a lot of situations,
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ja sellel on oma mõte.
08:45
and it seems to be its own thing.
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08:47
So, for example, you find
nasality in posed laughter,
nasality in posed laughter,
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Tehtud naer võib olla nasaalne,
08:50
that kind of "ha ha ha ha ha" sound
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selline "Ha-haa-haa-haa!" hääl.
08:52
that you never get, you could not do,
if you were laughing involuntarily.
if you were laughing involuntarily.
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Spontaanses naerus sellist tämbrit ei kuule, või õigemini, ei saagi tekkida.
08:55
So they do seem to be genuinely
these two different sorts of things.
these two different sorts of things.
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Seega eksisteeribki kaks täiesti erinevat naeru.
08:58
We took it into the scanner
to see how brains respond
to see how brains respond
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Skännisime naeru kuulvate inimeste aju,
et näha, kuidas aju reageerib naeruhelile.
09:01
when you hear laughter.
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09:02
And when you do this,
this is a really boring experiment.
this is a really boring experiment.
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Selles eksperimendis osalemine on kohutavalt igav.
Lasime inimestele ehedat naeru ja tehtud naeru.
09:05
We just played people
real and posed laughs.
real and posed laughs.
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09:07
We didn't tell them
it was a study on laughter.
it was a study on laughter.
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Me ei öelnud katsealustele, et uurime naeru.
09:09
We put other sounds in there
to distract them,
to distract them,
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Lisasime petteks ka igasuguseid muid hääli, et tähelepanu hajutada.
09:11
and all they're doing
is lying listening to sounds.
is lying listening to sounds.
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Nende ülesandeks oli lihtsalt lamada ja kuulata helisid.
09:14
We don't tell them to do anything.
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Ühtegi muud korraldust me ei andnud.
09:15
Nonetheless, when you hear real laughter
and when you hear posed laughter,
and when you hear posed laughter,
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Sellegipoolest reageerib aju spontaansele naerule ja tehtud naerule täiesti erinevalt.
09:19
the brains are responding
completely differently,
completely differently,
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Ja see erinevus on oluline.
09:21
significantly differently.
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Sinised ajuosakesed, mida pildil näed, asuvad aju kuulmispiirkonnas
09:23
What you see in the regions in blue,
which lies in auditory cortex,
which lies in auditory cortex,
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ja reageerivad pigem ehedale naerule.
09:26
are the brain areas that respond
more to the real laughs,
more to the real laughs,
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Ja paistab, et spontaanset naeru kuuldes jäävad meile kõrva helid
09:29
and what seems to be the case,
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09:30
when you hear somebody
laughing involuntarily,
laughing involuntarily,
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mida kuskil mujal ei kuule. Aktiveeruvad konkreetsed ajupiirkonnad.
09:33
you hear sounds you would never
hear in any other context.
hear in any other context.
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09:35
It's very unambiguous,
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On selgelt näha, et eheda naeru kuulmine käivitab ajus täiendava infotöötluse,
09:36
and it seems to be associated
with greater auditory processing
with greater auditory processing
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et analüüsida uudseid helisid.
09:39
of these novel sounds.
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09:41
In contrast, when you hear somebody
laughing in a posed way,
laughing in a posed way,
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Kui aga kuuldakse tehtud naeru,
09:45
what you see are these regions in pink,
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aktiveeruvad ajus roosaga tähistatud alad,
09:47
which are occupying brain areas
associated with mentalizing,
associated with mentalizing,
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piirkonnad, mille ülesandeks on tajutu mõtestamine,
09:50
thinking about what
somebody else is thinking.
somebody else is thinking.
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arusaamine sellest, mida keegi teine mõtleb.
09:52
And I think what that means is,
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Mina loen siit välja seda, et isegi kui inimene peab aju skännimise ajal
09:53
even if you're having your brain scanned,
which is completely boring
which is completely boring
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igasuguseid helisid kuulama, mis on väga igav ja tüütu,
09:56
and not very interesting,
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09:58
when you hear somebody going,
"A ha ha ha ha ha,"
"A ha ha ha ha ha,"
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aga kuuldes "Ha-haa-haa!", üritab aju aru saada
10:00
you're trying to work out
why they're laughing.
why they're laughing.
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miks niimoodi naerdakse.
10:02
Laughter is always meaningful.
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Naerul on alati tähendus.
10:04
You are always trying
to understand it in context,
to understand it in context,
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Naerust üritatakse alati aru saada, mõista selle konteksti,
10:06
even if, as far as you are concerned,
at that point in time,
at that point in time,
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isegi kui konkreetsel ajahetkel pole sel naerul sinuga midagi pistmist,
10:09
it has not necessarily
anything to do with you,
anything to do with you,
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tahaksid ikkagi teada, miks nad naeravad.
10:11
you still want to know
why those people are laughing.
why those people are laughing.
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Meil oli ka võimalus uurida,
10:14
Now, we've had the opportunity to look
at how people hear real and posed laughter
at how people hear real and posed laughter
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kuidas erinevas vanuses inimesed ehedat ja tehtud naeru tajuvad.
10:18
across the age range.
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Selle veebipõhise ekperimendi tegime koos Kuningliku Teadusühinguga.
10:19
So this is an online experiment
we ran with the Royal Society,
we ran with the Royal Society,
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2931
10:21
and here we just asked people
two questions.
two questions.
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Esitasime kaks küsimust.
10:24
First of all, they heard some laughs,
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Esmalt kuulati erinevaid naere ja püüti arvata ära,
10:25
and they had to say, how real
or posed do these laughs sound?
or posed do these laughs sound?
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kas see on ehe või tehtud naer.
Ehe naer on märgitud sinisega,
10:28
The real laughs are shown in red
and the posed laughs are shown in blue.
and the posed laughs are shown in blue.
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tehtud naer punasega.
Siin on näha selge trend:
10:32
What you see is there is a rapid onset.
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mida vanemaks inimene saab,
10:34
As you get older, you get better
and better at spotting real laughter.
and better at spotting real laughter.
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3352
seda paremini tunneb ta ära ehtsa naeru.
10:37
So six-year-olds are at chance,
they can't really hear the difference.
they can't really hear the difference.
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6-aastased ei tee näiteks üldse vahet.
10:40
By the time you are older, you get better,
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Vananedes see oskus paraneb,
kuid huvitaval kombel
10:43
but interestingly, you do not hit
peak performance in this dataset
peak performance in this dataset
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on eristusvõime tugevaim 30ndate lõpus, 40ndate alguses.
10:46
until you are in your
late 30s and early 40s.
late 30s and early 40s.
225
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10:50
You don't understand laughter fully
by the time you hit puberty.
by the time you hit puberty.
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Puberteedieas naeru veel nii hästi ei mõisteta.
10:53
You don't understand laughter fully
by the time your brain has matured
by the time your brain has matured
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Isegi teismeliseea lõpus, mil aju on väljaarenenud
ei ole naerust arusaamine veel täielik.
10:56
at the end of your teens.
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1394
10:58
You're learning about laughter
throughout your entire early adult life.
throughout your entire early adult life.
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Naeru õpitakse tundma kogu varase täieskasvanuea.
11:01
If we turn the question around and now say
not, what does the laughter sound like
not, what does the laughter sound like
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Kui me aga muudame fookust ja ei küsi enam
kui loomulik või tehtud see naer on,
11:05
in terms of being real
or posed, but we say,
or posed, but we say,
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vaid kas see naer ajab sind naerma?
11:07
how much does this laughter
make you want to laugh,
make you want to laugh,
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Kui nakkav see naer on?
11:10
how contagious is this laughter to you,
we see a different profile.
we see a different profile.
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saame sootuks teistsuguse tulemuse.
11:13
And here, the younger you are,
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Siin näeme, et mida noorem ollakse,
11:14
the more you want to join in
when you hear laughter.
when you hear laughter.
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seda innukamalt minnakse naeruga kaasa.
11:17
Remember me laughing with my parents
when I had no idea what was going on.
when I had no idea what was going on.
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Tuletage meelde, kuidas ma oma vanematega kaasa naersin
kuigi ei saanud aru, mida naerdakse.
Ja täpselt nii see ongi.
11:20
You really can see this.
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Kõigi, nii noorte kui vanade arvates
11:22
Now everybody, young and old,
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11:23
finds the real laughs more contagious
than the posed laughs,
than the posed laughs,
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2845
on ehe naer nakkavam kui teeseldud naer,
11:26
but as you get older, it all becomes
less contagious to you.
less contagious to you.
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aga vanuse kasvades teiste naer enam nõnda ei nakata.
11:29
Now, either we're all just becoming
really grumpy as we get older,
really grumpy as we get older,
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See võib olla tingitud sellest, muutume vananedes ülimalt kibestunuks
või hoopis sellest,
11:33
or it may mean that as you
understand laughter better,
understand laughter better,
242
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et kuna vanemana mõistetakse naeru paremini ja osatakse ka ise paremat nalja teha,
11:36
and you are getting better at doing that,
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on ka naerma hakkamiseks vaja enamat kui vaid kellegi teise naeru kuulmist.
11:38
you need more than just
hearing people laugh to want to laugh.
hearing people laugh to want to laugh.
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11:41
You need the social stuff there.
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Naermiseks on nüüd vaja ka sotsiaalset konteksti.
Naer on üks põnev käitumuslik nähtus,
11:43
So we've got a very interesting behavior
246
691986
1974
11:45
about which a lot of our
lay assumptions are incorrect,
lay assumptions are incorrect,
247
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3153
mille kohta on levinud palju alusetuid eelarvamusi.
Olen jõudnud arusaamisele, et naer midagi on palju enamat,
11:49
but I'm coming to see that actually
there's even more to laughter
there's even more to laughter
248
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see on tähtis sotsiaalne emotsioon, mida tuleks põhjalikult uurida.
11:52
than it's an important social emotion
we should look at,
we should look at,
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2731
Tuleb välja, et inimestel on väga peen süsteem
11:55
because it turns out
people are phenomenally nuanced
people are phenomenally nuanced
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2919
kuidas naeru kasutatakse.
11:58
in terms of how we use laughter.
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12:00
There's a really lovely
set of studies coming out
set of studies coming out
252
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2284
Valmimas on mitmeid vahvaid uurimusi
12:02
from Robert Levenson's lab in California,
253
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2094
Robert Levensoni laboris Californias.
12:04
where he's doing
a longitudinal study with couples.
a longitudinal study with couples.
254
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2476
Ta viib läbi paaride pikaajalist uurimust.
12:07
He gets married couples,
men and women, into the lab,
men and women, into the lab,
255
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2783
Abielupaarid - mehed ja naised - tulevad laborisse
12:09
and he gives them
stressful conversations to have
stressful conversations to have
256
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2294
ja ta annab neile mõne tundliku vestlusteema.
12:12
while he wires them up to a polygraph
so he can see them becoming stressed.
so he can see them becoming stressed.
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3532
Neile pannakse külge andurid, nii et
polügraafi abil on stressitaseme tõus kohe näha.
12:15
So you've got the two of them in there,
and he'll say to the husband,
and he'll say to the husband,
258
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3235
Üks paar on ruumis ja mehele öeldakse:
12:18
"Tell me something that your wife does
that irritates you."
that irritates you."
259
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2782
"Räägi mõnest asjast, mida Su naine teeb ja mis sind häirib."
Ja kohe võib näha reaktsiooni -
12:21
And what you see is immediately --
260
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1616
võite sarnast olukorda enda ja oma partneri peal ette kujutada -
12:23
just run that one through your head
briefly, you and your partner --
briefly, you and your partner --
261
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3327
kõik muutuksid natuke närvilisemaks niipea kui see algab.
12:26
you can imagine everybody gets a bit
more stressed as soon as that starts.
more stressed as soon as that starts.
262
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4148
Füüsiliselt on võimalik näha, kuidas närvipinge kasvab.
12:30
You can see physically,
people become more stressed.
people become more stressed.
263
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2624
12:33
What he finds is that the couples
who manage that feeling of stress
who manage that feeling of stress
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5782
Uurimuses ilmneb, et paarid,
kes oma stressiga naeru ja positiivsete emotsioonide abil toime tulevad,
12:39
with laughter,
positive emotions like laughter,
positive emotions like laughter,
265
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3506
mitte ainult ei vähenda koheselt pinget ja stressitaset
12:42
not only immediately become less stressed,
266
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vaid ka tunnevad ennast füüsiliselt märksa paremini.
12:46
they can see them
physically feeling better,
physically feeling better,
267
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2414
12:48
they're dealing with this
unpleasant situation better together,
unpleasant situation better together,
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Need paarid tulevad ebameeldiva olukorraga paremini toime üheskoos.
Samad paarid hindavad oma suhet rahuldustpakkuvamaks
12:52
they are also the couples that report
269
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1821
12:53
high levels of satisfaction
in their relationship
in their relationship
270
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ja nad on kauem koos.
12:56
and they stay together for longer.
271
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1671
12:57
So in fact, when you look
at close relationships,
at close relationships,
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Nii et paarisuhte puhul on naer vägagi kõnekas näitaja,
13:00
laughter is a phenomenally useful index
273
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mille põhjal saab hinnata, kuidas oma emotsioonidega üheskoos toime tullakse.
13:02
of how people are regulating
their emotions together.
their emotions together.
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2473
13:04
We're not just emitting it at each other
to show that we like each other,
to show that we like each other,
275
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3425
Me ei naera mitte üksteisele meeldimise väljendamiseks,
vaid ka ühise heaolu tõstmiseks.
13:08
we're making ourselves
feel better together.
feel better together.
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2055
13:10
Now, I don't think this is going
to be limited to romantic relationships.
to be limited to romantic relationships.
277
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3451
Ma ei arva, et selline käitumine oleks omane vaid paarisuhtele.
See on iseloomulik ka teistele emotsionaalselt lähedasele suhetele,
13:13
I think this is probably
going to be a characteristic
going to be a characteristic
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näiteks sõprussuhetele.
13:16
of close emotional relationships
such as you might have with friends,
such as you might have with friends,
279
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3318
13:19
which explains my next clip,
280
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1829
Sama loogika alusel saab seletada ka järgmist klippi -
13:21
which is of a YouTube video of some
young men in the former East Germany
young men in the former East Germany
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3645
tegu on YouTube'i videoga, kus endise Ida-Saksamaa noored
13:24
on making a video to promote
their heavy metal band,
their heavy metal band,
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3506
teevad promovideot oma heavy metal bändile.
See on väga macho ja karm klipp, aga pange tähele,
13:28
and it's extremely macho,
and the mood is very serious,
and the mood is very serious,
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13:31
and I want you to notice
what happens in terms of laughter
what happens in terms of laughter
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mis roll on siin naerul, kui asjad vussi lähevad
13:34
when things go wrong
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13:36
and how quickly that happens,
and how that changes the mood.
and how that changes the mood.
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pange tähele, kui kiiresti see käib, kuidas meeleolu muutub.
13:41
He's cold. He's about to get wet.
He's got swimming trunks on,
He's got swimming trunks on,
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Tal on külm. Tal tuleb kohe vette minna, ujumispüksid on jalas.
Rätik on ka.
13:44
got a towel.
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13:48
Ice.
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Jää.
13:50
What might possibly happen?
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Mis siin saaks küll juhtuda?
13:54
Video starts.
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Video algab.
13:57
Serious mood.
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Karm värk.
Nüüd hüppame.
14:06
And his friends are already laughing.
They are already laughing, hard.
They are already laughing, hard.
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Tema sõbrad juba naeravad - ja päris kõvasti.
14:11
He's not laughing yet.
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Tema veel mitte.
14:14
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
14:16
He's starting to go now.
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Ta hakkab vaikselt naeru puksuma.
14:25
And now they're all off.
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Ja nüüd juba hirnuvad nad kõik.
14:27
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
14:44
They're on the floor.
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Nad on kõveras maas.
14:46
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
14:55
The thing I really like about that
is it's all very serious
is it's all very serious
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Mulle meeldib siin just see,
et kõik on väga tõsine, kuni ta hüppab jääle.
14:59
until he jumps onto the ice, and
as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,
as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,
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Aga kui ta läbi ei vaju,
verd ja konte pole ka kuskil,
15:02
but also there isn't blood
and bone everywhere,
and bone everywhere,
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15:05
his friends start laughing.
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hakkavad ta sõbrad lihtsalt naerma.
15:06
And imagine if that had played him out
with him standing there going,
with him standing there going,
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Ma arvan, et kui see oleks välja mängitud
15:09
"No seriously, Heinrich,
I think this is broken,"
I think this is broken,"
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nii, et ta ütleb: "Heinrich see on katki!"
Siis ei oleks seda lõbus vaadata, see tekitaks ebamugavust.
15:12
we wouldn't enjoy watching that.
That would be stressful.
That would be stressful.
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Kui ta jookseks lahtise luumurruga naerdes ringi
15:15
Or if he was running around
with a visibly broken leg laughing,
with a visibly broken leg laughing,
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ja ta sõbrad ütleks, et tuleb haiglasse minna,
15:18
and his friends are going, "Heinrich, I
think we need to go to the hospital now,"
think we need to go to the hospital now,"
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ei oleks ka üldse naljakas.
Fakt, et naer toimib, muutes valusa ja piinliku olukorra
15:22
that also wouldn't be funny.
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15:23
The fact that the laughter works,
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naljakaks, on minu arust huvitav ja tore.
15:25
it gets him from a painful,
embarrassing, difficult situation,
embarrassing, difficult situation,
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15:28
into a funny situation, into what we're
actually enjoying there,
actually enjoying there,
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Selliseid asju juhtub tegelikult kogu aeg.
15:31
and I think that's
a really interesting use,
a really interesting use,
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Midagi sarnast leidis aset ka mu isa matustel.
15:33
and it's actually happening all the time.
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15:35
For example, I can remember
something like this happening
something like this happening
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Ei, me ei hüpanud aluspükstes mööda jääd.
15:37
at my father's funeral.
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15:39
We weren't jumping around
on the ice in our underpants.
on the ice in our underpants.
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Me ei ole Kanadast.
15:41
We're not Canadian.
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15:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Naer) (Aplaus)
Sellised sündmused on alati keerulised.
15:46
These events are always difficult, I had
a relative who was being a bit difficult,
a relative who was being a bit difficult,
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Mul oli seal üks sugulane, kellega polnud lihtne.
15:50
my mum was not in a good place,
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Mu ema ei tundnud end hästi ja leidsin end ühtäkki
15:52
and I can remember finding myself
just before the whole thing started
just before the whole thing started
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just enne tseremoonia algust rääkimas mingist
15:55
telling this story about something
that happened in a 1970s sitcom,
that happened in a 1970s sitcom,
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jaburast episoodist ühes 70ndate telekomöödias
15:59
and I just thought at the time,
I don't know why I'm doing this,
I don't know why I'm doing this,
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ise mõeldes, miks ma seda teen.
16:02
and what I realized I was doing
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Siis aga taipasin, et üritasin meeleheitlikult
16:04
was I was coming up with
something from somewhere
something from somewhere
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meenutada midagi, mis teda koos minuga naerma paneks.
16:07
I could use to make her laugh
together with me.
together with me.
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Et ta naeraks koos minuga.
Väga algeline reaktsioon, et leida väljapääs.
16:11
It was a very basic reaction
to find some reason we can do this.
to find some reason we can do this.
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Kui me koos naerame, siis me saame hakkama.
16:14
We can laugh together.
We're going to get through this.
We're going to get through this.
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16:17
We're going to be okay.
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Meiega saab kõik korda.
16:19
And in fact, all of us
are doing this all the time.
are doing this all the time.
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Kusjuures me kõik teeme seda pidevalt.
16:21
You do it so often,
you don't even notice it.
you don't even notice it.
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Me teeme seda nii tihti, et ei pane enam tähelegi.
16:23
Everybody underestimates
how often they laugh,
how often they laugh,
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Kõik arvavad, et naerdakse vähem, kui me tegelikult naerame.
16:26
and you're doing something,
when you laugh with people,
when you laugh with people,
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teistega koos naerdes teed sa midagi, mis
16:29
that's actually letting you access
a really ancient evolutionary system
a really ancient evolutionary system
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võimaldab ligipääsu iidsele evolutsioonimehhanismile,
mis on imetajatel väljakujunenud selleks,
16:33
that mammals have evolved
to make and maintain social bonds,
to make and maintain social bonds,
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et luua ja säilitada sotsiaalseid sidemeid
16:37
and clearly to regulate emotions,
to make ourselves feel better.
to make ourselves feel better.
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ning kahtlemata ka selleks, et oma emotsioone reguleerida ja enesetunnet turgutada.
16:41
It's not something specific to humans --
it's a really ancient behavior
it's a really ancient behavior
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See ei ole inimestele ainuomane.
Tegu on iidse käitumismalliga, et emotsioonide abil parandada meeleolu ja enesetunnet.
16:44
which really helps us regulate how we feel
and makes us feel better.
and makes us feel better.
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16:48
In other words, when it comes to laughter,
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Seega, mis puutub naeru,
ei ole me keegi muud kui lihtsalt imetajad.
16:51
you and me, baby, ain't nothing
but mammals. (Laughter)
but mammals. (Laughter)
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(Aplaus)
16:54
Thank you.
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Tänan.
16:56
Thank you. (Applause)
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Tänan.
(Aplaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sophie Scott - Neuroscientist, stand-up comicWhile exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic.
Why you should listen
As deputy director of the University College London’s Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Sophie Scott seeks out the neurological basis of communication, whether it’s speech or vocalized emotion.
As a pioneering researcher in the science of laughter, she’s made some unexpected discoveries -- including that rats are ticklish, and that the one tactic that’s almost guaranteed to get someone to laugh is to show them someone else laughing. But as an occasional stand-up comedian with UCL’s Bright Club, she shows that she’s no slouch at getting laughs herself.
Sophie Scott | Speaker | TED.com