Julia Galef: Why you think you're right -- even if you're wrong
Julia Galef: Por qué crees que tienes razón, aunque estés equivocado
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
in the heat of battle.
en el fragor de la batalla.
or a medieval archer
o un arquero medieval
there are some things that are constant.
independientemente del tiempo y lugar.
from these deeply ingrained reflexes,
de unos reflejos muy arraigados
to protect yourself and your side
a Uds. y a su equipo,
playing a very different role,
en un papel muy diferente ahora,
to attack or defend.
no es atacar ni defender.
identifying potential obstacles.
identifica posibles obstáculos.
that, say, there's a bridge
averiguar si hay un puente
wants to know what's really there,
el explorador quiere saber qué hay
the soldier and the scout are essential.
tanto el soldado como el explorador.
of these roles as a mindset --
estos papeles como actitudes.
process information and ideas
procesamos la información
is that having good judgment,
es que tener buen juicio
making good decisions,
decidir correctamente
cómo funcionan estas actitudes
to 19th-century France,
piece of paper
aparentemente inocuo,
political scandals in history.
uno de los mayores escándalos políticos.
by officers in the French general staff.
unos oficiales del Estado Mayor francés.
that someone in their ranks
military secrets to Germany.
quickly converged on this man,
cayeron rápidamente sobre este hombre:
no motive as far as they could tell.
ni tenía motivos aparentes.
Jewish officer at that rank in the army,
el único oficial judío en el ejército.
the French Army was highly anti-Semitic.
el ejército francés era muy antisemita.
to that on the memo
con la del informe
professional handwriting experts
in the similarity,
Dreyfus's apartment,
and they didn't find anything.
y no encontraron nada.
that Dreyfus was not only guilty,
de que Dreyfus no solo era culpable
he had hidden all of the evidence
pues había escondido toda la evidencia
through his personal history
sus antecedentes personales
foreign languages in school,
to conspire with foreign governments
de conspirar con gobiernos extranjeros
was known for having a good memory,
que destacaba por su buena memoria
has to remember a lot of things.
debe recordar muchas cosas.
and Dreyfus was found guilty.
y declararon a Dreyfus culpable.
into this public square
his insignia from his uniform
la insignia del uniforme
the Degradation of Dreyfus.
to life imprisonment
off the coast of South America.
frente a la costa de Sudamérica.
and there he spent his days alone,
y allí paso sus días solo
to the French government
so they could discover his innocence.
para que se demostrara su inocencia.
France considered the matter closed.
to me about the Dreyfus Affair
me resulta muy interesante
were so convinced
estuvieran tan convencidos
that they were setting him up,
que le tendieron una trampa
that's what happened.
that the case against Dreyfus was strong.
que el caso contra Dreyfus era claro.
para condenar a un hombre?
call "motivated reasoning."
llaman "razonamiento motivado".
our unconscious motivations,
según interpretamos la información.
feel like our allies.
a ciertas informaciones o ideas.
We want to defend them.
queremos defenderlas.
or ideas are the enemy,
motivated reasoning, "soldier mindset."
lo llamo "actitud de soldado".
a un oficial judío francés.
or politics, so you might have noticed
los deportes o la política
that your team committed a foul,
pita falta a su equipo,
to find reasons why he's wrong.
a razonar que se equivoca.
committed a foul -- awesome!
al otro equipo... ¡Estupendo!
let's not examine it too closely.
no hace falta revisarlo.
un artículo o estudio
an article or a study
that it's not effective,
demuestra que no es eficaz
to find all the reasons
que la pena de muerte funciona
that capital punishment works,
support capital punishment, same thing.
si no apoyan la pena de muerte.
nuestro juicio se ve influido
influenced, unconsciously,
about our health, our relationships,
nuestra salud, nuestras relaciones,
about motivated reasoning
del razonamiento motivado,
objective and fair-minded
que somos objetivos e imparciales
of an innocent man.
la vida de un hombre inocente.
his story is not over.
su historia no acabó ahí.
in the French Army,
del ejército francés.
he assumed Dreyfus was guilty.
dio por hecho que Dreyfus era culpable.
he was at least casually anti-Semitic.
era casualmente antisemita.
Picquart began to suspect:
Picquard comenzó a sospechar:
he had discovered evidence
espiando para Alemania
that another officer in the army
que otro oficial del ejército
matched the memo,
que encajaba con la del informe
to his superiors,
they either didn't care
to explain his findings,
que explicaban sus hallazgos
Picquart, is that there's another spy
Picquard, que hay otro espía
Dreyfus's handwriting,
a imitar la letra de Dreyfus
after Dreyfus left.
to get Dreyfus exonerated.
consiguió que absolvieran a Dreyfus.
he himself was in prison
él mismo estuvo en prisión
can't really be the hero of this story
no puede ser el héroe de la historia
and that's bad, which I agree with.
y estoy de acuerdo en que eso es malo.
the fact that Picquart was anti-Semitic
el hecho de que fuera antisemita
the same reasons to be biased
y razones para ser parcial
and uphold it trumped all of that.
y defenderla triunfó por encima de todo.
for what I call "scout mindset."
de lo que llamo "actitud de explorador".
one idea win or another lose,
no de que gane o pierda una idea,
más honesta y precisa posible
or convenient or pleasant.
o conveniente o agradable.
I'm personally passionate about.
examining and trying to figure out
investigando e intentando averiguar
al menos en alguna ocasión,
and biases and motivations
sus prejuicios y motivaciones
and the evidence
los hechos y pruebas
is rooted in emotions
está conectada con las emociones
la actitud de explorador.
los exploradores son curiosos.
they feel pleasure
when they encounter something
cuando se encuentran con algo
tienen valores diferentes.
they think it's virtuous
que consideran una virtud
that someone who changes his mind
que quien cambia de opinión
they are about any particular topic.
a si tienen o no razón en cualquier tema.
that capital punishment works.
que la pena de muerte funciona.
that it doesn't, they can say,
que demuestre que no, pueden decir:
Doesn't mean I'm bad or stupid."
No significa que sea malo o estúpido".
is what researchers have found --
como han descubierto los investigadores,
to leave you with about those traits
sobre estas características
not about how smart you are
basadas en cuán listos son
very much with IQ at all.
muy relacionadas con el C.I.
coming back to, by Saint-Exupéry.
que me viene siempre a la mente.
to collect wood and give orders
por buscar madera, dar órdenes
for the vast and endless sea."
a anhelar la inmensidad infinita del mar".
our judgment as individuals
nuestro juicio como individuos
is not more instruction in logic
más educación en lógica
are quite valuable.
to use those principles well
para usar bien esos principios
instead of ashamed
orgullosos en lugar de avergonzados
have been wrong about something.
de que estábamos equivocados.
instead of defensive
intrigados en lugar de defensivos
that contradicts our beliefs.
que contradice nuestras creencias.
to leave you with is:
sus propias creencias?
as clearly as you possibly can?
lo más claramente posible?
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Julia Galef - WriterJulia Galef investigates how and why people change their minds.
Why you should listen
Julia Galef co-founded the Center for Applied Rationality, a nonprofit organization devoted to helping people improve their reasoning and decision-making, particularly with the aim of addressing global problems. Julia’s background is originally in statistics, and she did social science research at Columbia and Harvard Business Schools for several years before becoming a writer for venues such as Slate, Science, Scientific American and more. For the last six years, Julia has hosted the Rationally Speaking podcast.
Julia Galef | Speaker | TED.com