Julia Galef: Why you think you're right -- even if you're wrong
Julia Galef: Dlaczego sądzisz, że masz rację, nawet jeśli się mylisz
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in the heat of battle.
or a medieval archer
średniowiecznymi łucznikami
pewne rzeczy są niezmienne.
there are some things that are constant.
z głęboko zakorzenionych odruchów,
from these deeply ingrained reflexes,
to protect yourself and your side
chronić was i stronę, po której stoicie
playing a very different role,
w zupełnie innej roli.
to attack or defend.
identifying potential obstacles.
potencjalne przeszkody.
that, say, there's a bridge
że znajdzie most na rzece
wants to know what's really there,
co tam tak na prawdę jest
the soldier and the scout are essential.
obydwie role są niezbędne.
of these roles as a mindset --
jako nastawienie umysłu,
przetwarza informacje i idee
process information and ideas
is that having good judgment,
making good decisions,
i trafne przewidywanie,
to 19th-century France,
piece of paper
tak niewinnie wyglądający,
political scandals in history.
by officers in the French general staff.
that someone in their ranks
military secrets to Germany.
quickly converged on this man,
na tego mężczyznę,
no motive as far as they could tell.
i żadnego motywu.
Jewish officer at that rank in the army,
żydowskiego pochodzenia tej rangi,
the French Army was highly anti-Semitic.
była silnie antysemicka.
to that on the memo
professional handwriting experts
od pisma ręcznego
in the similarity,
co do podobieństwa,
Dreyfus's apartment,
and they didn't find anything.
i niczego nie znaleziono.
that Dreyfus was not only guilty,
nie tylko o winie Dreyfusa,
he had hidden all of the evidence
musiał ukryć wszystkie dowody,
through his personal history
języków obcych w szkole,
foreign languages in school,
to conspire with foreign governments
współpracy z obcymi rządami
was known for having a good memory,
że Dreyfus miał dobrą pamięć,
has to remember a lot of things.
and Dreyfus was found guilty.
i Dreyfus został uznany za winnego.
into this public square
na którym w publicznym rytuale
his insignia from his uniform
the Degradation of Dreyfus.
to life imprisonment
off the coast of South America.
Ameryki Południowej.
and there he spent his days alone,
to the French government
so they could discover his innocence.
żeby udowodnić swoją niewinność.
France considered the matter closed.
uważała tą sprawę za zamkniętą.
to me about the Dreyfus Affair
w aferze Dreyfusa jest pytanie,
were so convinced
byli tak głęboko przekonani
that they were setting him up,
that's what happened.
że sprawa Dreyfusa ma mocne podstawy,
that the case against Dreyfus was strong.
call "motivated reasoning."
"rozumowaniem umotywowanym",
our unconscious motivations,
że nieświadome motywacje,
interpretowania informacji.
feel like our allies.
wydają się być naszymi sojusznikami.
We want to defend them.
or ideas are the enemy,
motivated reasoning, "soldier mindset."
nastawieniem żołnierza.
nigdy nie prześladowała
oficera za zdradę stanu,
or politics, so you might have noticed
śledząc sport lub politykę,
że wasza drużyna popełniła faul,
that your team committed a foul,
żeby znaleźć powody pomyłki.
to find reasons why he's wrong.
że przeciwnik sfaulował, to super!
committed a foul -- awesome!
więc lepiej nie wnikajmy.
let's not examine it too closely.
artykuł lub pracę naukową
an article or a study
that it's not effective,
że jest ona nieefektywna,
to find all the reasons
były źle przeprowadzone.
that capital punishment works,
że kara śmierci działa,
robicie dokładnie tak samo.
support capital punishment, same thing.
nieświadomym wpływem strony,
influenced, unconsciously,
about our health, our relationships,
sprawiedliwe czy etyczne.
about motivated reasoning
w rozumowaniu umotywowanym to,
objective and fair-minded
obiektywni i sprawiedliwi,
of an innocent man.
niewinnego człowieka.
his story is not over.
to nie koniec jego historii.
in the French Army,
he assumed Dreyfus was guilty.
uważał Dreyfusa za winnego.
he was at least casually anti-Semitic.
co najmniej przeciętnym antysemitą.
Picquart began to suspect:
he had discovered evidence
that another officer in the army
matched the memo,
to his superiors,
they either didn't care
albo wcale to nie interesowało,
to explain his findings,
żeby wyjaśnić jego odkrycia,
Picquart, is that there's another spy
pojawienie się nowego szpiega,
Dreyfus's handwriting,
naśladować pismo Dreyfusa
after Dreyfus left.
to get Dreyfus exonerated.
oczyścić Dreyfusa z zarzutów,
he himself was in prison
can't really be the hero of this story
nie można uznać za bohatera tej historii,
and that's bad, which I agree with.
i z tym się zgadzam.
the fact that Picquart was anti-Semitic
są jeszcze godniejsze podziwu,
the same reasons to be biased
i powody do nich,
and uphold it trumped all of that.
i bronienia prawdy przeważyła.
for what I call "scout mindset."
nastawienia zwiadowcy.
one idea win or another lose,
żeby jedna idea wygrała z drugą,
or convenient or pleasant.
wygodne czy przyjemne.
I'm personally passionate about.
examining and trying to figure out
przynajmniej czasami,
and biases and motivations
and the evidence
ma swoje korzenie w emocjach,
is rooted in emotions
they feel pleasure
when they encounter something
they think it's virtuous
that someone who changes his mind
są psychicznie stabilni, co oznacza,
they are about any particular topic.
that capital punishment works.
that it doesn't, they can say,
mogą powiedzieć, że owszem,
Doesn't mean I'm bad or stupid."
że są złymi albo głupimi ludźmi.
is what researchers have found --
umiejętności rozsądnej oceny.
to leave you with about those traits
że to nastawienie nie zależy
not about how smart you are
very much with IQ at all.
coming back to, by Saint-Exupéry.
nie gromadź ludzi, by zbierali drewno
to collect wood and give orders
za rozległym i niekończącym się morzem.".
for the vast and endless sea."
poprawić zdolność oceny
our judgment as individuals
is not more instruction in logic
are quite valuable.
to use those principles well
korzystać z tych zasad,
instead of ashamed
odczuwać dumę, a nie wstyd,
have been wrong about something.
że mogliśmy popełnić błąd.
instead of defensive
that contradicts our beliefs.
sprzeczne z naszymi przekonaniami.
to leave you with is:
as clearly as you possibly can?
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Julia Galef - WriterJulia Galef investigates how and why people change their minds.
Why you should listen
Julia Galef co-founded the Center for Applied Rationality, a nonprofit organization devoted to helping people improve their reasoning and decision-making, particularly with the aim of addressing global problems. Julia’s background is originally in statistics, and she did social science research at Columbia and Harvard Business Schools for several years before becoming a writer for venues such as Slate, Science, Scientific American and more. For the last six years, Julia has hosted the Rationally Speaking podcast.
Julia Galef | Speaker | TED.com