TED2009
Charles Moore: Seas of plastic
Charles Moore: plastmassimered
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Kapten Charles Moore Algalita Mereuuringute Fondist oli esimene, kes avastas Vaiksest ookeanist hiiglasliku laigu hulpivat plastmassprügi. Nüüd juhib ta tähelepanu kasvavale, lämmatavale probleemile, milleks on plastmassprügi meie meredes.
Charles Moore - Oceanographer
Charles Moore is founder of the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. He captains the foundation's research vessel, the Alguita, documenting the great expanses of plastic waste that now litter our oceans. Full bio
Charles Moore is founder of the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. He captains the foundation's research vessel, the Alguita, documenting the great expanses of plastic waste that now litter our oceans. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Let's talk trash.
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Räägime prügist.
00:14
You know, we had to be taught
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Meid tuli koolitada,
00:17
to renounce the powerful conservation ethic
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et me hülgaksime säästlikud harjumused,
00:20
we developed during the Great Depression and World War II.
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mis meil Suure Majanduskriisi ja Teise maailmasõja ajal kujunesid.
00:23
After the war, we needed to direct our enormous production capacity
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Pärast sõda tuli meil suunata oma hiiglaslik tootmisvõimsus
00:26
toward creation of products for peacetime.
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rahuaja toodete tootmisesse.
00:29
Life Magazine helped in this effort
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Ajakiri Life oli abiks,
00:32
by announcing the introduction of throwaways
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reklaamides äsjaleiutatud ühekordseid nõusid,
00:35
that would liberate the housewife from the drudgery of doing dishes.
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mis pidid koduperenaise nõudepesemise vaevast vabastama.
00:38
Mental note to the liberators:
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Vihje vabastajatele:
00:40
throwaway plastics take a lot of space and don't biodegrade.
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äravisatav plastmass võtab palju ruumi ja ei lagune looduses.
00:43
Only we humans make waste that nature can't digest.
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Ainult inimesed toodavad jäätmeid, mida loodus seedida ei suuda.
00:48
Plastics are also hard to recycle.
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Plastmassi on ka raske taaskasutada.
00:51
A teacher told me how to express the under-five-percent
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Üks õpetaja ütles mulle kuidas kommenteerida seda vähem kui 5%
00:54
of plastics recovered in our waste stream.
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plastmassist, mida me taastöötleme.
00:57
It's diddly-point-squat.
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See on vinge mittemiski.
01:00
That's the percentage we recycle.
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Me ei taastöötle peaaegu midagi.
01:06
Now, melting point has a lot to do with this.
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Sellel on paljutki pistmist sulamistemperatuuriga.
01:09
Plastic is not purified by the re-melting process like glass and metal.
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Plastmass ei saa ümbersulatades puhtaks nagu klaas ja metall.
01:12
It begins to melt below the boiling point of water
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See hakkab sulama allpool vee keemistemperatuuri
01:15
and does not drive off the oily contaminants
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ja ei hävita õliseid saasteaineid,
01:18
for which it is a sponge.
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mida see imeb nagu svamm.
01:21
Half of each year's 100 billion pounds of thermal plastic pellets
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Pooltest igal aastal toodetud 100. miljardist termaalplasti graanulist
01:24
will be made into fast-track trash.
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tehakse kiiremas korras prügi.
01:27
A large, unruly fraction of our trash
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Suur, kontrollimatu osa meie prügist
01:30
will flow downriver to the sea.
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uhutakse jõevooluga merre.
01:33
Here is the accumulation at Biona Creek next to the L.A. airport.
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Siin on kogum prügi Biona jõel lennujaama kõrval.
01:36
And here is the flotsam near California State University Long Beach
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Ja siin on pahn Long Beachi California Ülikoolikooli
01:41
and the diesel plant we visited yesterday.
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ja mereveepuhastusjaama lähedal, mida me eile külastasime.
01:43
In spite of deposit fees,
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Hoolimata pakendipandist
01:45
much of this trash leading out to the sea will be plastic beverage bottles.
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on suur osa merre jõudvast prahist plastmassist joogipudelid.
01:48
We use two million of them in the United States every five minutes,
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Me kasutame neid USAs kaks miljonit iga viie minuti jooksul,
01:52
here imaged by TED presenter Chris Jordan,
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nagu siin kujutab TED esitleja Chris Jordan,
01:55
who artfully documents mass consumption and zooms in for more detail.
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kes kujutab massitarbimist kunstiliselt ja näitab detaile lähemalt.
02:01
Here is a remote island repository for bottles
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Siin on üks kauge saareke, kuhu pudelid kuhjuvad,
02:05
off the coast of Baja California.
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Baja California ranniku lähedal.
02:08
Isla San Roque is an uninhabited bird rookery
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Isla San Roque on asustamata, lindude pesitsusala,
02:10
off Baja's sparsely populated central coast.
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Baja hõredalt asustatud ranniku keskosa lähedal.
02:12
Notice that the bottles here have caps on them.
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Pange tähele, et pudelitel on korgid peal.
02:15
Bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate, PET,
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Polüetüleen tereftalaadist, PET-ist pudelid,
02:19
will sink in seawater and not make it this far from civilization.
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vajuvad merevees põhja ega jõua tsivilisatsioonist nii kaugele.
02:22
Also, the caps are produced in separate factories
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Korke tehakse teistes tehastes
02:25
from a different plastic, polypropylene.
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ja teisest materjalist, polüpropüleenist.
02:28
They will float in seawater,
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Nad jäävad merevees hulpima,
02:30
but unfortunately do not get recycled under the bottle bills.
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ja kahjuks neid ei taastöödelda.
02:34
Let's trace the journey of the millions of caps
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Jälgime miljonite korkide teekonda,
02:37
that make it to sea solo.
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kes üksi merre jõuavad.
02:39
After a year the ones from Japan are heading straight across the Pacific,
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Ühe aasta pärast liiguvad Jaapani omad otse üle Vaikse ookeani,
02:42
while ours get caught in the California current
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samas kui meie omad satuvad Kalifornia hoovusesse
02:45
and first head down to the latitude of Cabo San Lucas.
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ja lähevad kõigepealt lõunasse Cabo San Lucase laiuskraadini.
02:48
After ten years, a lot of the Japanese caps
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Kümne aasta pärast on paljud Jaapani korgid
02:51
are in what we call the Eastern Garbage Patch,
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kohas nimega Ida Prahilaik,
02:53
while ours litter the Philippines.
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samas kui meie omad risustavad Filipiine.
02:55
After 20 years, we see emerging the debris accumulation zone
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20. aasta pärast on näha, kuidas praht ühes pöörisetsoonis
02:58
of the North Pacific Gyre.
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Vaikse ookeani põhjaosas koguneb.
03:01
It so happens that millions of albatross
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Juhuslikult käivad miljonid albatrossid,
03:03
nesting on Kure and Midway atolls
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kes pesitsevad Kure ja Midway atollidel
03:05
in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument
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Hawaii saarte loodeosas,
03:08
forage here and scavenge whatever they can find
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siin toitu otsimas ja söövad kõike, mida leiavad,
03:11
for regurgitation to their chicks.
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et see pärast oma tibudele söögiks välja oksendada.
03:13
A four-month old Laysan Albatross chick
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Üks neljakuune albatrossipoeg
03:16
died with this in its stomach.
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suri, kõik see enda kõhus.
03:19
Hundreds of thousands of the goose-sized chicks are dying
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Sajad tuhanded hanesuurused linnupojad surevad,
03:24
with stomachs full of bottle caps and other rubbish,
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kõhud täis pudelikorke ja muud prahti
03:27
like cigarette lighters ...
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nagu välgumihklid...
03:30
but, mostly bottle caps.
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aga peamiselt pudelikorgid.
03:33
Sadly, their parents mistake bottle caps for food
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Kahjuks peavad nende vanemad korke ekslikult toiduks,
03:36
tossing about in the ocean surface.
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mis ookeani pinnal hüplevad.
03:39
The retainer rings for the caps
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Rõngad, mis korki paigal hoiavad,
03:41
also have consequences for aquatic animals.
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mõjutavad samuti mereloomi.
03:44
This is Mae West,
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See on Mae West,
03:46
still alive at a zookeeper's home in New Orleans.
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kes on ühe loomapidaja juures New Orleansis ikka elus.
03:49
I wanted to see what my home town of Long Beach was contributing to the problem,
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Ma tahtsin näha, kui suur on minu kodulinna Long Beachi panus sellesse probleemi,
03:53
so on Coastal Clean-Up Day in 2005
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nii et Rannikupuhastuse Päeval aastal 2005
03:56
I went to the Long Beach Peninsula, at the east end of our long beach.
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läksin ma Long Beachi poolsaarele meie pika ranna idaosas.
03:59
We cleaned up the swaths of beach shown.
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Me tegime rannas suured alad korda.
04:02
I offered five cents each for bottle caps.
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Ma panin välja viis senti iga pudelikorgi eest.
04:05
I got plenty of takers.
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Tahtjaid oli palju.
04:07
Here are the 1,100 bottle caps they collected.
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Siin on 1100 korki, mis nad korjasid.
04:10
I thought I would spend 20 bucks.
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Ma arvasin, et mul kulub 20 taala.
04:13
That day I ended up spending nearly 60.
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Päeva lõpuks läks mul ligi 60.
04:16
I separated them by color
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Ma sorteerisin nad värvide kaupa
04:18
and put them on display the next Earth Day
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ja panin järgmisel Maa Päeval
04:20
at Cabrillo Marine Aquarium in San Pedro.
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San Pedro akvaariumis näitusele.
04:22
Governor Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria stopped by to discuss the display.
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Kuberner Schwarzenegger ja tema naine Maria tulid, et väljapanekust minuga rääkida.
04:26
In spite of my "girly man" hat, crocheted from plastic shopping bags,
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Hoolimata minu "tüdrukuliku mehe" mütsist, kilekottidest heegeldatud,
04:29
they shook my hand. (Laughter)
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surusid nad mu kätt.
04:33
I showed him and Maria a zooplankton trawl
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Ma näitasin talle ja Mariale zooplanktoni traali
04:36
from the gyre north of Hawaii
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Hawaiist põhjas asuvast pöörisest,
04:39
with more plastic than plankton.
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kus oli rohkem plastmassi kui planktonit.
04:41
Here's what our trawl samples from the plastic soup our ocean has become look like.
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Sellised on nüüd meie traalinäidised ookeanist, millest on saanud plastmassisupp.
04:46
Trawling a zooplankton net on the surface for a mile
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Traalides zooplanktonivõrku üks miil mööda merepinda
04:49
produces samples like this.
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on tulemus selline.
04:52
And this.
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Ja selline.
04:55
Now, when the debris washes up on the beaches of Hawaii
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Kui praht uhutakse Hawaii randadesse,
04:58
it looks like this.
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näeb see välja selline.
05:00
And this particular beach is Kailua Beach,
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See rand on Kailua,
05:02
the beach where our president and his family vacationed before moving to Washington.
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rand kus meie president oma perega enne Washingtoni kolimist puhkas.
05:05
Now, how do we analyze samples like this one
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Kuidas analüüsida selliseid proove,
05:08
that contain more plastic than plankton?
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mis sisaldvad rohkem plastikut kui planktonit?
05:11
We sort the plastic fragments into different size classes,
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Me sorteerime plastmassitükid suuruste kaupa,
05:14
from five millimeters to one-third of a millimeter.
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viie kuni 1/3 millimeetristeni.
05:17
Small bits of plastic concentrate persistent organic pollutants
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Väikesed plastmasstükid koondavad orgaanilisi saasteaineid
05:21
up to a million times their levels in the surrounding seawater.
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kuni miljon korda rohkem, kui ümbritsevas merevees.
05:25
We wanted to see if the most common fish in the deep ocean,
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Me tahtsime teada, kas kõige levinum süvamere kala,
05:28
at the base of the food chain,
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toiduahela alus,
05:30
was ingesting these poison pills.
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neelas neid mürgitablette.
05:32
We did hundreds of necropsies,
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Me teostasime sadu lahkamisi,
05:35
and over a third had polluted plastic fragments in their stomachs.
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ja rohkem kui kolmandikul olid kõhus saastatud plastmasstükid.
05:38
The record-holder, only two-and-a-half inches long,
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Rekordiomanikul, kes oli ainult 6 cm pikk,
05:41
had 84 pieces in its tiny stomach.
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oli neid tema tillukeses kõhus 84 tükki.
05:44
Now, you can buy certified organic produce.
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Sa võid osta sertifitseeritud mahetoitu.
05:47
But no fishmonger on Earth
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Aga ükski kalamees tervel planeedil
05:50
can sell you a certified organic wild-caught fish.
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ei saa müüa sulle merest püütud mahekala.
05:55
This is the legacy we are leaving to future generations.
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See on pärand, mille me tulevastele põlvedele jätame.
06:00
The throwaway society cannot be contained --
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Äraviskamisühiskonda ei saa ohjeldada,
06:03
it has gone global.
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see on muutunud globaalseks.
06:06
We simply cannot store and maintain or recycle all our stuff.
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Me lihtsalt ei saa oma kola hoida ja säästa või taaskasutada.
06:09
We have to throw it away.
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Me peame selle ära viskama.
06:11
Now, the market can do a lot for us,
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Turg võib meie heaks paljugi teha,
06:14
but it can't fix the natural system in the ocean we've broken.
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aga see ei saa parandada ookeani looduslikku süsteemi, mille oleme lõhkunud.
06:17
All the king's horses and all the king's men ...
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Ja mitte keegi
06:20
will never gather up all the plastic and put the ocean back together again.
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ei suuda kogu seda plastmassi kokku korjata ja ookeanit terveks teha.
06:26
Narrator (Video): The levels are increasing,
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Video: tasemed tõusevad,
06:28
the amount of packaging is increasing,
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pakendite hulk tõuseb,
06:30
the "throwaway" concept of living is proliferating,
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äraviskamisel põhinev eluviis levib,
06:33
and it's showing up in the ocean.
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ja seda on ookeanis näha.
06:36
Anchor: He offers no hope of cleaning it up.
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Reporter: Ta ütleb, et pole lootustki seda puhastada.
06:39
Straining the ocean for plastic
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Plastmass ookeanist kokku korjata
06:42
would be beyond the budget of any country
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ületaks mistahes riigi eelarve
06:45
and it might kill untold amounts of sea life in the process.
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ja see protsess võib tappa hoomamatul hulgal mereloomi.
06:48
The solution, Moore says, is to stop the plastic at its source:
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Lahendus, ütleb Moore, on peatada plastmass algpunktis:
06:51
stop it on land before it falls in the ocean.
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peatada see maal, enne kui see ookeanisse jõuab.
06:58
And in a plastic-wrapped and packaged world,
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Ja plastmassi mähitud ja pakendatud maailmas,
07:01
he doesn't hold out much hope for that, either.
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ei looda ta väga ka sellele.
07:04
This is Brian Rooney for Nightline,
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Siin Brian Rooney Ööliinil,
07:06
in Long Beach, California.
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Long Beachil, Kalifornias.
07:12
Charles Moore: Thank you.
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Charles Moore: Aitäh.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charles Moore - OceanographerCharles Moore is founder of the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. He captains the foundation's research vessel, the Alguita, documenting the great expanses of plastic waste that now litter our oceans.
Why you should listen
A yachting competition across the Pacific led veteran seafarer Charles Moore to discover what some have since deemed the world's largest "landfill" -- actually a huge water-bound swath of floating plastic garbage the size of two Texases. Trapped in an enormous slow whirlpool called the Pacific Gyre, a mostly stagnant, plankton-rich seascape spun of massive competing air currents, this Great Pacific Garbage Patch in some places outweighs even the surface waters' biomass six-to-one.
Moore said after his return voyage, "There were shampoo caps and soap bottles and plastic bags and fishing floats as far as I could see. Here I was in the middle of the ocean, and there was nowhere I could go to avoid the plastic."
Since his discovery, Moore has been analyzing the giant litter patch and its disastrous effects on ocean life. Through the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, he hopes to raise awareness about the problem and find ways to restrict its growth. He's now leading several expeditions to sample plastic fragments across thousands of miles of the Pacific.
Charles Moore | Speaker | TED.com