TEDxRainier
Patricia Kuhl: The linguistic genius of babies
Patricia Kuhl: Patricia Kuhl: haurren dohaina hizkuntzak ikasteko
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Patricia Kuhlek aurkikuntza harrigarriak eskaintzen dizkigu haurrek hizkuntzak ikasteko duten moduaren inguruan: estatistikak egiten dituzte inguruko gizakiei entzun eta behar dituzten soinuak aukeratuz. Laborategiko esperimentu itzelek (eta burmuin-eskanerrek) erakusten digute 6 hilabeteko haurrek arrazoimen sofistikatua erabiltzen dutela euren mundua ulertzeko.
Patricia Kuhl - Language
Patricia Kuhl studies how we learn language as babies, looking at the ways our brains form around language acquisition. Full bio
Patricia Kuhl studies how we learn language as babies, looking at the ways our brains form around language acquisition. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I want you to take a look at this baby.
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Begira iezaiozue haur honi.
00:18
What you're drawn to are her eyes
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Erakartzen zaituztena bere begiak
00:21
and the skin you love to touch.
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eta ukitu nahiko zenuketen azal leuna dira.
00:24
But today I'm going to talk to you about something you can't see --
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Baina gaur ikusi ezin den zerbaiti buruz hitz egingo dizuet:
00:27
what's going on up in that little brain of hers.
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bere burmuin txiki horretan zer gertatzen den argituko dugu.
00:31
The modern tools of neuroscience
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Neurozientziako tresna modernoek
00:33
are demonstrating to us that what's going on up there
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frogatzen dute hor goian gertatzen dena
ez dela inondik ere batere sinplea.
00:36
is nothing short of rocket science.
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00:39
And what we're learning
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Eta ikasten ari garenak
00:41
is going to shed some light
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argituko digu pixka bat
00:43
on what the romantic writers and poets
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zer den idazle eta poeta erromantikoek
00:46
described as the "celestial openness"
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aipatzen zuten
haurren buruaren "irekitasun zelestiala".
00:49
of the child's mind.
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00:51
What we see here
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Hemen ikusten duguna
00:53
is a mother in India,
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Indiako ama bat da
00:55
and she's speaking Koro,
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koro hizkuntzan hizketan,
00:57
which is a newly discovered language.
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duela gutxi aurkitutako hizkuntza batean, alegia.
00:59
And she's talking to her baby.
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Bere haurrari hitz egiten ari da.
01:01
What this mother --
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Ama honi
01:03
and the 800 people who speak Koro in the world --
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eta koroa hitz egiten duten munduko beste 800 hiztuni
01:06
understands [is] that, to preserve this language,
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iruditzen zaie euren hizkuntza iraunarazteko
01:09
they need to speak it to the babies.
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haurrei hizkuntza horretan hitz egin behar dietela.
01:12
And therein lies a critical puzzle.
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Eta hori da, hain justu, enigma handiena.
01:15
Why is it that you can't preserve a language
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Zergatik ez du, ba, iraungo hizkuntzak
01:17
by speaking to you and I, to the adults?
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zu eta ni bezalako pertsona helduen artean erabiltzen bada?
01:20
Well, it's got to do with your brain.
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Ba, gure burmuinaren kontua da.
01:23
What we see here
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Hemen ikusten dugu
01:25
is that language has a critical period for learning.
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hizkuntzak ikasteko aro kritiko bat daukagula.
01:28
The way to read this slide is to look at your age on the horizontal axis.
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Grafiko hau ulertzeko aurkitu zuen adina lerro horizontalean.
01:31
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
01:34
And you'll see on the vertical
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Eta bertikalean ikusiko duzue
01:36
your skill at acquiring a second language.
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bigarren hizkuntza bat ikasteko zein gaitasun daukazuen.
01:38
Babies and children are geniuses
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Haurtxoak eta haurrak genioak dira
01:40
until they turn seven,
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zazpi urte bete artean,
01:42
and then there's a systematic decline.
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orduan beheraka hasten da sistematikoki.
Pubertaroaren ostean grafikotik kanpo geratzen gara.
01:45
After puberty, we fall off the map.
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01:47
No scientists dispute this curve,
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Inongo zientzilarik ez du eztabaidatzen kurba hori,
01:50
but laboratories all over the world
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baina mundu osoko laborategiak
01:52
are trying to figure out why it works this way.
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hori zergatik gertatzen den argitu nahian dabiltza.
01:55
Work in my lab is focused
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Nire laborategian lehen aro kritikoaren
01:57
on the first critical period in development --
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garapenean jartzen dugu arreta,
01:59
and that is the period in which
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haurrak euren hizkuntzako soinuak
02:01
babies try to master which sounds are used in their language.
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identifikatzen ari diren aroan, alegia.
02:04
We think, by studying how the sounds are learned,
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Uste dugu soinuak nola ikasten diren aztertuz gero
02:07
we'll have a model for the rest of language,
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hizkuntzaren beste alderdientzat eredu bat lortuko dugula,
02:09
and perhaps for critical periods that may exist in childhood
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eta agian baita
garapen sozial, emozional eta kognitiboak
02:12
for social, emotional
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02:14
and cognitive development.
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haurtzaroan izan ditzaketen aro kritikoentzat ere.
Haurrak aztertu ditugu
02:16
So we've been studying the babies
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02:18
using a technique that we're using all over the world
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mundu osoan eta hizkuntza guztietako soinuekin
02:20
and the sounds of all languages.
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erabiltzen den teknika baten bidez.
02:22
The baby sits on a parent's lap,
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Haurra gurasoen altzoan esertzen da,
02:24
and we train them to turn their heads when a sound changes --
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eta soinu bat aldatzean burua biratzeko entrenatzen ditugu:
02:26
like from "ah" to "ee."
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esaterako, "ah"-tik "ee"-ra pasatzean.
02:28
If they do so at the appropriate time,
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Momentu egokian biratzen badira
02:30
the black box lights up
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kaxa beltza argiztatu egiten da
02:32
and a panda bear pounds a drum.
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eta hartz panda batek danborra jotzen du.
02:34
A six-monther adores the task.
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Sei hilabeteko haurrei ikaragarri gustatzen zaie.
02:36
What have we learned?
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Zer ikasi dugu?
02:38
Well, babies all over the world
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Ba, niri definitzea gustatzen zaidan bezala,
02:40
are what I like to describe
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mundu osoko haurrak
02:42
as "citizens of the world."
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"munduko biztanleak" direla.
02:44
They can discriminate all the sounds of all languages,
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Edozein hizkuntzetako edozein soinu bereiztu dezakete,
02:47
no matter what country we're testing and what language we're using,
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proba edonon eginda ere eta edozein hizkuntza erabilita ere.
02:50
and that's remarkable because you and I can't do that.
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Hori harrigarria da, zuk eta nik ezin baitugu horrelakorik egin.
02:53
We're culture-bound listeners.
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Gu kulturen araberako entzuleak gara.
02:55
We can discriminate the sounds of our own language,
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Gure hizkuntzako soinuak bereizteko gai gara,
02:57
but not those of foreign languages.
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baina ez atzerriko hizkuntzetakoak.
02:59
So the question arises:
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Beraz, galdera honako hau da:
03:01
when do those citizens of the world
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noiz pasatzen dira "munduko biztanle" horiek
03:03
turn into the language-bound listeners that we are?
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kulturen araberako entzuleak izatera?
03:06
And the answer: before their first birthdays.
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Eta erantzuna: lehen urtebetzea baino lehen.
03:09
What you see here is performance on that head-turn task
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Hemen ikusten dituzue Tokion eta Estatu Batuetan
03:12
for babies tested in Tokyo and the United States,
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egindako burua biratzearen proben emaitzak,
03:14
here in Seattle,
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hemen, Seattle-en,
"ra" eta "la" soinuak entzutean,
03:16
as they listened to "ra" and "la" --
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ingelesez soinu garrantzitsuak dira, baina japonieraz ez.
03:18
sounds important to English, but not to Japanese.
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03:21
So at six to eight months the babies are totally equivalent.
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Sei eta zortzi hilabete arteko haurrak guztiz parekoak dira.
03:24
Two months later something incredible occurs.
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Bi hilabete geroago zerbait harrigarria gertatzen da.
03:27
The babies in the United States are getting a lot better,
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Estatu Batuetako haurrek hobekuntza nabarmena izan dute,
03:29
babies in Japan are getting a lot worse,
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eta Japoniakoek, berriz, askoz emaitza okerragoak.
03:31
but both of those groups of babies
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Baina bi haur-taldeak aurrerago ikasiko duten hizkuntza
03:33
are preparing for exactly the language that they are going to learn.
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barneratzeko prestatzen ari dira.
03:36
So the question is: what's happening
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Hori horrela, galdera zera da:
zer gertazen da bi hilabeteko aro kritiko horretan?
03:39
during this critical two-month period?
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03:41
This is the critical period for sound development,
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Soinuen garapenerako aro kritikoa da,
03:43
but what's going on up there?
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baina zer ari da gertatzen burmuinean?
03:45
So there are two things going on.
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Bi gauza gertatzen dira.
03:47
The first is that the babies are listening intently to us,
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Lehena, haurrak arreta handiz ari zaizkigula entzuten
03:50
and they're taking statistics as they listen to us talk --
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eta estatistikak ateratzen dituztela
03:53
they're taking statistics.
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entzuten dutenaren arabera.
03:55
So listen to two mothers speaking motherese --
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Orain, bi ama entzungo ditugu haur-hizkeran hizketan,
03:58
the universal language we use when we talk to kids --
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haurrei hitz egiteko daukagun hizkuntza unibertsalean.
04:01
first in English and then in Japanese.
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Lehenengoa ingelesez ari da eta bestea japonieraz.
04:04
(Video) English Mother: Ah, I love your big blue eyes --
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(Bideoa) Ama ingelesa: Ze politak diren zure begiak,
04:07
so pretty and nice.
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hain urdinak eta hain handiak!
04:11
Japanese Mother: [Japanese]
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Ama japoniarra: [japonieraz]
04:17
Patricia Kuhl: During the production of speech,
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Patricia Kuhl: Hitzak ekoizten diren bitartean,
04:19
when babies listen,
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eta haurrak entzuten ari diren bitartean,
04:21
what they're doing is taking statistics
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jasotzen duten hizkuntzari buruzko
04:23
on the language that they hear.
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estatistikak egiten ari dira.
04:26
And those distributions grow.
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Eta orduan soinuen banaketa handitu egiten da.
04:29
And what we've learned
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Bideoarekin ikusi dugu haurrak sentiberak direla
04:31
is that babies are sensitive to the statistics,
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estatistikekiko, eta japonieraren eta ingelesaren estatistikak
04:34
and the statistics of Japanese and English are very, very different.
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oso-oso ezberdinak direla.
04:37
English has a lot of Rs and Ls.
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Ingelesez R eta L ugari erabiltzen dira,
04:40
The distribution shows.
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soinuen banaketak adierazten digun moduan.
04:42
And the distribution of Japanese is totally different,
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Eta japonieraz banaketa hori guztiz ezberdina da,
04:44
where we see a group of intermediate sounds,
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japonieraz erdi mailako soinuak hautematen dira,
04:47
which is known as the Japanese "R."
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japoniar R bezala ezagutzen direnak.
04:50
So babies absorb
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Beraz, haurrek hizkuntzaren estatistikak
04:52
the statistics of the language
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xurgatzen dituzte
04:54
and it changes their brains;
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eta horrek burmuina aldarazten diete;
04:56
it changes them from the citizens of the world
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munduko biztanle izatetik kulturen araberako entzule
04:58
to the culture-bound listeners that we are.
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izatera pasarazten dituzte.
05:01
But we as adults
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Baina guk, helduok,
05:03
are no longer absorbing those statistics.
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ez ditugu estatistika horiek egiten.
05:05
We're governed by the representations in memory
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Gure garapenaren hasieran sortu genituen
05:08
that were formed early in development.
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errepresentazioen oroitzapenetan oinarritzen gara.
05:11
So what we're seeing here
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Hori horrela, hemen ikusten ari garenak
05:13
is changing our models of what the critical period is about.
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aro kritikoaren moldea aldatu egiten du.
05:16
We're arguing from a mathematical standpoint
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Matematika oinarri hartuta eztabaidatzen ari gara
05:19
that the learning of language material may slow down
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ea hizkuntzak ikasteko prozesua moteldu egiten den
05:22
when our distributions stabilize.
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gure soinuen banaketak egonkortzen direnean.
05:24
It's raising lots of questions about bilingual people.
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Eta hiztun elebiduden inguruko galdera ugari sortzen dira.
05:27
Bilinguals must keep two sets of statistics in mind at once
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Elebidunek bi estatistika-multzo dauzkate buruan aldiberean
05:31
and flip between them, one after the other,
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eta batetik bestera pasatu behar dira
solaskidea nor den kontuan izanda.
05:34
depending on who they're speaking to.
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05:36
So we asked ourselves,
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Orduan, zera galdetu genion geure buruari:
05:38
can the babies take statistics on a brand new language?
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haurrek egiten al dituzte hizkuntza ezezagunen estatistikak?
05:41
And we tested this by exposing American babies
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Hori frogatzeko, amerikar haurrak,
05:43
who'd never heard a second language
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inoiz beste hizkuntzarik entzun ez dutenak,
05:45
to Mandarin for the first time during the critical period.
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mandarina entzuten jarri genituen euren aro kritikoan.
05:48
We knew that, when monolinguals were tested
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Bagenekien haur elebakarrek
05:50
in Taipei and Seattle on the Mandarin sounds,
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eredu bera jarraitzen dutela Taipein eta Seattle-en
05:53
they showed the same pattern.
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mandarinaren soinuak entzutean.
05:55
Six to eight months, they're totally equivalent.
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Sei eta zortzi hilabete artean guztiz berdin jokatzen dute.
05:57
Two months later, something incredible happens.
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Baina bi hilaberen ostean zerbait harrigarria gertatzen da.
06:00
But the Taiwanese babies are getting better, not the American babies.
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Taiwandar haurrak hobetzen ari dira, baina amerikarrak ez.
06:03
What we did was expose American babies during this period
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Orduan haur amerikarrak mandarin hizkuntzarekin
06:06
to Mandarin.
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kontaktuan jarri genituen.
06:08
It was like having Mandarin relatives come and visit for a month
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Mandarinez hitz egiten duten senideak eduki eta
06:11
and move into your house
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hilabeterako amerikarren etxera joango balira bezala zen.
06:13
and talk to the babies for 12 sessions.
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Haurrei 12 saiotan hitz egin zitzaien mandarinez.
06:15
Here's what it looked like in the laboratory.
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Horrelako itxura zuen laborategiak:
06:17
(Video) Mandarin Speaker: [Mandarin]
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(Bideoa) Mandarin hiztuna: [mandarinez]
06:39
PK: So what have we done to their little brains?
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PK: Zer egin diegu haurren burmuin txikiei?
06:41
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
06:44
We had to run a control group
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Kontrol-taldearengana joan behar izan genuen
06:46
to make sure that just coming into the laboratory
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eta ziurtatu
laborategira bidean ez zutela mandarina ikasi.
06:48
didn't improve your Mandarin skills.
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06:50
So a group of babies came in and listened to English.
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Gero haur batzuk ekarri genituen eta ingelesa entzuten jarri.
06:52
And we can see from the graph
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Eta grafikoan ikus dezakegu ingelesarekiko kontaktuak
06:54
that exposure to English didn't improve their Mandarin.
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ez zuela eraginik izan haurren mandarina hobetzerakoan.
06:56
But look at what happened to the babies
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Baina ikusi zer gertatzen zaien
06:58
exposed to Mandarin for 12 sessions.
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12 sesiotan mandarina entzun duten haurrei.
07:00
They were as good as the babies in Taiwan
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10 hilabete eta erdiko taiwandar haurrak
07:02
who'd been listening for 10-and-a-half months.
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bezain ondo moldatzen dira.
07:05
What it demonstrated
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Horrekin frogatzen da
07:07
is that babies take statistics on a new language.
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haurrek estatistikak egiten dituztela hizkuntza berriekin.
07:09
Whatever you put in front of them, they'll take statistics on.
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Parean dutena edozer dela ere, estatistikak egingo dituzte.
07:13
But we wondered what role
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Baina ikusi nahi genuen
07:15
the human being played
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gizakiak zer eragin duen
07:17
in this learning exercise.
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ikasketa-prozesu horretan.
07:19
So we ran another group of babies
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Horretarako, beste haur-talde bat hartu
07:21
in which the kids got the same dosage, the same 12 sessions,
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eta sesio-kopuru bera eskaini genien, 12 sesio.
07:24
but over a television set
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Baina hauek, telebistaren aurrean egin zuten.
07:26
and another group of babies who had just audio exposure
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Eta gero beste batzuek soilik entzumenaren bitartez,
07:29
and looked at a teddy bear on the screen.
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pantailan pelutxezko hartz bati begira egin zuten.
07:31
What did we do to their brains?
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Zer egin diegu euren burmuin txikiei?
07:34
What you see here is the audio result --
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Hemen ditugu entzumen-probaren emaitzak:
07:37
no learning whatsoever --
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haurrek ez dute ezer ikasi.
07:39
and the video result --
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Eta hemen bideoren bidezko probarenak:
07:42
no learning whatsoever.
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hemen ere ezer ez dute ikasi.
07:44
It takes a human being
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Haurrek gizaki bat behar dute
07:46
for babies to take their statistics.
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estatistikak egiteko.
07:48
The social brain is controlling
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Burmuinaren alde sozialak agintzen du
07:50
when the babies are taking their statistics.
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haurrak estatistikak egiten ari direnean.
07:52
We want to get inside the brain
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Burmuinera sartu
07:54
and see this thing happening
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eta hori nola gertatzen den ikusi nahi dugu,
07:56
as babies are in front of televisions,
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bai haurrak telebistaren aurrean daudenean
07:58
as opposed to in front of human beings.
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bai gizakien aurrean daudenean.
08:00
Thankfully, we have a new machine,
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Eta, zorionez, tramankulu berri bat daukagu,
08:02
magnetoencephalography,
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magnetoenzefalografia,
08:04
that allows us to do this.
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eta horrek ahalbidetzen digu azterketa egitea.
08:06
It looks like a hair dryer from Mars.
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Marteko lehorgailu bat dirudi,
08:08
But it's completely safe,
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baina guztiz segurua da,
08:10
completely non-invasive and silent.
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ez da inbaditzailea, eta isila da.
08:13
We're looking at millimeter accuracy
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Zehaztasun milimetrikoa eskaintzen du
08:15
with regard to spatial
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espazioari dagokionez,
eta milisegunduko zehaztasuna dauka
08:17
and millisecond accuracy
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08:19
using 306 SQUIDs --
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306 SQUIDi esker.
08:21
these are Superconducting
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SQUIDak interferentzia kuantikodun
08:23
QUantum Interference Devices --
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gailu super-eroaleak dira,
eta horien bidez jasotzen ditugu
08:25
to pick up the magnetic fields
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pentsatzen ari garenean
08:27
that change as we do our thinking.
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aldatzen diren eremu magnetikoak.
08:29
We're the first in the world
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Munduan lehenak gara
08:31
to record babies
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haurrak MEG gailuen bidez grabatzen,
08:33
in an MEG machine
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ikasten ari diren bitartean
08:35
while they are learning.
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Begira, hau Emma txikia da,
08:37
So this is little Emma.
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08:39
She's a six-monther.
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sei hilabete ditu,
08:41
And she's listening to various languages
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eta hainbat hizkuntza entzuten ari da
08:43
in the earphones that are in her ears.
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belarrietan dituen entzungailuen bitartez.
08:46
You can see, she can move around.
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Ikusten duzue lasai mugi daitekeela.
08:48
We're tracking her head
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Burua aztertzen diogu
08:50
with little pellets in a cap,
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txanoan txertatutako bolatxoen bidez,
08:52
so she's free to move completely unconstrained.
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horrela, nahi beste mugi daiteke.
08:55
It's a technical tour de force.
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Benetako arrakasta teknikoa da.
08:57
What are we seeing?
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Eta zer ikusten dugu horrekin?
08:59
We're seeing the baby brain.
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Haurraren burmuina ikusten dugu.
09:01
As the baby hears a word in her language
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Haurrak bere hizkuntzako hitz bat entzuten duenean
09:04
the auditory areas light up,
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entzumen-eremuak argiztatu egiten dira,
09:06
and then subsequently areas surrounding it
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eta jarraian baita inguruko eremuak ere,
09:08
that we think are related to coherence,
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ziurrenez koherentziari lotuta daudenak.
Burmuineko eremuak bata bestearekin koordinatzen dira,
09:11
getting the brain coordinated with its different areas,
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09:13
and causality,
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eta kausalitateak eremu batek
09:15
one brain area causing another to activate.
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beste eremuak aktibatzea eragiten du.
09:18
We are embarking
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Urrezko aro aberats batean sartzen ari gara,
09:20
on a grand and golden age
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non haurren burmuinaren garapenari buruzko
09:23
of knowledge about child's brain development.
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jakintza handia dagoen.
Haurraren burmuina ikusi ahal izango dugu
09:26
We're going to be able to see a child's brain
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09:28
as they experience an emotion,
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emozio bat sentitzen duen bitartean,
09:30
as they learn to speak and read,
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hitz egiten eta irakurtzen ikasten ari denean,
09:32
as they solve a math problem,
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matematikako problemak ebaztean,
09:34
as they have an idea.
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edo ideia bat bururatzen zaion unean.
09:36
And we're going to be able to invent brain-based interventions
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Eta gai izango gara ikasteko arazoak dituzten haurrei
09:39
for children who have difficulty learning.
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laguntza eskaintzeko, burmuinaren bidez.
09:42
Just as the poets and writers described,
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Poetek eta idazleek deskribatzen zuten moduan,
09:45
we're going to be able to see, I think,
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uste dut gai izango garela ikusteko
09:47
that wondrous openness,
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haurraren burua zein irekia den,
09:49
utter and complete openness,
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haurraren buruak duen irekitasun miresgarria
09:51
of the mind of a child.
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norainokoa den.
09:54
In investigating the child's brain,
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Haur baten burmuina aztertzean
09:56
we're going to uncover deep truths
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gizakia izateak zein sekretu gordetzen dituen
09:58
about what it means to be human,
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argituko dugu,
10:00
and in the process,
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eta prozesu horrekin agian lortuko dugu
10:02
we may be able to help keep our own minds open to learning
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geure burua irekia izatea gauza berriak ikasteko
10:04
for our entire lives.
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bizitza guztian zehar.
10:06
Thank you.
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Eskerrik asko.
10:08
(Applause)
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(Txaloak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Patricia Kuhl - LanguagePatricia Kuhl studies how we learn language as babies, looking at the ways our brains form around language acquisition.
Why you should listen
Patricia Kuhl is co-director of the Institute for Brain and Learning Sciences at the University of Washington. She's internationally recognized for her research on early language and brain development, and studies that show how young children learn. Kuhl’s work has played a major role in demonstrating how early exposure to language alters the brain. It has implications for critical periods in development, for bilingual education and reading readiness, for developmental disabilities involving language, and for research on computer understanding of speech.
Patricia Kuhl | Speaker | TED.com