TEDxCaltech
Leonard Susskind: My friend Richard Feynman
Leonard Susskind: Moj prijatelj Richard Feynman
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Kakav je osjećaj biti prijatelj genija? Na sceni TEDxCaltecha fizičar Leonard Susskind ispričao je par priča o svom prijateljstvu s legendarnim Richardom Feynmanom, raspravljajući o njegovom nekonvencionalnom pristupu problemima - onim ozbiljnim i ... manje ozbiljnim.
Leonard Susskind - Physicist
Leonard Susskind works on string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology at Stanford. Full bio
Leonard Susskind works on string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology at Stanford. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I decided when I was asked to do this
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Kada su me zamolili da održim predavanje odlučio sam
00:17
that what I really wanted to talk about
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da zapravo želim pričati o
00:19
was my friend Richard Feynman.
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svom prijatelju Richardu Feynmanu.
00:21
I was one of the fortunate few
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Jedan sam od rijetkih sretnika
00:23
that really did get to know him
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koji su ga doista imali prilike upoznati
00:25
and enjoyed his presence.
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i uživati u njegovoj prisutnosti.
00:27
And I'm going to tell you the Richard Feynman that I knew.
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I pričati ću vam o Richardu Feynmanu kojeg sam ja poznavao.
00:30
I'm sure there are other people here
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Siguran sam kako postoje i drugi ljudi ovdje
00:32
who could tell you about the Richard Feynman they knew,
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koji bi vam mogli pričati o Richardu Feynmanu kojeg su oni poznavali,
00:34
and it would probably be a different Richard Feynman.
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i vjerojatno bi to bio drugačiji Richard Feynman.
00:36
Richard Feynman was a very complex man.
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Richard Feynman je bio veoma kompleksan čovjek.
00:39
He was a man of many, many parts.
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Bio je raznovrsan.
00:41
He was, of course, foremost,
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Bio je, naravno, prije svega
00:43
a very, very, very great scientist.
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jako, jako, jako dobar znanstvenik.
00:46
He was an actor. You saw him act.
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Bio je glumac. Vidjeli ste njegove performanse.
00:49
I also had the good fortune to be in those lectures,
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Također sam imao sreće i prisustvovati tim predavanjima,
00:52
up in the balcony.
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gore na balkonu.
00:54
They were fantastic.
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Bila su to fantastična predavanja.
00:56
He was a philosopher;
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Bio je filozof;
00:58
he was a drum player;
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bubnjar;
01:00
he was a teacher par excellence.
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i učitelj par excellence.
01:03
Richard Feynman was also a showman,
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Richard Feynman bio je i zabavljač,
01:05
an enormous showman.
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strašan zabavljač.
01:07
He was brash, irreverent --
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Bio je drzak, bezobziran --
01:11
he was full of macho,
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bio je muževan (macho) tip,
01:13
a kind of macho one-upmanship.
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onaj natjecateljski muževni tip.
01:16
He loved intellectual battle.
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Volio je intelektualne "bitke".
01:20
He had a gargantuan ego.
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Imao je ogroman ego.
01:24
But the man had somehow
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Ali je nekako imao i
01:27
a lot of room at the bottom.
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dosta slobodnog prostora pri dnu.
01:29
And what I mean by that
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A pritom mislim na
01:31
is a lot of room, in my case --
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dosta slobodnog prostora, u mom slučaju --
01:34
I can't speak for anybody else --
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Ne mogu govoriti ni za koga drugog --
01:36
but in my case,
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ali u mom slučaju,
01:38
a lot of room for another big ego.
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imao je dosta prostora za još jedan veliki ego.
01:41
Well, not as big as his,
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Dobro, ne za toliko velik poput njegovog,
01:43
but fairly big.
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ali za prilično velilk.
01:45
I always felt good with Dick Feynman.
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Uvijek sam se osjećao dobro uz Dicka Feynmana.
01:48
It was always fun to be with him.
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U njegovoj je blizini uvijek bilo zabavno.
01:50
He always made me feel smart.
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Uz njega sam se uvijek osjećao pametno.
01:52
How can somebody like that make you feel smart?
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Kako se uz nekog poput njega možeš osjećati pametno?
01:54
Somehow he did.
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Nekako mu je to uspjevalo.
01:56
He made me feel smart. He made me feel he was smart.
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Uz njega sam se osjećao pametno. I imao sam osjećaj kako je on pametan.
01:58
He made me feel we were both smart,
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Uz njega smo se oboje osjećali pametno,
02:00
and the two of us could solve any problem whatever.
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kao da bi mogli rješiti bilo koji problem.
02:04
And in fact, we did sometimes do physics together.
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Zapravo smo se ponekad i bavili fizikom zajedno.
02:07
We never published a paper together,
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Nikada zajedno nismo objavili članak,
02:09
but we did have a lot of fun.
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ali smo se dobro zabavljali.
02:13
He loved to win.
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Volio je pobjeđivati.
02:15
With these little macho games we would sometimes play --
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Ponekad bi igrao svoje male muževne (macho) igrice --
02:18
and he didn't only play them with me, he played them with all sorts of people --
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ali ne samo sa mnom, već i s drugim ljudima --
02:21
he would almost always win.
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i gotovo bi uvijek pobijedio.
02:23
But when he didn't win, when he lost,
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Kada ne bi pobijedio, kada bi izgubio,
02:26
he would laugh and seem to have just as much fun
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smijao se i zabavljao gotovo kao
02:29
as if he had won.
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i da je pobijedio.
02:31
I remember once he told me a story
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Jednom mi je ispričao priču
02:33
about a joke that the students played on him.
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o šali koju su mu studenti priredili.
02:36
They took him -- I think it was for his birthday --
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Odveli su ga -- mislim na njegov rođendan --
02:38
they took him for lunch.
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na ručak.
02:40
They took him for lunch
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Odveli su ga na ručak
02:42
to a sandwich place in Pasadena.
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u sendvič bar u Pasadeni.
02:44
It may still exist; I don't know.
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Možda još postoji; Nisam siguran.
02:46
Celebrity sandwiches was their thing.
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Njihova glavna atrakcija bili su sendviči nazvani po slavnim osobama.
02:49
You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich.
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Mogli ste naručiti Marilyn Monroe sendvič.
02:51
You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich.
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Ili Humphrey Bogart sendvič.
02:54
The students went there in advance,
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Studenti su otišli tamo prije,
02:56
and they arranged that they would all order Feynman sandwiches.
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i dogovorili se kako će svi naručiti Feynman sendviče.
02:59
One after another, they came in and ordered Feynman sandwiches.
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Jedni za drugima naručivali su Feynman sendviče.
03:02
Feynman loved this story.
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Feynman je volio ovu priču.
03:04
He told me this story, and he was really happy and laughing.
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Pričao mi je ovu priču sretan i s osmijehom na licu.
03:08
When he finished the story, I said to him,
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Kada je završio priču, rekao sam mu,
03:11
"Dick, I wonder what would be the difference
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"Dick, pitam se koja bi bila razlika
03:13
between a Feynman sandwich and a Susskind sandwich."
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između Feynman sendviča i Susskind sendviča."
03:17
And without skipping a beat at all,
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A on je bez oklijevanja,
03:19
he said, "Well, they'd be about the same.
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rekao, "Pa, mislim da bi bili isti.
03:22
The only difference is a Susskind sandwich would have a lot more ham,"
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Jedina razlika bi bila u tome što bi Susskind sendvič imao više šunke,"
03:25
ham, as in bad actor.
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šunka u značenju lošeg glumca.
03:27
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:29
Well, I happened to have been very quick that day,
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Bio sam brz tog dana,
03:32
and I said, "Yeah, but a lot less baloney."
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i rekao, "Da, ali bi imao manje gluposti." (baloney: salama; glupost)
03:35
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:38
The truth of the matter
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Istina je zapravo
03:42
is that a Feynman sandwich
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da je Feynman sendvič
03:44
had a load of ham,
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imao mnogo šunke,
03:46
but absolutely no baloney.
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ali ne i gluposti (salame).
03:50
What Feynman hated worse than anything else
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Ono što je Feynman prezirao ponajviše
03:52
was intellectual pretense --
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bilo je intelektualno pretvaranje --
03:54
phoniness,
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foliranje,
03:56
false sophistication, jargon.
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lažnu sofisticiranost, žargon.
03:59
I remember sometime during the '80s,
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Sijećam se da smo se za vrijeme 80-ih,
04:02
the mid-'80s,
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sredinom 80-ih,
04:04
Dick and I and Sidney Coleman
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Dick, ja i Sidney Coleman,
04:06
would meet a couple of times
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sastajali par puta
04:08
up in San Francisco at some very rich guy's house --
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u San Franciscu u kući nekog bogataša --
04:11
up in San Francisco for dinner.
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na večeri.
04:13
And the last time the rich guy invited us,
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Zadnji put kada nas je taj bogataš pozvao na večeru,
04:16
he also invited a couple of philosophers.
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pozvao je i par filozofa.
04:18
These guys were philosophers of mind.
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Ovo su bili filozofi uma.
04:21
Their specialty was the philosophy of consciousness.
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Njihova specijalnost bila je filozofija svijesti.
04:24
And they were full of all kinds of jargon.
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I razbacivali su se svakojakim žargonom.
04:26
I'm trying to remember the words --
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Pokušavam se prisjetiti riječi --
04:29
"monism," "dualism," categories all over the place.
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"monizam," "dualizam," kategorije su se bacale na sve strane.
04:32
I didn't know what those things meant, neither did Dick --
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Nisam znao što sve te riječi znače, a ni Dick --
04:34
neither did Sydney for that matter.
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a ni Sydney.
04:36
And what did we talk about?
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I o čemu smo pričali?
04:38
Well, what do you talk about when you talk about minds?
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Dobro, o čemu pričati kada pričaš o umovima?
04:41
One thing, there's one obvious thing to talk about --
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O jednom vrlo očitom problemu --
04:43
can a machine become a mind?
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mogu li strojevi razviti um?
04:45
Can you build a machine
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Možeš li sagraditi stroj
04:47
that thinks like a human being,
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koji razmišlja poput čovjeka,
04:49
that is conscious?
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koji je svjestan?
04:51
We sat around and we talked about this -- we of course never resolved it.
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Tako smo sjedili i pričali o ovome -- naravno, nismo uspjeli pronaći odgovor.
04:54
But the trouble with the philosophers
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Ali je problem s filozofima taj
04:56
is that they were philosophizing
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što su filozofirali,
04:58
when they should have been science-iphizing.
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a zapravo su trebali znanstveno razmišljati.
05:00
It's a scientific question after all.
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Naposljetku, ipak je to znanstveno pitanje.
05:03
And this was a very, very dangerous thing to do
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A filozofiranje je opasna igra
05:05
around Dick Feynman.
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u blizini Dicka Feynmana.
05:10
Feynman let them have it -- both barrels, right between the eyes.
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Feynman ih je dočekao na nož.
05:13
It was brutal; it was funny -- ooh, it was funny.
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Bilo je brutalno, smiješno -- o da, bilo je smiješno.
05:16
But it was really brutal.
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Ali je stvarno bilo brutalno.
05:18
He really popped their balloon.
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Spustio ih je na zemlju.
05:20
But the amazing thing was --
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Ali najbolje od svega bilo je to --
05:22
Feynman had to leave a little early.
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da je Feynman morao otići malo ranije.
05:24
He wasn't feeling too well, so he left a little bit early.
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Nije se osjećao najbolje, pa je i otišao ranije.
05:27
And Sidney and I were left there with the two philosophers.
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A Sydney i ja smo ostali s filozofima.
05:30
And the amazing thing is these guys were flying.
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A najbolja od svega bila je reakcija filozofa.
05:33
They were so happy.
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Bili su presretni.
05:35
They had met the great man;
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Upoznali su velikana;
05:38
they had been instructed by the great man;
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i dobili savjet od njega;
05:40
they had an enormous amount of fun
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najviše od svega su se zabavili
05:42
having their faces shoved in the mud,
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na svoj račun;
05:45
and it was something special.
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i bilo je to divno za vidjeti.
05:48
I realized there was something just extraordinary about Feynman,
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Shvatio sam kako se u Feynmanu krije nešto nevjerojatno,
05:51
even when he did what he did.
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čak i kada je činio ono što je činio.
05:58
Dick, he was my friend. I did call him Dick.
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Dick je bio moj prijatelj. Zvao sam ga Dick.
06:01
Dick and I had a certain, a little bit of a rapport.
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Dick i ja smo se slagali.
06:03
I think it may have been a special rapport that he and I had.
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Mislim da smo imali jedan poseban odnos - on i ja.
06:06
We liked each other; we liked the same kind of things.
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Odgovarali smo jedno drugom; voljeli iste stvari.
06:09
I also liked the kind of intellectual macho games.
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I meni su se sviđale intelektualne muževne (macho) igrice.
06:13
Sometimes I would win, mostly he would win,
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Ponekad bih pobijedio, ali je većinom on pobjeđivao,
06:15
but we both enjoyed them.
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ali oboje smo uživali.
06:17
And Dick became convinced at some point
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U jednom je trenutku Dick postao uvjeren
06:19
that he and I had some kind of similarity of personality.
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kako ja i on dijelimo slične osobnosti.
06:23
I don't think he was right.
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Mislim da nije bio u pravu.
06:25
I think the only point of similarity between us
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Mislim da nam je jedino zajedničko bilo to
06:27
is we both like to talk about ourselves.
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što smo oboje voljeli pričati o sebi.
06:30
But he was convinced of this.
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No, on je bio uvjeren.
06:32
And he was curious.
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I znatiželjan.
06:34
The man was incredibly curious.
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Čovjek je bio nevjerojatno znatiželjan.
06:36
And he wanted to understand what it was and why it was
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I htio je razumjeti zašto i kako
06:39
that there was this funny connection.
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je postojala ta poveznica između nas.
06:43
And one day we were walking. We were in France.
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I jednoga dana smo šetali. Bili smo u Francuskoj.
06:45
We were in La Zouche.
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U La Zoucheu.
06:47
We were up in the mountains, 1976.
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Bili smo u planinama 1976. godine.
06:49
We were up in the mountains, and Feynman said to me,
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Bili smo u planinama i Feynman mi je rekao,
06:52
he said, "Leonardo."
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"Leonardo."
06:54
The reason he called me Leonardo
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Zvao me Leonardo
06:56
is because we were in Europe
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jer smo bili u Europi
06:58
and he was practicing his French.
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a on je vježbao svoj francuski.
07:01
And he said, "Leonardo,
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I rekao je, "Leonardo,
07:04
were you closer to your mother or to you father
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jesi li bio bliži majci ili ocu
07:07
when you were a kid?"
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kada si bio dijete?"
07:09
And I said, "Well, my real hero was my father.
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A ja sam rekao, "Pa, moj pravi junak je bio moj otac.
07:12
He was a working man,
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Bio je radnik,
07:14
had a fifth grade education.
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imao pet razreda osnovne škole.
07:17
He was a master mechanic, and he taught me how to use tools.
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Bio je dobar mehaničar i naučio me kako koristiti alate.
07:20
He taught me all sorts of things about mechanical things.
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Naučio me razne stvari o mehanici.
07:24
He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem.
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Čak me naučio i Pitagorin teorem.
07:26
He didn't call it the hypotenuse,
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Nije upotrebljavao riječ hipotenuza,
07:28
he called it the shortcut distance."
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već je to nazvao najkraćom udaljenošću."
07:31
And Feynman's eyes just opened up.
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A Feynmanove oči su se zasjajile.
07:33
He went off like a light bulb.
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Upalila mu se lampica.
07:35
And he said he had had
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I rekao je kako je imao
07:38
basically exactly the same relationship
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gotovo identičnu vezu
07:40
with his father.
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sa svojim ocem.
07:42
In fact, he had been convinced at one time
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Zapravo, jedno je vrijeme bio uvjeren
07:45
that, to be a good physicist,
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kako je za dobrog fizičara
07:48
that it was very important
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vrlo važna
07:50
to have had that kind of relationship with your father.
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takva veza s ocem.
07:53
I apologize for the sexist conversation here,
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Ispričavam se na ovom seksističkom razgovoru,
07:56
but this is the way it really happened.
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ali je doista bilo tako.
07:58
He said that he had been absolutely convinced that this was necessary --
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Rekao je kako je absolutno uvjeren da je to nužno --
08:02
the necessary part of the growing up of a young physicist.
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onaj nužni dio odrastanja mladog fizičara.
08:06
Being Dick, he, of course, wanted to check this.
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Budući da pričamo o Dicku, on je naravno htio sve to provjeriti.
08:09
He wanted to go out and do an experiment.
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Htio je napraviti istraživanje.
08:11
So, well he did.
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Pa ga je i napravio.
08:13
He went out and did an experiment.
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Izašao je van i napravio istraživanje.
08:15
He asked all his friends that he thought were good physicists,
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Pitao je sve svoje prijatelje koje je smatrao dobrim fizičarima,
08:18
"Was it your mom or your pop that influenced you?"
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"Jesu li na tebe utjecali majka ili otac?"
08:21
And to a man -- they were all men --
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A svaki od njih -- svi su bili muškarci --
08:23
to a man, every single one of them
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svaki od njih
08:25
said, "My mother."
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je rekao, "Moja majka."
08:27
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:30
There went that theory down the trashcan of history.
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I tako je teorija završila na smetlištu povijesti.
08:35
But he was very excited that he had finally met somebody
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Ipak je bio vrlo sretan što je napokon susreo nekoga
08:38
who had the same experience with my father
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tko je imao isto iskustvo s mojim ocem
08:41
as he had with his father.
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kakvo je on imao sa svojim.
08:43
And for some time, he was convinced
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I neko je vrijeme bio uvjeren
08:45
this was the reason we got along so well.
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da je to bio razlog našeg prijateljstva.
08:47
I don't know. Maybe. Who knows?
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Ne znam. Možda. Tko zna?
08:49
But let me tell you a little bit
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Ali, dopustite da vam ispričam ponešto
08:51
about Feynman the physicist.
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i o Feynmanu fizičaru.
08:55
Feynman's style --
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Feynmanov stil --
08:57
no, style is not the right word.
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ne, stil nije prava riječ.
08:59
Style makes you think of the bow tie he might have worn
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Stil podsjeća na leptir mašnu koju je mogao nositi
09:01
or the suit he was wearing.
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ili na odjelo koje je nosio.
09:03
There's something much deeper than that,
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Postoji nešto mnogo dublje od toga,
09:05
but I can't think of another word for it.
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ali se ne mogu sjetiti neke prikladnije riječi.
09:07
Feynman's scientific style
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Feynmanov znanstveni stil
09:10
was always to look for the simplest,
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uvijek je težio pronalasku najjednostavnijeg,
09:12
most elementary solution to a problem that was possible.
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najelementarnijeg mogućeg rješenja nekog problema.
09:17
If it wasn't possible, you had to use something fancier.
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Ako to nije bilo moguće, morao bi smisliti nešto kompliciranije.
09:20
But no doubt part of this
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Ali neupitno mu je dio ovoga
09:23
was his great joy and pleasure
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predstavljalo veliko zadovoljstvo
09:26
in showing people that he could think more simply than they could.
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kako bi pokazao ljudima da može misliti jednostavnije od njih.
09:30
But he also deeply believed, he truly believed,
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Ali je isto tako duboko vjerovao, bio istinski uvjeren,
09:33
that if you couldn't explain something simply
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da ako nisi u stanju nešto objasniti jednostavno
09:35
you didn't understand it.
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onda to nisi ni shvatio.
09:38
In the 1950s, people were trying to figure out
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1950-ih ljudi su pokušavali shvatiti
09:41
how superfluid helium worked.
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supratekući helij.
09:43
There was a theory.
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Postojala je teorija.
09:45
It was due to a Russian mathematical physicist,
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Osmišljena zahvaljujući ruskom matematičkom fizičaru,
09:47
and it was a complicated theory.
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i bila je to komplicirana teorija.
09:49
I'll tell you what that theory was soon enough.
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Ubrzo ću vam ispričati nešto o toj teoriji.
09:51
It was a terribly complicated theory
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Bila je to užasno komplicirana teorija
09:53
full of very difficult integrals and formulas
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puna teških integrala i formula
09:56
and mathematics and so forth.
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i matematike, itd.
09:58
And it sort of worked, but it didn't work very well.
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I nekako je funkcionirala, ali ne baš dobro.
10:01
The only way it worked
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Ispravna je bila jedino u slučaju
10:03
is when the helium atoms were very, very far apart.
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kada su atomi helija bili međusobno vrlo, vrlo udaljeni.
10:06
The helium atoms had to be very far apart.
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Atomi helija morali su biti vrlo udaljeni.
10:08
And unfortunately, the helium atoms in liquid helium
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A nažalost, atomi helija u tekućem heliju
10:10
are right on top of each other.
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naslagani su jedan na drugi.
10:12
Feynman decided, as a sort of amateur helium physicist,
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Feynman je odlučio, kao amaterski fizičar helija,
10:15
that he would try to figure it out.
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kako će pokušati shvatiti o čemu je zapravo riječ.
10:18
He had an idea, a very clear idea.
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Imao je vrlo jasnu ideju.
10:20
He would try to figure out
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Pokušao je shvatiti
10:22
what the quantum wave function
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kako bi izgledala funkcija kvantnog vala
10:24
of this huge number of atoms looked like.
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tog velikog broja atoma.
10:26
He would try to visualize it,
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Pokušao si je to vizualizirati,
10:28
guided by a small number of simple principles.
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pritom se koristeći jednostavnim principima.
10:31
The small number of simple principles were very, very simple.
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Par jednostavnih principa bili su vrlo, vrlo jednostavni.
10:34
The first one was
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Prvi je glasio:
10:36
that when helium atoms touch each other, they repel.
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kada se atomi helija dodirnu međusobno se odbijaju.
10:39
The implication of that is that the wave function has to go to zero,
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Kao posljedica toga valna funkcija mora težiti nuli,
10:42
it has to vanish when the helium atoms touch each other.
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mora nestati kada se atomi helija dodirnu.
10:45
The other fact
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Druga činjenica je ta
10:47
is that the ground state, the lowest energy state of a quantum system,
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da primarno stanje, najniža energija kvantnog sistema,
10:50
the wave function is always very smooth --
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-- a funkcija vala je uvijek mirna --
10:54
has the minimum number of wiggles.
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ima minimalan broj titraja.
10:56
So he sat down --
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I tako je sjeo za stol --
10:58
and I imagine he had nothing more
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mislim kako i nije imao ništa više
11:00
than a simple piece of paper and a pencil --
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od običnog papira i olovke --
11:02
and he tried to write down, and did write down,
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pokušao zapisati, i zapisao,
11:04
the simplest function that he could think of
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najjednostavniju funkciju koje se mogao sjetiti
11:07
which had the boundary conditions
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a koja je imala takve uvjete graničnosti
11:09
that the wave function vanish when things touch
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zbog kojih bi valna funkcija nestala kada se stvari dodirnu
11:11
and is smooth in between.
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i koja nema titraja između.
11:13
He wrote down a simple thing.
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Zapisao je vrlo jednostavnu stvar.
11:15
It was so simple, in fact,
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Zapravo je bila toliko jednostavna
11:17
that I suspect a really smart high school student,
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da bi ju i jedan pametni srednjoškolac,
11:19
who didn't even have calculus,
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koji pri sebi nema ni kalkulatora,
11:21
could understand what he wrote down.
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shvatio bez problema.
11:24
The thing was that that simple thing that he wrote down
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Stvar je bila u tome da je ta jednostavna funkcija koju je zapisao
11:27
explained everything that was known at the time about liquid helium
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opisivala sve što je do tada bilo poznato o tekućem heliju
11:30
and then some.
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i još ponešto.
11:32
I've always wondered
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Uvijek sam se pitao
11:34
whether the professionals, the real professional helium physicists,
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jesu li se profesionalci, pravi profesionalni fizičari helija,
11:37
were just a little bit embarrassed by this.
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osjećali osramoćenima.
11:40
They had their super-powerful technique,
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Imali su na raspolaganju svoju super snažnu teoriju,
11:42
and they couldn't do as well.
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i nisu uspjeli shvatiti o čemu se radi.
11:44
Incidentally, I'll tell you what that super-powerful technique was.
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Uzgredno, reći ću vam o kojoj super snažnoj teoriji je bila riječ.
11:48
It was the technique of Feynman diagrams.
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Bila je to teorija Feynmanovih dijagrama.
11:51
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:53
He did it again in 1968.
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Ponovno mu je pošlo za rukom 1968. godine.
11:56
In 1968, in my own university --
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1968. godine, na mom sveučilištu --
11:58
I wasn't there at the time -- but in 1968,
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Tada nisam bio tamo -- ali 1968.,
12:01
they were exploring the structure of the proton.
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istraživali su strukturu protona.
12:04
The proton is obviously made
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Proton se naravno sastoji od
12:06
of a whole bunch of little particles.
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skupine malih čestica.
12:08
This was more or less known.
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To je bilo više-manje poznato svima.
12:10
And the way to analyze it was, of course, Feynman diagrams.
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A analizirali su se, naravno, Feynmanovim dijagramima.
12:13
That's what Feynman diagrams were constructed for --
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Zato su Feynmanovi dijagrami bili i osmišljeni --
12:16
to understand particles.
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kako bi se shvatile čestice.
12:18
The experiments that were going on were very simple.
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Eksperimenti koji su se izvodili bili su vrlo jednostavni.
12:20
You simply take the proton,
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Proton se
12:22
and you hit it really sharply with an electron.
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snažno sudari s elektronom.
12:24
This was the thing the Feynman diagrams were for.
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Ovome su i služili Feynmanovi dijagrami.
12:27
The only problem
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Jedini je problem bila činjenica
12:29
was that Feynman diagrams are complicated.
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da su Feynmanovi dijagrami komplicirani.
12:31
They're difficult integrals.
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Riječ je o kompliciranim integralima.
12:33
If you could do all of them, you would have a very precise theory.
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Ako si ih mogao sve rješiti, dobio bi vrlo preciznu teoriju.
12:36
But you couldn't; they were just too complicated.
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Ali to je bilo gotovo nemoguće; jednostavno su bili previše komplicirani.
12:39
People were trying to do them.
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Ali ljudi su ih pokušavali rješiti.
12:41
You could do a one loop diagram. Don't worry about one loop.
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Mogao se rješiti dijagram s jednom petljom. Nije bilo brige za jednu petlju.
12:44
One loop, two loops -- maybe you could do a three loop diagram,
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Jedna petlja, dvije petlje -- možda ste mogli rješiti dijagram s tri petlje,
12:47
but beyond that, you couldn't do anything.
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ali više od toga niste mogli ići.
12:49
Feynman said, "Forget all of that.
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Feynman je rekao, "Zaboravite sve to.
12:51
Just think of the proton
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Samo zamislite proton
12:53
as an assemblage of little particles --
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kao skupinu malih čestica --
12:55
a swarm of little particles."
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kao roj malih čestica."
12:57
He called them partons. He called them partons.
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Nazvao ih je partonima.
13:00
He said, "Just think of it as a swarm of partons
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Rekao je, "Samo zamislite roj partona
13:02
moving real fast."
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koji se kreće veoma brzo."
13:04
Because they're moving real fast,
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Budući da se kreću veoma brzo,
13:08
relativity says the internal motions go very slow.
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teorija relativnosti kaže kako se unutarnji mehanizmi kreću veoma sporo.
13:12
The electron hits it suddenly.
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Elektron ih udara odjednom.
13:14
It's like taking a very sudden snapshot of the proton.
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Kao da napravite jedan brzi snimak protona.
13:17
What do you see?
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Što vidite?
13:19
You see a frozen bunch of partons.
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Vidite zamrznutu sliku partona.
13:24
They don't move, and because they don't move
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Ne miču se, a budući da se ne miču
13:26
during the course of the experiment,
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za vrijeme trajanja eksperimenta,
13:28
you don't have to worry about how they're moving.
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ne morate se brinuti o načinu na koji se kreću.
13:30
You don't have to worry about the forces between them.
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Ne morate se brinuti o silama koje djeluju između njih.
13:32
You just get to think of it
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Samo o njima razmišljate
13:34
as a population
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kao o skupini
13:36
of frozen partons.
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zamrznutih partona.
13:39
This was the key to analyzing these experiments.
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I ovo je bio ključ u analizi ovih eksperimenata.
13:42
Extremely effective, it really did --
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Nevjerojatno efikasno,
13:45
somebody said the word revolution is a bad word.
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netko je spomenuo kako je riječ revolucija loša riječ.
13:47
I suppose it is, so I won't say revolution --
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Vjerojatno i je, pa neću spomenuti revoluciju --
13:50
but it certainly evolved very, very deeply
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ali je zasigurno jako dobro razvila
13:53
our understanding of the proton,
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naše shvaćanje protona,
13:56
and of particles beyond that.
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i čestica van toga.
13:58
Well, I had some more that I was going to tell you
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Htio sam vam ispričati još toga
14:00
about my connection with Feynman,
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o mom odnosu s Feynmanom,
14:02
what he was like,
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kakav je bio,
14:04
but I see I have exactly half a minute.
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ali vidim da mi je ostalo još pola minute vremena.
14:06
So I think I'll just finish up
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Pa mislim da ću završiti
14:08
by saying I actually don't think Feynman would have liked this event.
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i reći kako mislim da se ovakav događaj Feynmanu ne bi svidio.
14:12
I think he would have said,
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Mislim da bi rekao,
14:15
"I don't need this."
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"Ne treba mi ovo."
14:18
But how should we honor Feynman?
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Ali kako da odamo počast Feynmanu?
14:21
How should we really honor Feynman?
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Kako stvarno odati počast Feynmanu?
14:23
I think the answer is we should honor Feynman
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Mislim da mu trebamo odati počast
14:26
by getting as much baloney
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tako da izbacimo što je više moguće gluposti (baloney: glupost; salama)
14:28
out of our own sandwiches as we can.
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iz naših sendviča.
14:31
Thank you.
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Hvala.
14:33
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Leonard Susskind - PhysicistLeonard Susskind works on string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology at Stanford.
Why you should listen
Leonard Susskind is the Felix Bloch Professor of Physics at Stanford University. His research interests include string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics, and quantum cosmology. He received the Pregel Award from the New York Academy of Science (1975), and the J. J. Sakurai Prize of the American Physical Society (1998) "for his pioneering contributions to hadronic string models, lattice gauge theories, quantum chromodynamics, and dynamical symmetry breaking." He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and, since 2009, has been serving as Director of the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics.
He is a recent recipient of the Los Angeles Times Book Award in Science and Technology for The Black Hole War: My Battle with Stephen Hawking to Make the World Safe for Quantum Mechanics.
Leonard Susskind | Speaker | TED.com