TEDxCaltech
Leonard Susskind: My friend Richard Feynman
Leonards Saskainds: Mans draugs Ričards Fainmens
Filmed:
Readability: 3.5
1,213,939 views
Kā tas ir, būt draugos ar ģēniju? Uz TEDxCaltech skatuves, fiziķis Leonards Saskainds dalās ar pāris stāstiem par savu draudzību ar leģendāro Ričardu Fainmenu, nopietni un mazāk nopietni, apspriežot viņa netradicionālo pieeju problēmām.
Leonard Susskind - Physicist
Leonard Susskind works on string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology at Stanford. Full bio
Leonard Susskind works on string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology at Stanford. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I decided when I was asked to do this
0
0
2000
Kad man piedāvāja iespēju uzstāties, es izlēmu,
00:17
that what I really wanted to talk about
1
2000
2000
ka tas par, ko tiešām vēlos runāt,
00:19
was my friend Richard Feynman.
2
4000
2000
ir mans draugs Ričards Fainmens.
00:21
I was one of the fortunate few
3
6000
2000
Es biju viens no dažiem laimīgajiem,
00:23
that really did get to know him
4
8000
2000
kuriem patiešām izdevās viņu iepazīt
00:25
and enjoyed his presence.
5
10000
2000
un baudīt viņa klātbūtni.
00:27
And I'm going to tell you the Richard Feynman that I knew.
6
12000
3000
Es jums pastāstīšu par Ričardu Fainmenu, ko pazinu es.
00:30
I'm sure there are other people here
7
15000
2000
Esmu drošs, ka šeit ir arī citi cilvēki,
00:32
who could tell you about the Richard Feynman they knew,
8
17000
2000
kas varētu pastāstīt par Ričardu Fainmenu, tā kā to atceras viņi,
00:34
and it would probably be a different Richard Feynman.
9
19000
2000
un tas iespējams būtu citādāks Ričards Fainmens.
00:36
Richard Feynman was a very complex man.
10
21000
3000
Ričards Fainmens bija ļoti sarežģīts cilvēks.
00:39
He was a man of many, many parts.
11
24000
2000
Viņš bija ļoti, ļoti daudzpusīgs cilvēks.
00:41
He was, of course, foremost,
12
26000
2000
Viņš bija, protams, galvenokārt,
00:43
a very, very, very great scientist.
13
28000
3000
ļoti, ļoti, ļoti liels zinātnieks.
00:46
He was an actor. You saw him act.
14
31000
3000
Viņš bija aktieris. Jūs redzējāt viņu darbībā.
00:49
I also had the good fortune to be in those lectures,
15
34000
3000
Arī man palaimējās atrasties šajās lekcijās,
00:52
up in the balcony.
16
37000
2000
augšā, balkonā.
00:54
They were fantastic.
17
39000
2000
Tās bija fantastiskas.
00:56
He was a philosopher;
18
41000
2000
Viņš bija filozofs;
00:58
he was a drum player;
19
43000
2000
viņš spēlēja bungas;
01:00
he was a teacher par excellence.
20
45000
3000
viņš bija skolotājs ar izcilības standartu.
01:03
Richard Feynman was also a showman,
21
48000
2000
Ričards Fainmens bija arī šovmenis,
01:05
an enormous showman.
22
50000
2000
milzīgs šovmenis.
01:07
He was brash, irreverent --
23
52000
4000
Viņš bija nekaunīgs,
01:11
he was full of macho,
24
56000
2000
viņš bija īsts mačo,
01:13
a kind of macho one-upmanship.
25
58000
3000
tāds mačo, kas vienmēr uzvarēja.
01:16
He loved intellectual battle.
26
61000
4000
Viņam patika intelektuālas sadursmes.
01:20
He had a gargantuan ego.
27
65000
4000
Viņam piemita milzonīgs ego.
01:24
But the man had somehow
28
69000
3000
Tomēr šim vīram kaut kā
01:27
a lot of room at the bottom.
29
72000
2000
atradās vieta arī citiem.
01:29
And what I mean by that
30
74000
2000
Ar to es domāju,
01:31
is a lot of room, in my case --
31
76000
3000
vietu, kas manā gadījumā,
01:34
I can't speak for anybody else --
32
79000
2000
es nevaru runāt par nevienu citu,
01:36
but in my case,
33
81000
2000
taču manā gadījumā
01:38
a lot of room for another big ego.
34
83000
3000
pietiekami daudz vietas vēl vienam lielam ego.
01:41
Well, not as big as his,
35
86000
2000
Labi, ne tik lielam, kā viņa,
01:43
but fairly big.
36
88000
2000
bet diezgan lielam.
01:45
I always felt good with Dick Feynman.
37
90000
3000
Es vienmēr jutos labi kopā ar Diku Fainmenu.
01:48
It was always fun to be with him.
38
93000
2000
Ar viņu būt kopā vienmēr bija jautri.
01:50
He always made me feel smart.
39
95000
2000
Viņš man vienmēr lika justies gudram.
01:52
How can somebody like that make you feel smart?
40
97000
2000
Kā gan kāds var likt tev justies gudram?
01:54
Somehow he did.
41
99000
2000
Kaut kā viņš to spēja.
01:56
He made me feel smart. He made me feel he was smart.
42
101000
2000
Viņš lika man justies gudram. Viņš lika man just, ka viņš ir gudrs.
01:58
He made me feel we were both smart,
43
103000
2000
Viņš lika man just, ka mēs esam gudri,
02:00
and the two of us could solve any problem whatever.
44
105000
4000
un abi kopā varam atrisināt jebkuru problēmu.
02:04
And in fact, we did sometimes do physics together.
45
109000
3000
Patiesībā, mēs dažreiz kopā strādājām pie fizikas.
02:07
We never published a paper together,
46
112000
2000
Mēs nekad nenopublicējām kopīgu zinātnisku rakstu,
02:09
but we did have a lot of fun.
47
114000
3000
bet mums gāja ļoti jautri.
02:13
He loved to win.
48
118000
2000
Viņam patika uzvarēt.
02:15
With these little macho games we would sometimes play --
49
120000
3000
Ar šīm mačo spēlītēm, ko mēs dažreiz spēlējām,
02:18
and he didn't only play them with me, he played them with all sorts of people --
50
123000
3000
viņš to nedarīja tikai ar mani, viņš tās spēlēja ar visu veidu cilvēkiem,
02:21
he would almost always win.
51
126000
2000
viņš gandrīz vienmēr uzvarēja.
02:23
But when he didn't win, when he lost,
52
128000
3000
Bet kad viņš neuzvarēja, kad viņš zaudēja,
02:26
he would laugh and seem to have just as much fun
53
131000
3000
viņš smējās un izskatījās to izbaudām tik pat ļoti
02:29
as if he had won.
54
134000
2000
kā uzvaras.
02:31
I remember once he told me a story
55
136000
2000
Es atceros, ka reiz viņš man stāstīja
02:33
about a joke that the students played on him.
56
138000
3000
par joku, ko studenti ar viņu izspēlēja.
02:36
They took him -- I think it was for his birthday --
57
141000
2000
Viņi viņu aizveda, šķiet, tā bija viņa dzimšanas diena,
02:38
they took him for lunch.
58
143000
2000
viņi viņu aizveda pusdienās.
02:40
They took him for lunch
59
145000
2000
Pusdienās uz
02:42
to a sandwich place in Pasadena.
60
147000
2000
sviestmaižu tirgotavu Pasadīnā.
02:44
It may still exist; I don't know.
61
149000
2000
Tā varbūt vēl joprojām strādā; es nezinu.
02:46
Celebrity sandwiches was their thing.
62
151000
3000
Tās lepnums bija slavenību sviestmaizes.
02:49
You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich.
63
154000
2000
Bija iespējams dabūt Merilinas Monro sviestmaizi.
02:51
You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich.
64
156000
3000
Varēja arī paņemt Hamfrija Bogarta sviestmaizi.
02:54
The students went there in advance,
65
159000
2000
Studenti tur ieradās iepriekš
02:56
and they arranged that they would all order Feynman sandwiches.
66
161000
3000
un sarunāja, ka visi pasūtīs Fainmena sviestmaizes.
02:59
One after another, they came in and ordered Feynman sandwiches.
67
164000
3000
Viens pēc otra viņi nāca un pasūtīja Fainmena sviestmaizes.
03:02
Feynman loved this story.
68
167000
2000
Fainmenam patika šis stāsts.
03:04
He told me this story, and he was really happy and laughing.
69
169000
4000
Viņš man to stāstīja un bija ļoti laimīgs un smējās.
03:08
When he finished the story, I said to him,
70
173000
3000
Kad viņš pabeidza stāstu, es viņam teicu:
03:11
"Dick, I wonder what would be the difference
71
176000
2000
„Dik, interesanti, kāda būtu atšķirība
03:13
between a Feynman sandwich and a Susskind sandwich."
72
178000
4000
starp Fainmena un Saskainda sviestmaizi.”
03:17
And without skipping a beat at all,
73
182000
2000
Bez nekādas vilcināšanās
03:19
he said, "Well, they'd be about the same.
74
184000
3000
viņš atbildēja: „Tās abas būtu vienādas.
03:22
The only difference is a Susskind sandwich would have a lot more ham,"
75
187000
3000
Vienīgā atšķirība, ka Saskainda sviestmaizē būtu daudz vairāk šķiņķa”.
03:25
ham, as in bad actor.
76
190000
2000
ar „šķiņķi” domājot sliktu aktiermākslu.
03:27
(Laughter)
77
192000
2000
(Smiekli)
03:29
Well, I happened to have been very quick that day,
78
194000
3000
Labi, gadījās, ka es tajā dienā biju ļoti asprātīgs,
03:32
and I said, "Yeah, but a lot less baloney."
79
197000
3000
un es teicu: „Jā, bet daudz mazāk desas.”
03:35
(Laughter)
80
200000
3000
(Smiekli)
03:38
The truth of the matter
81
203000
4000
Patiesība ir tā,
03:42
is that a Feynman sandwich
82
207000
2000
ka Fainmena sviestmaizē
03:44
had a load of ham,
83
209000
2000
bija pa pilnam „šķiņķa”,
03:46
but absolutely no baloney.
84
211000
3000
bet ne kripatiņas desas.
03:50
What Feynman hated worse than anything else
85
215000
2000
Tas, ko Fainmens vairāk par visu neieredzēja
03:52
was intellectual pretense --
86
217000
2000
bija intelektuāla augstprātība —
03:54
phoniness,
87
219000
2000
samākslotība,
03:56
false sophistication, jargon.
88
221000
3000
viltus izsmalcinātība, žargons.
03:59
I remember sometime during the '80s,
89
224000
3000
Es atceros, kādu reizi 80-tajos,
04:02
the mid-'80s,
90
227000
2000
80-to gadu vidū,
04:04
Dick and I and Sidney Coleman
91
229000
2000
Diks, es un Sidnijs Kolemens
04:06
would meet a couple of times
92
231000
2000
Sanfrancisko dažas reizes
04:08
up in San Francisco at some very rich guy's house --
93
233000
3000
satikāmies kāda ļoti bagāta vīra mājā
04:11
up in San Francisco for dinner.
94
236000
2000
uz pusdienām.
04:13
And the last time the rich guy invited us,
95
238000
3000
Pēdējā reizē, kad bagātais vīrs mūs uzaicināja,
04:16
he also invited a couple of philosophers.
96
241000
2000
viņš uzaicināja arī pāris filozofu.
04:18
These guys were philosophers of mind.
97
243000
3000
Šie puiši bija prāta filozofi.
04:21
Their specialty was the philosophy of consciousness.
98
246000
3000
Viņu specialitāte bija apziņas filozofija.
04:24
And they were full of all kinds of jargon.
99
249000
2000
Viņi mētājās ar visa veida žargonu.
04:26
I'm trying to remember the words --
100
251000
3000
Es cenšos atcerēties vārdus —
04:29
"monism," "dualism," categories all over the place.
101
254000
3000
„monisms”, „duālisms”, kategorijas cik uziet.
04:32
I didn't know what those things meant, neither did Dick --
102
257000
2000
Es nezināju, ko visas šīs lietas nozīmē, un Diks arī nē,
04:34
neither did Sydney for that matter.
103
259000
2000
tāpat arī Sidnijs.
04:36
And what did we talk about?
104
261000
2000
Par ko tad mēs runājām?
04:38
Well, what do you talk about when you talk about minds?
105
263000
3000
Nu, par ko var runāt, kad jūs runājat par prātu?
04:41
One thing, there's one obvious thing to talk about --
106
266000
2000
Viena lieta, ir viena acīmredzama lieta par ko runāt,
04:43
can a machine become a mind?
107
268000
2000
vai mašīnai var piemist saprāts?
04:45
Can you build a machine
108
270000
2000
Vai iespējams uzbūvēt mašīnu,
04:47
that thinks like a human being,
109
272000
2000
kas domā, kā cilvēks,
04:49
that is conscious?
110
274000
2000
kas ir saprātīga?
04:51
We sat around and we talked about this -- we of course never resolved it.
111
276000
3000
Mēs sēdējām aplī un runājām par šo jautājumu, mēs, protams, uz to tā arī neatbildējām.
04:54
But the trouble with the philosophers
112
279000
2000
Bet probēma ar filozfiem
04:56
is that they were philosophizing
113
281000
2000
ir tā, ka viņi filozofē,
04:58
when they should have been science-iphizing.
114
283000
2000
kad viņiem vajadzētu zinātņofēt.
05:00
It's a scientific question after all.
115
285000
3000
Tas galu galā ir zinātnisks jautājums.
05:03
And this was a very, very dangerous thing to do
116
288000
2000
Dika Fainmena klātbūtnē šāda rīcība
05:05
around Dick Feynman.
117
290000
3000
bija ļoti, ļoti bīstama.
05:10
Feynman let them have it -- both barrels, right between the eyes.
118
295000
3000
Fainmens viņiem to ļāva izbaudīt, abas lodes, tieši starp acīm.
05:13
It was brutal; it was funny -- ooh, it was funny.
119
298000
3000
Tas bija brutāli; tas bija smieklīgi, ak, tik smieklīgi.
05:16
But it was really brutal.
120
301000
2000
Bet tas bija ļoti brutāli.
05:18
He really popped their balloon.
121
303000
2000
Viņš viņus patiešām nolika pie vietas.
05:20
But the amazing thing was --
122
305000
2000
Taču apbrīnojamais bija, ka
05:22
Feynman had to leave a little early.
123
307000
2000
Fainmenam bija jādodas projām mazliet agrāk.
05:24
He wasn't feeling too well, so he left a little bit early.
124
309000
3000
Viņš nejutās īpaši labi, tāpēc viņš mūs atstāja mazliet agrāk,
05:27
And Sidney and I were left there with the two philosophers.
125
312000
3000
Un mēs ar Sidniju palikām ar šiem diviem filozofiem.
05:30
And the amazing thing is these guys were flying.
126
315000
3000
Apbrīnojamā kārtā, šie puiši pacēlās spārnos.
05:33
They were so happy.
127
318000
2000
Viņi bija tik laimīgi.
05:35
They had met the great man;
128
320000
3000
Viņi bija satikuši diženu vīru;
05:38
they had been instructed by the great man;
129
323000
2000
viņi bija saņēmuši diženā vīra norādes;
05:40
they had an enormous amount of fun
130
325000
2000
viņiem bija gājis ļoti jautri
05:42
having their faces shoved in the mud,
131
327000
3000
viņu sejām tiekot iegrūstām dubļos,
05:45
and it was something special.
132
330000
3000
un tas bija kaut kas īpašs.
05:48
I realized there was something just extraordinary about Feynman,
133
333000
3000
Es sapratu, tur ir kaut kas neparasts saistībā ar Fainmenu,
05:51
even when he did what he did.
134
336000
3000
pat tad kad viņš darīja to, ko viņš darīja.
05:58
Dick, he was my friend. I did call him Dick.
135
343000
3000
Diks, viņš bija mans draugs, es viņu saucu par Diku.
06:01
Dick and I had a certain, a little bit of a rapport.
136
346000
2000
Starp Diku un mani pavisam noteikti bija saikne.
06:03
I think it may have been a special rapport that he and I had.
137
348000
3000
Es domāju starp mums pastāvēja īpaša saikne.
06:06
We liked each other; we liked the same kind of things.
138
351000
3000
Mēs patikām viens otram; mums patika līdzīgas lietas.
06:09
I also liked the kind of intellectual macho games.
139
354000
4000
Man arī patika tādas pašas intelektuālas mačo spēles.
06:13
Sometimes I would win, mostly he would win,
140
358000
2000
Dažreiz uzvarēju es, lielākoties uzvarēja viņš,
06:15
but we both enjoyed them.
141
360000
2000
bet mēs abi tās izbaudījām.
06:17
And Dick became convinced at some point
142
362000
2000
Diks kādā brīdī sāka uzskatīt,
06:19
that he and I had some kind of similarity of personality.
143
364000
4000
ka mūsu personības ir savā ziņā līdzīgas.
06:23
I don't think he was right.
144
368000
2000
Nedomāju, ka viņam bija taisnība.
06:25
I think the only point of similarity between us
145
370000
2000
Domāju, vienīgā līdzība starp mums
06:27
is we both like to talk about ourselves.
146
372000
3000
ir tā, ka mums abiem patika runāt par sevi.
06:30
But he was convinced of this.
147
375000
2000
Bet viņš par šo bija pārliecināts.
06:32
And he was curious.
148
377000
2000
Viņš bija ziņkārīgs.
06:34
The man was incredibly curious.
149
379000
2000
Šis vīrs bija neticami ziņkārīgs.
06:36
And he wanted to understand what it was and why it was
150
381000
3000
Viņš vēlējās saprast kas tas bija un kāpēc tā bija,
06:39
that there was this funny connection.
151
384000
4000
ka mums ir šī jocīgā saikne.
06:43
And one day we were walking. We were in France.
152
388000
2000
Kādu dienu mēs pastaigājāmies. Mēs bijām Francijā.
06:45
We were in La Zouche.
153
390000
2000
Mēs atradāmies La Zouche.
06:47
We were up in the mountains, 1976.
154
392000
2000
Tas bija kalnos, 1976. gadā.
06:49
We were up in the mountains, and Feynman said to me,
155
394000
3000
Mēs bijām kalnos un Fainmens man teica:
06:52
he said, "Leonardo."
156
397000
2000
„Leonardo”
06:54
The reason he called me Leonardo
157
399000
2000
Iemesls, kāpēc viņš sauca mani par Leonardo
06:56
is because we were in Europe
158
401000
2000
bija tas, ka mēs bijām Eiropā
06:58
and he was practicing his French.
159
403000
3000
un viņš praktizēja savu franču valodu.
07:01
And he said, "Leonardo,
160
406000
3000
Tātad viņš teica: „Leonardo,
07:04
were you closer to your mother or to you father
161
409000
3000
vai tu biji tuvāks ar savu māti vai ar savu tēvu
07:07
when you were a kid?"
162
412000
2000
kad biji bērns?”
07:09
And I said, "Well, my real hero was my father.
163
414000
3000
Es atbildēju: „Nu, mans patiesais varonis bija mans tēvs.
07:12
He was a working man,
164
417000
2000
Viņš bija strādnieks
07:14
had a fifth grade education.
165
419000
3000
ar piecu klašu izglītību.
07:17
He was a master mechanic, and he taught me how to use tools.
166
422000
3000
Viņš bija meistars mehānikā un viņš man iemācīja strādāt ar darbarīkiem.
07:20
He taught me all sorts of things about mechanical things.
167
425000
4000
Viņš man iemācīja daudz ko par mehānismiem.
07:24
He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem.
168
429000
2000
Viņš pat man iemācīja Pitagora teorēmu.
07:26
He didn't call it the hypotenuse,
169
431000
2000
Viņš to nesauca par hipotenūzu,
07:28
he called it the shortcut distance."
170
433000
3000
Viņš to sauca par „īsāko attālumu.”
07:31
And Feynman's eyes just opened up.
171
436000
2000
Fainmena acis iepletās.
07:33
He went off like a light bulb.
172
438000
2000
Viņš iedegās kā lampiņa.
07:35
And he said he had had
173
440000
3000
Viņš teica, ka viņam
07:38
basically exactly the same relationship
174
443000
2000
būtībā bija bijušas tādas pašas attiecības
07:40
with his father.
175
445000
2000
ar savu tēvu.
07:42
In fact, he had been convinced at one time
176
447000
3000
Faktiski, kādā brīdī viņš sāka uzskatīt,
07:45
that, to be a good physicist,
177
450000
3000
ka, lai būtu labs fiziķis,
07:48
that it was very important
178
453000
2000
ir ļoti svarīgi
07:50
to have had that kind of relationship with your father.
179
455000
3000
būt šāda veida attiecībās ar tēvu.
07:53
I apologize for the sexist conversation here,
180
458000
3000
Es atvainojos par šo seksistisko sarunu,
07:56
but this is the way it really happened.
181
461000
2000
bet tā tas patiesībā notika.
07:58
He said that he had been absolutely convinced that this was necessary --
182
463000
4000
Viņš teica, ka ir pilnībā pārliecināts, ka šis ir
08:02
the necessary part of the growing up of a young physicist.
183
467000
4000
svarīgs priekšnoteikums jauna fiziķa uzaugšanau.
08:06
Being Dick, he, of course, wanted to check this.
184
471000
3000
Kā jau Diks, viņš protams to gribēja pārbaudīt.
08:09
He wanted to go out and do an experiment.
185
474000
2000
Viņš gribēja to pārbaudīt eksperimentāli.
08:11
So, well he did.
186
476000
2000
Un, tā arī izdarīja.
08:13
He went out and did an experiment.
187
478000
2000
Savā eksperimentā
08:15
He asked all his friends that he thought were good physicists,
188
480000
3000
viņš visiem saviem draugiem, kas bija labi fiziķi, uzdeva jautājumu:
08:18
"Was it your mom or your pop that influenced you?"
189
483000
3000
„Uz jums lielāku iespaidu atstāja mamma vai paps?”
08:21
And to a man -- they were all men --
190
486000
2000
Un viņi visi, viņi visi bija vīrieši,
08:23
to a man, every single one of them
191
488000
2000
ikviens no viņiem
08:25
said, "My mother."
192
490000
2000
atbildēja: „Māte.”
08:27
(Laughter)
193
492000
3000
(Smiekli)
08:30
There went that theory down the trashcan of history.
194
495000
4000
Tā nu šī teorija tika izmesta vēstures miskastē.
08:35
But he was very excited that he had finally met somebody
195
500000
3000
Tomēr viņš bija ļoti iepriecināts, ka beidzot saticis kādu,
08:38
who had the same experience with my father
196
503000
3000
kam bijusi līdzīga pieredze ar tēvu,
08:41
as he had with his father.
197
506000
2000
tāpat kā viņam ar savu tēvu.
08:43
And for some time, he was convinced
198
508000
2000
Un kādu laiku viņš bija pārliecināts,
08:45
this was the reason we got along so well.
199
510000
2000
ka šis bija iemesls, kāpēc mēs tik labi satikām.
08:47
I don't know. Maybe. Who knows?
200
512000
2000
Es nezinu. Varbūt. Kas to lai zina?
08:49
But let me tell you a little bit
201
514000
2000
Bet ļaujiet man pastāstīt vēl nedaudz
08:51
about Feynman the physicist.
202
516000
3000
par Fainmenu, fiziķi.
08:55
Feynman's style --
203
520000
2000
Fainmena stils,
08:57
no, style is not the right word.
204
522000
2000
nē, stils nav īstais vārds.
08:59
Style makes you think of the bow tie he might have worn
205
524000
2000
Stils liek jums domāt par tauriņu, ko viņš varētu būt nēsājis
09:01
or the suit he was wearing.
206
526000
2000
vai par uzvalku, ko viņš nēsāja.
09:03
There's something much deeper than that,
207
528000
2000
Tomēr ir kas daudz dziļāks par to,
09:05
but I can't think of another word for it.
208
530000
2000
bet es nespēju nākt klajā ar citu vārdu.
09:07
Feynman's scientific style
209
532000
3000
Fainmena zinātniskais stils
09:10
was always to look for the simplest,
210
535000
2000
bija vienmēr meklēt vienkāršāko,
09:12
most elementary solution to a problem that was possible.
211
537000
5000
pašu elementārāko problēmas risinājumu, kāds vien bija iespējams.
09:17
If it wasn't possible, you had to use something fancier.
212
542000
3000
Ja tas nebija iespējams, tad nācās izmantot kaut ko sarežģītāku.
09:20
But no doubt part of this
213
545000
3000
Bet, bez šaubām, daļa no šī
09:23
was his great joy and pleasure
214
548000
3000
bija viņa iepriecinājums
09:26
in showing people that he could think more simply than they could.
215
551000
4000
parādīt citiem, ka viņš spēja domāt vēl vienkāršāk nekā viņi.
09:30
But he also deeply believed, he truly believed,
216
555000
3000
Bet viņš arī ļoti ticēja, viņš patiesi ticēja,
09:33
that if you couldn't explain something simply
217
558000
2000
ka, ja jūs kaut ko nespējat izskaidrot vienkārši,
09:35
you didn't understand it.
218
560000
3000
tad jūs to nesaprotat.
09:38
In the 1950s, people were trying to figure out
219
563000
3000
1950-ajos gados cilvēki centās izprast
09:41
how superfluid helium worked.
220
566000
2000
šķidro hēliju.
09:43
There was a theory.
221
568000
2000
Pastāvēja teorija,
09:45
It was due to a Russian mathematical physicist,
222
570000
2000
tās radītājs bija krievu matemātiķis-fiziķis
09:47
and it was a complicated theory.
223
572000
2000
un tā bija sarežģīta teorija.
09:49
I'll tell you what that theory was soon enough.
224
574000
2000
Es jums drīz par to pastāstīšu.
09:51
It was a terribly complicated theory
225
576000
2000
Tā bija ārkārtīgi sarežģīta teorija
09:53
full of very difficult integrals and formulas
226
578000
3000
pilna ar ļoti sarežģītiem integrāļiem un formulām
09:56
and mathematics and so forth.
227
581000
2000
un matemātiku, un tā tālāk.
09:58
And it sort of worked, but it didn't work very well.
228
583000
3000
Šī teorija kaut kādā ziņā darbojās, bet ne īpaši veiksmīgi.
10:01
The only way it worked
229
586000
2000
Vienīgais gadījums, kad tā strādāja
10:03
is when the helium atoms were very, very far apart.
230
588000
3000
bija, kad hēlija atomi atradās ļoti, ļoti tālu viens no otra.
10:06
The helium atoms had to be very far apart.
231
591000
2000
Hēlija atomiem bija jābūt tālu vienam no otra,
10:08
And unfortunately, the helium atoms in liquid helium
232
593000
2000
bet diemžēl hēlija atomi šķidrajā hēlijā
10:10
are right on top of each other.
233
595000
2000
atrodas tieši viens otram virsū.
10:12
Feynman decided, as a sort of amateur helium physicist,
234
597000
3000
Fainmens izlēma, kā, kaut kādā ziņā, hēlija fiziķis-amatieris,
10:15
that he would try to figure it out.
235
600000
3000
ka viņš mēģinās atrisināt šo problēmu.
10:18
He had an idea, a very clear idea.
236
603000
2000
Viņam bija ideja, ļoti skaidra ideja.
10:20
He would try to figure out
237
605000
2000
Viņš mēģinās izprast,
10:22
what the quantum wave function
238
607000
2000
kā izskatās kvantu viļņa funkcija
10:24
of this huge number of atoms looked like.
239
609000
2000
šim milzīgajam daudzumam atomu.
10:26
He would try to visualize it,
240
611000
2000
Viņš to centās vizualizēt
10:28
guided by a small number of simple principles.
241
613000
3000
vadoties pēc dažiem vienkāršiem principiem.
10:31
The small number of simple principles were very, very simple.
242
616000
3000
Šie nedaudzie vienkāršie principi bija pavisam, pavisam vienkārši.
10:34
The first one was
243
619000
2000
Pirmais bija:
10:36
that when helium atoms touch each other, they repel.
244
621000
3000
hēlija atomiem saskaroties, tie atgrūžas.
10:39
The implication of that is that the wave function has to go to zero,
245
624000
3000
No tā izrietēja, ka viļņa funkcijai jākļūst par nulli,
10:42
it has to vanish when the helium atoms touch each other.
246
627000
3000
tai jāpazūd, kad hēlija atomi saskaras viens ar otru.
10:45
The other fact
247
630000
2000
Nākamais fakts:
10:47
is that the ground state, the lowest energy state of a quantum system,
248
632000
3000
sazemētā stāvoklī, kvantu sistēmas mazākās enerģijas stāvoklī,
10:50
the wave function is always very smooth --
249
635000
4000
viļņa funkcija vienmēr ir ļoti līdzena,
10:54
has the minimum number of wiggles.
250
639000
2000
tai ir vismazākais skaits svārstību.
10:56
So he sat down --
251
641000
2000
Tā, nu viņš apsēdās -
10:58
and I imagine he had nothing more
252
643000
2000
un es iedomājos, viņam nebija nekā vairāk
11:00
than a simple piece of paper and a pencil --
253
645000
2000
kā vienkārša papīra lapa un zīmulis -
11:02
and he tried to write down, and did write down,
254
647000
2000
un viņš centās uzrakstīt, un uzrakstīja,
11:04
the simplest function that he could think of
255
649000
3000
visvienkāršāko funkciju, kādu vien varēja iedomāties,
11:07
which had the boundary conditions
256
652000
2000
ar robežnosacījumiem,
11:09
that the wave function vanish when things touch
257
654000
2000
ka viļņa funkcija pazūd, kad atomi saskaras
11:11
and is smooth in between.
258
656000
2000
un ir līdzena pārējā laikā.
11:13
He wrote down a simple thing.
259
658000
2000
Viņš uzrakstīja vienkāršu lietu.
11:15
It was so simple, in fact,
260
660000
2000
Īstenībā, tā bija tik vienkārša,
11:17
that I suspect a really smart high school student,
261
662000
2000
ka, manuprāt, ļoti gudrs vidusskolas audzēknis,
11:19
who didn't even have calculus,
262
664000
2000
pat neapguvis aprēķinus,
11:21
could understand what he wrote down.
263
666000
3000
varētu saprast, ko viņš uzrakstīja.
11:24
The thing was that that simple thing that he wrote down
264
669000
3000
Lieta tāda, ka šī vienkāršā viņa uzrakstīta lieta
11:27
explained everything that was known at the time about liquid helium
265
672000
3000
izskaidroja visu, kas līdz tam bija zināms par šķidro hēliju
11:30
and then some.
266
675000
2000
un vēl drusku.
11:32
I've always wondered
267
677000
2000
Es vienmēr brīnījos,
11:34
whether the professionals, the real professional helium physicists,
268
679000
3000
vai profesionāļi, īstie profesionālie hēlija fiziķi,
11:37
were just a little bit embarrassed by this.
269
682000
3000
par šo nejutās nedaudz apkaunoti.
11:40
They had their super-powerful technique,
270
685000
2000
Viņiem bija viņu super-spēcīgā tehnika,
11:42
and they couldn't do as well.
271
687000
2000
tomēr viņi to nespēja izdarīt.
11:44
Incidentally, I'll tell you what that super-powerful technique was.
272
689000
4000
Starp citu, es pateikšu, kas šī super-spēcīgā tehnika bija.
11:48
It was the technique of Feynman diagrams.
273
693000
3000
Tās bija Fainmena diagrammas.
11:51
(Laughter)
274
696000
2000
(Smiekli)
11:53
He did it again in 1968.
275
698000
3000
Viņš to pašu izdarīja atkal 1968. gadā.
11:56
In 1968, in my own university --
276
701000
2000
1968. gadā manā universitātē,
11:58
I wasn't there at the time -- but in 1968,
277
703000
3000
toreiz tur es nebiju, bet 1968. gadā
12:01
they were exploring the structure of the proton.
278
706000
3000
viņi pētīja protona uzbūvi.
12:04
The proton is obviously made
279
709000
2000
Protonu veido
12:06
of a whole bunch of little particles.
280
711000
2000
no milzuma mazu daļiņu.
12:08
This was more or less known.
281
713000
2000
Tas jau bija vairāk vai mazāk zināms.
12:10
And the way to analyze it was, of course, Feynman diagrams.
282
715000
3000
Veids, kā to analizēt, protams, bija Fainmena diagrammas.
12:13
That's what Feynman diagrams were constructed for --
283
718000
3000
Tāpēc Fainmena diagrammas bija radītas,
12:16
to understand particles.
284
721000
2000
lai izprastu daļiņas.
12:18
The experiments that were going on were very simple.
285
723000
2000
Eksperimenti, kas tika veikti, bija ļoti vienkārši.
12:20
You simply take the proton,
286
725000
2000
Jūs vienkārši paņemiet protonu
12:22
and you hit it really sharply with an electron.
287
727000
2000
un precīzi pa to šaujat ar elektronu.
12:24
This was the thing the Feynman diagrams were for.
288
729000
3000
Šis bija Fainmena diagrammu mērķis.
12:27
The only problem
289
732000
2000
Vienīgā problēma bija,
12:29
was that Feynman diagrams are complicated.
290
734000
2000
ka Fainmena diagrammas ir ļoti sarežģītas.
12:31
They're difficult integrals.
291
736000
2000
Tie ir sarežģīti integrāļi.
12:33
If you could do all of them, you would have a very precise theory.
292
738000
3000
Ja jūs varētu tās visas izpildīt, jums būtu ļoti precīza teorija.
12:36
But you couldn't; they were just too complicated.
293
741000
3000
Bet tas nebija iespējams, tās vienkārši bija pārāk sarežģītas.
12:39
People were trying to do them.
294
744000
2000
Cilvēki mēģināja tās izpildīt.
12:41
You could do a one loop diagram. Don't worry about one loop.
295
746000
3000
Jūs varat iziet viena cikla diagrammu. Neraizējieties par vienu ciklu.
12:44
One loop, two loops -- maybe you could do a three loop diagram,
296
749000
3000
Viens cikls, divi cikli, varbūt jūs varat iziet trīs ciklu diagrammu,
12:47
but beyond that, you couldn't do anything.
297
752000
2000
bet pēc tam, jūs nevarētu izdarīt neko vairāk.
12:49
Feynman said, "Forget all of that.
298
754000
2000
Fainmens teica: „Aizmirstiet par to visu.
12:51
Just think of the proton
299
756000
2000
Vienkārši domājiet par protonu
12:53
as an assemblage of little particles --
300
758000
2000
kā mazu daļiņu kopumu —
12:55
a swarm of little particles."
301
760000
2000
mazu daļiņu spietu.”
12:57
He called them partons. He called them partons.
302
762000
3000
Viņš tās sauca par partoniem.
13:00
He said, "Just think of it as a swarm of partons
303
765000
2000
Viņš teica: „Vienkārši skatieties uz to kā partonu spietu,
13:02
moving real fast."
304
767000
2000
kas pārvietojas ļoti ātri.”
13:04
Because they're moving real fast,
305
769000
4000
Tāpēc, ka tie pārvietojas tik ātri,
13:08
relativity says the internal motions go very slow.
306
773000
4000
relativitāte nosaka, ka iekšējās kustības ir ļoti lēnas.
13:12
The electron hits it suddenly.
307
777000
2000
Pa to pēkšņi trāpa elektrons.
13:14
It's like taking a very sudden snapshot of the proton.
308
779000
3000
Tas ir kā iegūt ļoti pēkšņu protona momentuzņēmumu.
13:17
What do you see?
309
782000
2000
Ko jūs redzat?
13:19
You see a frozen bunch of partons.
310
784000
5000
Jūs redzat pāris sastingušus partonus.
13:24
They don't move, and because they don't move
311
789000
2000
Tie nepārvietojas, un tāpēc, ka tie nepārvietojas,
13:26
during the course of the experiment,
312
791000
2000
eksperimenta laikā,
13:28
you don't have to worry about how they're moving.
313
793000
2000
jums nav jāuztraucas par to, kā tie pārvietojas.
13:30
You don't have to worry about the forces between them.
314
795000
2000
Jums nav jāuztraucas par spēkiem, kas tos saista.
13:32
You just get to think of it
315
797000
2000
Jums vienkārši par to jādomā
13:34
as a population
316
799000
2000
kā par
13:36
of frozen partons.
317
801000
3000
sastingušu daļiņu kopumu.
13:39
This was the key to analyzing these experiments.
318
804000
3000
Tā bija atslēga šādu eksperimentu analīzei.
13:42
Extremely effective, it really did --
319
807000
3000
Ārkārtīgi efektīva, tā patiešām bija -
13:45
somebody said the word revolution is a bad word.
320
810000
2000
kāds teicis, ka vārds „revolūcija” ir slikts vārds.
13:47
I suppose it is, so I won't say revolution --
321
812000
3000
Es pieņemu, ka tā ir, tāpēc es neteikšu „revolūcija”,
13:50
but it certainly evolved very, very deeply
322
815000
3000
bet tā pavisam noteikti atklāja pašus pamatus
13:53
our understanding of the proton,
323
818000
3000
mūsu izpratnē par protonu,
13:56
and of particles beyond that.
324
821000
2000
un daļiņām, kas stāv aiz tā.
13:58
Well, I had some more that I was going to tell you
325
823000
2000
Labi, man bija vēl kas, ko es gribēju jums pastāstīt
14:00
about my connection with Feynman,
326
825000
2000
par manām attiecībām ar Fainmenu,
14:02
what he was like,
327
827000
2000
kāds viņš bija,
14:04
but I see I have exactly half a minute.
328
829000
2000
bet es redzu, ka man palikusi tieši pusminūte.
14:06
So I think I'll just finish up
329
831000
2000
Tāpēc es vienkārši pabeigšu,
14:08
by saying I actually don't think Feynman would have liked this event.
330
833000
4000
sakot, es īstenībā nedomāju, ka Fainmenam būtu paticis šis pasākums.
14:12
I think he would have said,
331
837000
3000
Es domāju, viņš būtu teicis:
14:15
"I don't need this."
332
840000
3000
„Man tas nav vajadzīgs.”
14:18
But how should we honor Feynman?
333
843000
3000
Bet kā, lai mēs godājam Fainmenu?
14:21
How should we really honor Feynman?
334
846000
2000
Kā, lai mēs patiešām godājam Fainmenu?
14:23
I think the answer is we should honor Feynman
335
848000
3000
Uzskatu, atbilde ir, mums vajadzētu pieminēt Fainmenu
14:26
by getting as much baloney
336
851000
2000
tiekot vaļā no tik daudz desas
14:28
out of our own sandwiches as we can.
337
853000
3000
mūsu sviestmaizēs, cik vien iespējams.
14:31
Thank you.
338
856000
2000
Paldies.
14:33
(Applause)
339
858000
3000
(Aplausi)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Leonard Susskind - PhysicistLeonard Susskind works on string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology at Stanford.
Why you should listen
Leonard Susskind is the Felix Bloch Professor of Physics at Stanford University. His research interests include string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics, and quantum cosmology. He received the Pregel Award from the New York Academy of Science (1975), and the J. J. Sakurai Prize of the American Physical Society (1998) "for his pioneering contributions to hadronic string models, lattice gauge theories, quantum chromodynamics, and dynamical symmetry breaking." He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and, since 2009, has been serving as Director of the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics.
He is a recent recipient of the Los Angeles Times Book Award in Science and Technology for The Black Hole War: My Battle with Stephen Hawking to Make the World Safe for Quantum Mechanics.
Leonard Susskind | Speaker | TED.com