Paul Greenberg: The four fish we're overeating -- and what to eat instead
ポール・グリーンバーグ: 過食される4種類の魚-代わりに何を食べるべきか
Paul Greenberg researches and writes about fish, aquaculture and the future of the ocean. Full bio
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I didn't like to watch them.
見るのも嫌いで
I fished on the shores of Connecticut,
釣りばかりしていました
that I saw on a regular basis.
実家に戻りました
your roster devastated.
point of view as a fisherman,
thinking about it?
was fish markets.
or Paris, or London, or wherever --
パリでもロンドンでも
repeating trope of four creatures,
見続けるのです
魚市場での魚の種類の減少に
this sort of shrinking of the market?
疑問に思いました
didn't look at it as their team.
捉えていないことが分かったのです
at seafood was like this.
このように見ていました
還元してしまうのは
down to very few elements.
珍しいことではありません
when we came out of our caves.
1万年前に遡ることが出来ます
from 10,000 years ago,
you'll see, you know, wolves,
of different creatures.
you know, 2,000 years ago,
in New York City restaurants
レストランのメニューを見ると
dozens of ducks, dozens of geese.
アヒルやガチョウは定番でした
of modern animal husbandry,
that we've headed in this direction.
あるのでしょうか?
the oceans over the last 50 years.
海洋での漁法です
to arm ourselves in a war against fish.
漁業も武装強化されました
that we perfected during World War II --
完成した技術―
were redirected towards fish.
in fishing capacity,
分かります
to the present time.
metric tons out of the sea every year.
水揚げしているのです
of the human weight of China
that I use China as the example
偶然ではなく
the largest fishing nation in the world.
世界最大の漁業国なのです
in fish farming and aquaculture,
大流行にあります
in the last year or two,
of wild fish that we produce.
and farmed fish together,
of two Chinas created from the ocean
that I use China as the example,
偶然例に出したのではありません
to being the biggest catcher of fish,
漁獲高を誇るだけでなく
we are making right now.
in America and in much of the West,
最も消費されている
as a wild product --
are regularly killed
天然魚が定期的に
to the market.
to bring to the market.
燃料効率が物凄く悪いのです
out of Dalhousie University,
最近の研究によると
ways of fishing that you can find.
in this very area.
is in these wild habitats --
天然エビの生息地のマングローブ林に
roots coming down.
下へと伸びていますね
that hold soil together,
for all sorts of young fish, young shrimp,
作り出しているので
that are important to this environment.
to a lot of coastal mangrove forests.
こうなりました
of coastal mangroves
マングローブが
in a major mangrove deficit.
減少しています
Mark Benjamin called "Grinding Nemo."
「グラインディング・ニモ」と呼ぶ現象で
on a tropical reef.
dragging for shrimp,
and turned into shrimp food.
エビの餌になるのです
捕ってしまうのです
and spitting out shrimp.
have to be observed
この広大な海域を
Management Organization,
for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas.
とも呼ばれます
Carl Safina once called it,
カール・サフィーナは それを
to Catch all the Tunas."
と呼んでいます
incredible improvement
that tuna is a global fish,
we have to manage the globe.
地球全体で管理しなくてはなりません
animal for aquaculture.
養殖には向かないのです
but tuna are warm-blooded.
あまり知られていません
above ambient temperature,
of farming a fish, right?
it doesn't move too much.
あまり移動しない魚です
this crazy, wild creature
暴れん坊で 野生の魚—
and heats its blood --
and throughout the West --
一番食べられている
happen through fishing.
ではありません
コネティカット州ですが
to a lot of wild salmon.
多く生息していました
at this map of Connecticut,
in the state of Connecticut.
3千以上のダムがあります
in Connecticut are so uptight --
原因だと私はいつも言っています
unblock Connecticut's chi,
「気」の流れをよくすれば
an infinitely better world.
思います
of national parks officers,
sidled up to me, he says,
私の側に来て言うのです
on your Connecticut,
ムキになりすぎてるよ
we got 35,000 dams."
3万5千のダムがあるんだよ」
it's an international epidemic.
いや 世界中に乱立しています
from reaching their spawning grounds.
邪魔しているのです
we've turned to aquaculture,
at least from a numbers point of view.
最も養殖に成功した魚です
as six pounds of wild fish
greatly improved.
かなり進歩したので
aquaculture feed is produced,
何ポンドものペレットを与えます
魚の量を減らすものです
the fish in and the fish out --
略して FIFO です
per pound of salmon.
餌となる魚の量を減らしています
that we're producing.
food system on the planet.
食料システムです
like seven percent per year.
we're doing less per fish
餌となる魚の量を
a lot of these little fish.
大量の小魚を捕獲しています
that we're feeding fish to,
魚だけではありません
to chickens and pigs.
and they're eating fish,
そして鶏は魚を食べますが
that are eating chickens.
我々は 鶏を食べる魚を食べるのです
feathers, blood, bone --
a chicken that ate a fish?
食べる魚がいるのだろうか?」
of the chicken and egg thing. Anyway --
似ています
it results in a terrible mess.
物凄く入り乱れているのです
metric tons of wild creatures
and used and ground up.
磨り潰されていることです
of a third of a China,
あるいは
each and every year.
is a kind of amorphous thing.
指してはいませんが
呼ばれる魚のことです
into this whitefish thing
このホワイトフィッシュに入ります
the story, I think,
アメリカの伝統的な食に
of American culinary innovation,
フィレオフィッシュが
actually started as halibut.
オヒョウを使って始まりました
a local franchise owner
フランチャイズのオーナーが
his McDonald's on Friday, nobody came.
客が来ないことに気付きました
community, they needed fish.
金曜は魚の日でした
会いに行き
going to be made out of halibut."
と言うと
it's going to work.
「うまく行くとは思えない
a slice of pineapple on a bun.
フラ・バーガーならどうだ?
that will be the winning sandwich."
と言いました
that the Hula Burger didn't win.
フラ・バーガーが負けたのです
the sandwich came in at 30 cents.
30セント掛かったので
to come in at 25 cents,
着目しました
Atlantic cod in New England.
どうなったかご存知ですね
is made out of Alaska pollock,
スケトウダラで作られています
in the United States,
taken out of the sea every single year.
水揚げされています
going to be tilapia.
nobody ever heard of 20 years ago.
無名の魚の1つでした
of plant protein into animal protein,
効率良く動物性タンパク質に変えます
to the third world.
天の恵みであり
sustainable solution,
解決策です
to an adult in nine months.
look about the West,
wants it to do.
an oily fish profile.
脂っこい魚ではありません
to make us live forever.
what about this poor fish, the clupeids?
どうでしょうか?
of that 20 to 30 million metric tons.
2-3千万トンの水揚量を多くを占めています
that a lot of conservationists have raised
論じてきたのは
instead of feeding them to salmon?
そのまま食べてはどうか?」です
to bring to market,
燃料効率は非常に良いのです
of say, shrimp,
of the carbon efficiency scale.
一番低い部類に入ります
a great source for EPA and DHA.
豊富に含んでいるので
what I would say is,
or a few bucks a ton, really --
または1トンに数百円払って
and double the price for the fishermen
漁師のために価格を倍にすることで
of treating these particular fish?
変えられないでしょうか?
which is much more interesting,
particularly mussels.
they're similar to canned tuna.
缶詰めしたツナと似ています
as required to bring beef to market.
炭素の30分の1程度です
by filtering the water of microalgae.
オメガ3を得ています
they don't come from fish.
微細藻類からオメガ3を得ます
they're only bioconcentrated in fish.
魚の体内で凝縮されるだけなのです
dozens of gallons every single day.
濾過できるのです
when we look at the world.
これは非常に重要です
overuse of phosphates in our waterways
硝化作用やリン酸塩の過剰使用により
have been created in the last 20 years,
新しい酸欠海域ができ
that can be high in omega-3s,
just like mussels do.
海水を濾過します
can actually feed this to cows.
使われているのです
where water resources are limited,
制約を受けることがありますが
you don't have to water it --
水やりをする必要がありません
to create aquacultured fish
正味の利得をもたらすような
of marine protein for us.
我々にはあります
to a changing climate
that oily fish profile,
fatty acid profile that we're looking for.
含んでいるようなものでしょう
on these subjects for 15 years.
このテーマを報告し続けてきました
somebody tells me,
言われます
We've figured it all out.
やり方も全て分かっている
and has omega-3s."
オメガ3を含む魚を作れる」
見えません
a third of the world catch,
つまり世界の漁獲量の3分の1が
this is what we've been going with.
お話してきました
rather than our minds.
食欲を優先させる傾向にあります
or some configuration of it,
仕組みが出来たのならば
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Greenberg - AuthorPaul Greenberg researches and writes about fish, aquaculture and the future of the ocean.
Why you should listen
Paul Greenberg is the author of the James Beard Award winning New York Times bestseller Four Fish and a regular contributor to The New York Times. He has also written for National Geographic Magazine, GQ, The Times (of London) and Vogue, and he lectures on seafood and the environment around the world. He is currently a fellow with The Safina Center and a Pew Fellow in Marine Conservation.
His most recent book, American Catch, the story of how we lost and how we might regain American local seafood, was published by The Penguin Press in June of 2014 and was featured on Fresh Air with Terry Gross.
Paul Greenberg | Speaker | TED.com