ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Matt Ridley - Rational optimist
Matt Ridley argues that, through history, the engine of human progress and prosperity has been, and is, "ideas having sex with each other."

Why you should listen

British author Matt Ridley knows one thing: Through history, the engine of human progress and prosperity has been, and is, the mating of ideas. The sophistication of the modern world, says Ridley, lies not in individual intelligence or imagination; it is a collective enterprise. In his book The Rational Optimist, Ridley (whose previous works include Genome and Nature via Nurture) sweeps the entire arc of human history to powerfully argue that "prosperity comes from everybody working for everybody else."

It is our habit of trade, idea-sharing and specialization that has created the collective brain which set human living standards on a rising trend. This, he says, "holds out hope that the human race will prosper mightily in the years ahead -- because ideas are having sex with each other as never before."

Watch his 2010 TEDTalk, "When Ideas Have Sex."

More profile about the speaker
Matt Ridley | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2010

Matt Ridley: When ideas have sex

म्याट रिडली : जब बिचारहरु संसर्ग गर्छन

Filmed:
2,434,498 views

टेड ग्लोबल २०१० मा लेखक म्याट रिडलीले परापूर्व कालदेखि कसरी नयाँ विचारहरूको निर्माणका लागि विचारहरू बीचको सम्पर्क र संसर्ग मानव प्रगतिको इन्जिन हुँदै आएको छ भन्ने बारे चर्चा गर्नु हुन्छ/ "एउटा व्यक्ति कति चलाख छ भने कुरा महत्वपूर्ण होइन" -उहाँ भन्नुहुन्छ; " के कुराले वास्तवमै महत्व राख्छ भने - एकत्रित रुपमा हाम्रो दिमाग कति तीक्ष्ण छ|"
- Rational optimist
Matt Ridley argues that, through history, the engine of human progress and prosperity has been, and is, "ideas having sex with each other." Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
When I was a student here in Oxford in the 1970s,
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जब म १९७० तिर यहाँ अक्सफोर्डको बिधार्थी थिएँ
00:19
the future of the world was bleak.
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बिश्वको भबिष्य त्यती आशालाग्दो थिएन/
00:22
The population explosion was unstoppable.
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जनसंख्या वृद्धि रोक्नै नसकिने खालको थियो/
00:24
Global famine was inevitable.
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भोकमरी हटाउनै नसकिने थियो/
00:26
A cancer epidemic caused by chemicals in the environment
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वातावरणमा भएको रसायनको कारणले फैलिएको क्यान्सरले
00:29
was going to shorten our lives.
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हाम्रो जीवन छोट्याउदै थियो/
00:32
The acid rain was falling on the forests.
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जंगलहरूमा अम्ल वर्षा भैरहेको थियो/
00:35
The desert was advancing by a mile or two a year.
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हरेक वर्ष थप एक दुई माईलले मरुभूमिकरण भईरहेको थियो|
00:37
The oil was running out,
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तेलको भण्डार रित्तिदै थियो/
00:39
and a nuclear winter would finish us off.
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र, शीतकालीन परमाणुले हामीलाई सिध्याउन सक्थ्यो/
00:42
None of those things happened,
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तर त्यस्तो केही भएन/
00:44
(Laughter)
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( हाँसो )
00:46
and astonishingly, if you look at what actually happened in my lifetime,
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आश्चर्यजनक रुपमा, यदि तपाईंहरू मेरै जीवन अबधिमा वास्तवमा के के भयो त भनेर हेर्नु हुन्छ भने,
00:49
the average per-capita income
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यही ग्रहको औषत मान्छेको
00:52
of the average person on the planet,
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औषत प्रति व्यक्ति आय
00:54
in real terms, adjusted for inflation,
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साँचो अर्थमा, स्फीतिलाई समायोजन गर्दा,
00:56
has tripled.
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तीन गुणा भयो/
00:58
Lifespan is up by 30 percent in my lifetime.
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मेरै जीवन अबधिमा आयु ३० प्रतिशतले वृद्धि भयो/
01:01
Child mortality is down by two-thirds.
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बाल मृत्यु दर दुई तिहाईले कम भयो/
01:04
Per-capita food production
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प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्य उत्पादनमा
01:06
is up by a third.
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एक तिहाईले वृद्धि भयो/
01:08
And all this at a time when the population has doubled.
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र यो सँगसँगै जनसँख्या दोब्बर पुगेको छ/
01:11
How did we achieve that, whether you think it's a good thing or not?
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हामीले कसरी यो सब प्राप्त गर्यौं - तपाईं यसलाई राम्रो कुरा मान्नु हुन्छ या हुन्न -
01:13
How did we achieve that?
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हामीले कसरी यो सब प्राप्त गर्यौं त ?
01:15
How did we become
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हामी कसरी त्यस्तो
01:17
the only species
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प्रजाति बन्यौं
01:19
that becomes more prosperous
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जसको संख्या जति बढ्यो
01:21
as it becomes more populous?
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उति बढि समृद्ध हुन्छ ?
01:23
The size of the blob in this graph represents the size of the population,
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यो ग्राफमा बिन्दुको आकारले जनसँख्याको आकार जनाउँछ/
01:26
and the level of the graph
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र ग्राफको तहले
01:28
represents GDP per capita.
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प्रति व्यक्ति कुल ग्राहस्थ उत्पादन जनाउँछ/
01:30
I think to answer that question
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मलाई लाग्छ यो सवालको जवाफको लागि
01:32
you need to understand
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कसरी मानव जातिले आफ्ना दिमागलाई एक ठाउँमा ल्याउन सके
01:34
how human beings bring together their brains
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र आफ्ना विचारहरूलाई संयोजन र पुनर्संयोजन,
01:37
and enable their ideas to combine and recombine,
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सम्पर्क र, साँच्चै भन्नु पर्दा, संसर्ग गर्न
01:40
to meet and, indeed, to mate.
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सक्षम बनाउन सके भन्ने कुरा बुझ्नु पर्ने हुन्छ/
01:43
In other words, you need to understand
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अर्को शब्दमा, विचारहरू कसरी संसर्ग गर्छन
01:45
how ideas have sex.
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भन्ने बुझ्नु पर्ने हुन्छ/
01:48
I want you to imagine
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कल्पना गर्नुहोस
01:50
how we got from making objects like this
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हामी कसरी यस्ता किसिमका वस्तुहरू बनाउने अबस्थाबाट
01:53
to making objects like this.
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यस्ता किसिमका वस्तुहरू बनाउने अबस्थामा आईपुग्यौं/
01:56
These are both real objects.
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यी दुवै वास्तविक वस्तुहरू हुन/
01:58
One is an Acheulean hand axe from half a million years ago
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एउटा पाँच लाख वर्ष भन्दा अगाडि ढुंगे युगमा
02:00
of the kind made by Homo erectus.
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होमो इरेक्टस प्रजातिका मानिसहरूले बनाएको जस्तै हाते औजार हो/
02:03
The other is obviously a computer mouse.
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अर्को स्वाभाविक रुपमा कम्प्युटरको माउस हो/
02:05
They're both exactly the same size and shape to an uncanny degree.
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यी दुवै पत्याउनै नसकिने गरी ठ्याक्कै एउटै आकार र उस्तै प्रकारका छन्/
02:08
I've tried to work out which is bigger,
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मैले कुन चाहीँ ठुलो छ भनेर पत्ता लगाउन खोजेँ
02:11
and it's almost impossible.
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तर त्यो झन्डै असम्भव छ/
02:13
And that's because they're both designed to fit the human hand.
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त्यो किन भने यी दुवै मान्छेको हातमा ठ्याक्क अटाउने गरी बनाईएका छन्/
02:15
They're both technologies. In the end, their similarity is not that interesting.
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यी दुवै प्रविधि हुन/ अन्त्यमा, तिनीहरुको समानता त्यती रोचक भने छैन/
02:18
It just tells you they were both designed to fit the human hand.
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त्यसले ती दुवै केवल मान्छेको हातमा अटाउने गरी बनाईएका थिए भन्ने मात्र बताउँछ/
02:20
The differences are what interest me,
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यहि भिन्नताहरुलेनै मेरो रुचि जगाउँछन्/
02:22
because the one on the left was made to a pretty unvarying design
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किनभने बायाँ पट्टिको चाहीँ एउटै डिजाइनमा बनाईएको थियो
02:25
for about a million years --
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झन्डै १० लाख वर्ष सम्म --
02:27
from one-and-a-half million years ago to half a million years ago.
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१५ लाख वर्ष अघि देखि ५ लाख वर्ष अघि सम्म/
02:30
Homo erectus made the same tool
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होमो इरेक्टसहरुले यस्तै सामग्री
02:33
for 30,000 generations.
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३०,००० पुस्ता सम्म बनाए/
02:35
Of course there were a few changes,
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पक्कै पनि केही परिवर्तनहरू भने थिए,
02:37
but tools changed slower than skeletons in those days.
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तर ती दिनहरुमा सामग्रीहरु मानिसको रुप-रेखा भन्दा ढिलो परिवर्तन भए/
02:40
There was no progress, no innovation.
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त्यहाँ कुनै प्रगति थिएन, कुनै आविस्कार थिएन/
02:42
It's an extraordinary phenomenon, but it's true.
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यो एउटा असाधारण घटना हो, तर सत्य हो/
02:44
Whereas the object on the right is obsolete after five years.
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जब की दायाँको वस्तु पाँचै वर्षमा काम नलाग्ने हुन्छ/
02:47
And there's another difference too,
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र अर्को पनि भिन्नता छ,
02:49
which is the object on the left is made from one substance.
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त्यो हो - बायाँको वस्तु एउटै पदार्थबाट बनेको छ/
02:51
The object on the right is made from
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दायाँको वस्तु
02:53
a confection of different substances,
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विभिन्न पदार्थहरुको मिश्रणबाट बनेको छ,
02:55
from silicon and metal and plastic and so on.
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सिलिकन र धातु र प्लाष्टिक इत्यादिबाट/
02:58
And more than that, it's a confection of different ideas,
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त्यो भन्दा पनि बढि, यो फरक फरक आइडियाहरुको मिश्रण हो,
03:01
the idea of plastic, the idea of a laser,
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प्लाष्टिकको आइडिया, लेजरको आइडिया,
03:03
the idea of transistors.
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ट्रान्जिस्टरहरुको आइडिया|
03:05
They've all been combined together in this technology.
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ती सबै आइडियाहरुको संयोजन गरिएको छ यो प्रविधिमा/
03:08
And it's this combination,
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र यो त्यो संयोजन हो,
03:10
this cumulative technology, that intrigues me,
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त्यो एकमुष्ठ प्रविधि हो, जसले म भित्र उत्सुकता जागृत गराउँछ/
03:13
because I think it's the secret to understanding
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किनभने मलाई लाग्छ यो संसारमा के भईरहेको छ
03:16
what's happening in the world.
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भनेर बुझ्नको लागि यो नै एउटा गोप्य तथ्य हो/
03:18
My body's an accumulation of ideas too:
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मेरो शरीर पनि विचारहरुको थुप्रो हो,
03:21
the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.
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छालाका कोषहरुको विचार, गिदीका कोषहरुको विचार, कलेजोका कोषहरुको विचार/
03:24
They've come together.
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तिनीहरु सबै सँगै आएका छन्/
03:26
How does evolution do cumulative, combinatorial things?
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क्रमिक विकासले कसरि संचिति, संयोजन जस्ता कुराहरू गर्छ?
03:29
Well, it uses sexual reproduction.
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खयर, यसले यौन प्रजननको प्रयोग गर्छ/
03:32
In an asexual species, if you get two different mutations in different creatures,
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अलैंगिक प्रजातिहरूमा, यदि तपाईं फरक फरक प्राणीहरुमा दुई भिन्न खालका रुपान्तरण पाउनु भयो भने,
03:35
a green one and a red one,
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मानौं एउटा हरियो र अर्को रातो,
03:37
then one has to be better than the other.
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एउटा अर्को भन्दा राम्रो हुनु पर्छ|
03:39
One goes extinct for the other to survive.
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एउटा अस्तित्वमा रहनको लागि अर्को लोप हुनु पर्छ|
03:41
But if you have a sexual species,
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तर लैंगिक प्रजातिको मामिलामा भने
03:43
then it's possible for an individual
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विभिन्न वंशबाट
03:45
to inherit both mutations
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दुवै किसिमका रुपान्तरणहरू
03:47
from different lineages.
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ग्रहण गर्न सम्भव छ|
03:49
So what sex does is it enables the individual
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त्यसैले संसर्गले के गर्छ भने हरेक सन्तानलाई
03:52
to draw upon
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सिंगो प्रजातिको
03:54
the genetic innovations of the whole species.
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आनुवंशिक आविस्कारहरूलाई ग्रहण गर्न सक्षम बनाउँछ|
03:57
It's not confined to its own lineage.
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यो आफ्नो वंशमा मात्र सिमित छैन|
03:59
What's the process that's having the same effect
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त्यो के प्रकृया हो जसले सांस्कृतिक विकासक्रममा
04:01
in cultural evolution
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संसर्गले जैविक विकासक्रममा जस्तै
04:03
as sex is having in biological evolution?
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असर पारिरहेको छ?
04:06
And I think the answer is exchange,
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र मलाई लाग्छ यसको जवाफ विनिमय (सट्टापट्टा) हो,
04:08
the habit of exchanging one thing for another.
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एउटा वस्तु अर्कोसँग विनिमय (सट्टापट्टा) गर्ने बानी हो|
04:11
It's a unique human feature.
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यो मान्छे मात्रको विशेषता हो|
04:13
No other animal does it.
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अरु कुनै प्राणीहरु त्यसो गर्दैनन|
04:15
You can teach them in the laboratory to do a little bit of exchange --
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तपाईं प्रयोगशालामा तिनीहरूलाई अलिअलि विनिमय गर्न सिकाउन सक्नु हुन्छ|
04:17
and indeed there's reciprocity in other animals --
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अनि वास्तवमै त्यसको प्रभाव अरु प्राणीहरूमा देख्न सकिन्छ|
04:19
But the exchange of one object for another never happens.
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तर तिनीहरू एउटा वस्तुको विनिमय अर्को वस्तुसँग कहिल्यै गर्न सक्दैनन|
04:22
As Adam Smith said, "No man ever saw a dog
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आडम् स्मिथले भने झैँ कसैले पनि आजसम्म
04:24
make a fair exchange of a bone with another dog."
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''एउटा कुकुरले अर्को कुकुरसँग हड्डी साटेको देखेको छैन|''
04:27
(Laughter)
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(हाँसो)
04:30
You can have culture without exchange.
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तपाईंहरू विनिमय बिनाको संस्कार अपनाउन सक्नु हुन्छ|
04:32
You can have, as it were, asexual culture.
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सेक्स बिनाको संस्कार अपनाउन सक्नु हुन्छ|
04:34
Chimpanzees, killer whales, these kinds of creatures, they have culture.
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चिम्पान्जी, हिंश्रक व्हेल जस्ता प्राणीहरूको पनि संस्कार छ|
04:37
They teach each other traditions
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तिनीहरू एकअर्कालाई परम्परा सिकाउँछन
04:39
which are handed down from parent to offspring.
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जुन आमाबाबुबाट सन्तानमा सारिन्छ|
04:41
In this case, chimpanzees teaching each other
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चिम्पन्जीहरूले एकअर्कालाई
04:43
how to crack nuts with rocks.
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ढुंगाले कसरी ओखर फोर्ने भने जस्ता कुरा सिकाउँछन |
04:45
But the difference is
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तर भिन्नता के भने
04:47
that these cultures never expand, never grow,
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ती संस्कारहरू कहिल्यै विस्तार हुँदैनन, कहिल्यै वृद्धि हुँदैनन,
04:49
never accumulate, never become combinatorial,
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कहिल्यै एकत्रित हुँदैनन र कहिल्यै संयोजन योग्य हुँदैनन|
04:51
and the reason is because
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कारण के भने
04:53
there is no sex, as it were,
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त्यहाँ संसर्ग हुँदैन
04:55
there is no exchange of ideas.
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त्यहाँ विचारहरूको आदानप्रदान हुंदैन|
04:57
Chimpanzee troops have different cultures in different troops.
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चिम्पन्जीहरुको बेग्लाबेग्लै बगालका बेग्लाबेग्लै संस्कारहरू हुन्छन|
05:00
There's no exchange of ideas between them.
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तिनीहरू बीच विचारको आदानप्रदान हुँदैन|
05:03
And why does exchange raise living standards?
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र किन विनिमयले जीवन स्तरलाई उकास्छ?
05:05
Well, the answer came from David Ricardo in 1817.
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खयर, त्यसको उत्तर १८१७ मा डेविड रिकार्डोले दिएका थिए|
05:08
And here is a Stone Age version of his story,
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र यो उनको त्यो कथाको ढुंगे युग संस्करण हो,
05:10
although he told it in terms of trade between countries.
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तथापि उनले यो देशहरू बीचको ब्यापारको सन्दर्भमा भनेका थिए|
05:13
Adam takes four hours to make a spear and three hours to make an axe.
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आडमले चार घन्टामा एउटा भाला बनाउँछ र तीन घन्टामा एउटा बन्चरो बनाउँछ|
05:16
Oz takes one hour to make a spear and two hours to make an axe.
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अजले एक घन्टामै एउटा भाला र दुई घन्टामै एउटा बन्चरो बनाउँछ|
05:19
So Oz is better at both spears and axes than Adam.
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त्यसैले दुवै काममा आडम भन्दा अज सिपालु छ|
05:22
He doesn't need Adam.
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उसलाई आडमको खाँचो छैन|
05:24
He can make his own spears and axes.
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उसले आफ्नो लागि आफै हतियार बनाउन सक्छ|
05:26
Well no, because if you think about it,
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तर यसो सोंच्नु भयो भने, त्यस्तो हुँदैन, किनकि
05:28
if Oz makes two spears and Adam make two axes,
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यदि अजले दुईटा भाला र आडमले दुईटा बन्चरा बनाएर
05:30
and then they trade,
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सट्टापट्टा गरे भने,
05:32
then they will each have saved an hour of work.
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तिनीहरू प्रत्येकले एक-एक घण्टा समय बचाउन सक्छन|
05:35
And the more they do this, the more true it's going to be,
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र उनीहरू जति बढि सट्टापट्टा गर्छन, त्यती धेरै समय बचत पनि गर्छन|
05:38
because the more they do this, the better Adam is going to get at making axes
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किनकि उनीहरू जति बढि यसो गर्छन, आडम बन्चरो बनाउने काममा झन सिपालु हुँदै जान्छ,
05:41
and the better Oz is going to get at making spears.
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र अज भाला बनाउने काममा झन सिपालु हुँदै जान्छ|
05:43
So the gains from trade are only going to grow.
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त्यसपछि त्यस ब्याबसायबाट हुने आम्दानी बढ्दै जान्छ|
05:45
And this is one of the beauties of exchange,
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यो विनिमयका सुन्दर पक्षहरू मध्ये एक हो,
05:47
is it actually creates the momentum
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यसले वास्तवमा बिशिष्टता हासिल गर्नको लागि
05:49
for more specialization,
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गति उत्पन्न गर्छ,
05:51
which creates the momentum for more exchange and so on.
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जसले अझ बढि विनिमय गर्ने हौसला प्रदान गर्छ/
05:54
Adam and Oz both saved an hour of time.
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आडम र अज दुवैले एक घण्टा समय बचत गरे|
05:56
That is prosperity, the saving of time
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आबश्यकता परिपूर्ति गर्ने क्रममा
05:58
in satisfying your needs.
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समयको बचत गर्नु समृद्ध हुदै जानु हो|
06:01
Ask yourself how long you would have to work
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एकचोटी आफैलाई प्रश्न गर्नुहोस कि
06:03
to provide for yourself
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तपाईंलाई रातमा एक घण्टा किताब पढ्नको लागि चाहिने उज्यालोको जोहो गर्न
06:06
an hour of reading light this evening to read a book by.
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कतिबेर काम गर्नु पर्थ्यो होला|
06:09
If you had to start from scratch, let's say you go out into the countryside.
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यदि तपाईंलाई बिल्कुलै शुन्यबाट शुरु गर्नु पर्यो भने, पहिले त गाउँमा जानु पर्यो|
06:12
You find a sheep. You kill it. You get the fat out of it.
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एउटा भेडो खोजेर काट्नु पर्यो| अनि त्यसको बोसो निकाल्नु पर्यो|
06:14
You render it down. You make a candle, etc. etc.
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बोसोलाई पगाल्नु पर्यो| अनि त्यसको बत्ति बनाउनु पर्यो| यस्तै थुप्रै झन्झटहरू गर्नु पर्यो|
06:17
How long is it going to take you? Quite a long time.
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यसले तपाईंको कति समय लेला? अलि धेरै नै लिन्छ|
06:19
How long do you actually have to work
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साँच्चै एक घण्टा पढ्ने लाइट जोहो गर्न
06:21
to earn an hour of reading light
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तपाईंलाई कति बेर काम गर्नु पर्ला
06:23
if you're on the average wage in Britain today?
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यदि तपाईं आजभोलीको ब्रिटेनमा औषत ज्याला पाउनु हुन्छ भने?
06:25
And the answer is about half a second.
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झन्डै आधा सेकेन्ड मात्र|
06:28
Back in 1950,
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१९५० तिर,
06:30
you would have had to work for eight seconds on the average wage
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त्यती उज्यालोको जोहो गर्न औषत ज्याला हुनेले
06:32
to acquire that much light.
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आठ सेकेन्ड काम गर्नु पर्थ्यो|
06:34
And that's seven and a half seconds of prosperity that you've gained
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र तपाईंले १९५० को तुलनामा
06:37
since 1950, as it were,
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साढे सात सेकेन्ड बराबरको समृद्धि प्राप्त गर्नु भयो|
06:39
because that's seven and a half seconds in which you can do something else,
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किनकि त्यो साढे सात सेकेन्डमा तपाईं अरु केही गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ|
06:42
or you can acquire another good or service.
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अथवा अरु कुनै वस्तु वा सेवा प्राप्त गर्नको लागि खर्च गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ|
06:44
And back in 1880,
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१८८० तिर त अझ
06:46
it would have been 15 minutes
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त्यही एक घण्टा पढ्न पुग्ने बत्तिको जोहो गर्न
06:48
to earn that amount of light on the average wage.
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औषत ज्यालामा १५ मिनेट काम गर्नु पर्थ्यो|
06:50
Back in 1800,
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त्यो भन्दा पनि अगाडि १८०० तिर त,
06:52
you'd have had to work six hours
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एक घण्टा बाल्न पुग्ने क्यान्डलको लागि
06:54
to earn a candle that could burn for an hour.
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छ घण्टा काम गर्नु पर्थ्यो|
06:57
In other words, the average person on the average wage
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अर्को शब्दमा भन्नु पर्दा, १८८० तिर
06:59
could not afford a candle in 1800.
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औषत आम्दानि भएको मान्छेले क्यान्डल किन्न सक्दैन थियो|
07:02
Go back to this image of the axe and the mouse,
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एक चोटी फेरि यो ढुंगाको औजार र माउसलाई हेरेर
07:05
and ask yourself: "Who made them and for who?"
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आफैलाई सोध्नुहोस: यी वस्तुहरू कसले कस्तो लागि बनायो होला?
07:08
The stone axe was made by someone for himself.
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त्यो ढुंगाको औजार बनाउनेले आफ्नै कामको लागि बनाएको थियो|
07:10
It was self-sufficiency.
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यो त्यतिबेलाको आत्मनिर्भरता थियो|
07:12
We call that poverty these days.
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तर आज त्यसलाई अनुत्पादक कार्य मान्छौं|
07:14
But the object on the right
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तर दायाँको वस्तु
07:16
was made for me by other people.
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कोही अरुले नै मेरो निम्ति बनाईदिएको थियो|
07:19
How many other people?
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कति जना अरु मानिसहरु मिलेर बनाए होलान?
07:21
Tens? Hundreds? Thousands?
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दश? सय? हजार?
07:23
You know, I think it's probably millions.
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मेरो विचारमा लाखौँ मिलेर बनाए होलान|
07:25
Because you've got to include the man who grew the coffee,
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किनभने तेल उत्खनन गर्ने मान्छेको लागि
07:27
which was brewed for the man who was on the oil rig,
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बनाईएको एक कप कफीमा
07:30
who was drilling for oil, which was going to be made into the plastic, etc.
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त्यो कफीको बिरुवा उमार्ने मान्छेलाई सम्म समाबेश गर्नु पर्ने हुन्छ|
07:33
They were all working for me,
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ती सबैले हाम्रो लागि एउटा माउस तयार गर्न
07:35
to make a mouse for me.
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काम गरिरहे|
07:37
And that's the way society works.
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यसप्रकार हाम्रो समाजले काम गरिरहेको हुन्छ|
07:40
That's what we've achieved as a species.
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र यो नै त्यस्तो बिशेषता हो जुन हामीले मानव जातिको रुपमा पाएका छौँ|
07:44
In the old days, if you were rich,
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पहिले पहिले कोही धनी हुनुको अर्थ
07:46
you literally had people working for you.
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ऊसँग नोकरचाकरहरू छन् भन्ने हुन्थ्यो|
07:48
That's how you got to be rich; you employed them.
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त्यसरी नै मान्छे धनी कहलिन्थे; अरुलाई काम दिएर|
07:50
Louis XIV had a lot of people working for him.
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लुइ चौधौंका थुप्रै नोकरचाकरहरू थिए|
07:52
They made his silly outfits, like this,
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तिनीहरूले उसको यो गाईजात्रे कपडा बनाईदिए|
07:54
(Laughter)
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(हाँसो)
07:56
and they did his silly hairstyles, or whatever.
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अनि उसको कपाल पनि त्यस्तै गाईजात्रे बनाईदिए|
07:59
He had 498 people
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उसको लागि ४९८ जना कामदार मिलेर
08:01
to prepare his dinner every night.
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रातिको भोजन तयार गर्थे|
08:03
But a modern tourist going around the palace of Versailles
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तर अहिले लुइ चौधौंको दरवार घुम्न आउने र उसका तस्बिर हेर्ने
08:05
and looking at Louis XIV's pictures,
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एक आधुनिक पर्यटकका लागि पनि
08:08
he has 498 people doing his dinner tonight too.
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४९८ जनाले रात्रिभोज तयार गर्छन|
08:10
They're in bistros and cafes and restaurants
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तिनीहरू पेरिसभरि
08:12
and shops all over Paris,
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बिस्ट्रो, क्याफे अनि रेस्टुरेन्टमा छन्|
08:14
and they're all ready to serve you at an hour's notice with an excellent meal
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र तिनीहरू एक घण्टा भित्र एकदम राम्रो खानेकुरा सर्व गर्न तयार छन्
08:17
that's probably got higher quality
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जसको गुणस्तर लुइको खानाको भन्दा
08:19
than Louis XIV even had.
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सायद धेरै राम्रो छ|
08:21
And that's what we've done, because we're all working for each other.
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र त्यसरी नै हामी अहिलेको जमानामा काम गरिरहेका छौँ, हामीहरू सबै एक-अर्काका लागि काम गरिरहेका छौँ|
08:24
We're able to draw upon specialization and exchange
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हामी कुनै पनि कार्यमा विशिष्टता हासिल गर्न र
08:27
to raise each other's living standards.
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त्यसको आदानप्रदान गरेर एक अर्काको जीवन स्तर माथि उठाउन सक्षम छौं|
08:30
Now, you do get other animals working for each other too.
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तपाईं अरु जनावरले पनि एक अर्काको लागि काम गरेको पाउनु हुन्छ|
08:33
Ants are a classic example; workers work for queens and queens work for workers.
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जस्तै कमिलाहरू; कामदारहरू तिनका रानीहरूको लागि काम गर्छन भने रानीहरू आफ्ना कामदारहरूको लागि|
08:36
But there's a big difference,
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तर त्यहाँ ठुलै भिन्नता छ,
08:38
which is that it only happens within the colony.
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त्यो के भने उनीहरुको यस्तो कार्य एउटा समूहमा मात्र सिमित हुन्छ|
08:40
There's no working for each other across the colonies.
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एउटा समूहले अर्को समूहको लागि काम गर्ने चलन हुँदैन|
08:42
And the reason for that is because there's a reproductive division of labor.
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कारण के भने किनकि त्यहाँ प्रजननको लागि श्रम विभाजन हुन्छ|
08:45
That is to say, they specialize with respect to reproduction.
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भन्नुको अर्थ, तिनीहरू प्रजननको सम्बन्धमा बिशिस्टता हासिल गर्छन|
08:48
The queen does it all.
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रानीले यो सबै काम गर्छ|
08:50
In our species, we don't like doing that.
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तर हाम्रो प्रजातिमा, हामी त्यसो गर्न चाहन्नौं|
08:52
It's the one thing we insist on doing for ourselves, is reproduction.
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प्रजनन त्यसो चिज हो जुन हामी आफ्नो लागि आफै गर्न चाहन्छौं|
08:55
(Laughter)
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(हाँसो)
08:58
Even in England, we don't leave reproduction to the Queen.
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बेलायतमै पनि, हामी प्रजनन रानीबाट गराउदैनौं|
09:01
(Applause)
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(ताली)
09:05
So when did this habit start?
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त्यसो भए यो बानीको सुरु कहिले देखि भयो त?
09:07
And how long has it been going on? And what does it mean?
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र यो कहिले देखि यस्तो हुँदै गैरहेको छ त? र त्यसको मतलब के हुन्छ?
09:09
Well, I think, probably, the oldest version of this
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त्यसो त, मलाई लाग्छ, यसको सबैभन्दा पुरानो संस्करण
09:12
is probably the sexual division of labor.
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सायद श्रमको लैंगिक विभाजन हो|
09:14
But I've got no evidence for that.
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तर त्यसको लागि मसँग कुनै प्रमाण छैन|
09:16
It just looks like the first thing we did
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यस्तो लाग्छ कि हामीले गरेको पहिलो काम
09:18
was work male for female and female for male.
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पुरुषले महिलाको लागि र महिलाले पुरुषको लागि थियो|
09:21
In all hunter-gatherer societies today,
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हन्टर-ग्यादररहरूको आजका समाजहरुमा,
09:23
there's a foraging division of labor
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आहारा बटुल्ने आधारमा श्रमको विभाजन हुन्छ
09:25
between, on the whole, hunting males and gathering females.
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शिकार गर्ने पुरुष र गीठा-भ्याकुर खोज्ने महिलाहरु बीच|
09:27
It isn't always quite that simple,
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यो त्यती सजिलो भने छैन|
09:29
but there's a distinction between
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तर त्यहाँ पुरुष र महिलाका बीच
09:31
specialized roles for males and females.
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बिशेष भूमिकाहरूमा भिन्नता छ|
09:33
And the beauty of this system
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र त्यो प्रणालीको राम्रो पक्ष भनेको
09:35
is that it benefits both sides.
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यसले दुवैथरीलाई फाइदा पुर्याउँछ|
09:38
The woman knows
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हाद्जाहरुको मामिलामा-
09:40
that, in the Hadzas' case here --
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महिलाले तरुल खनेर पुरुषसँग मासुसित साट्ने कुरामा-
09:42
digging roots to share with men in exchange for meat --
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उनलाई थाहा हुन्छ कि
09:44
she knows that all she has to do to get access to protein
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प्रोटिन प्राप्त गर्नको लागि
09:47
is to dig some extra roots and trade them for meat.
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केवल उनले केही बढि तरुल खन्नु पर्छ र मासुसँग साट्नु पर्छ|
09:50
And she doesn't have to go on an exhausting hunt
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र त्यो निकै थकाईलाग्दो शिकार खेल्न गएर
09:52
and try and kill a warthog.
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बदेल मार्नु पर्दैन|
09:54
And the man knows that he doesn't have to do any digging
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अनि पुरुषलाई पनि तरुल प्राप्त गर्नको लागि
09:56
to get roots.
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आफै खन्न जानु पर्दैन भन्ने थाहा हुन्छ|
09:58
All he has to do is make sure that when he kills a warthog
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उसले मात्र बदेल मार्दा त्यसको केही भाग तरुलसँग साट्न पर्याप्त छ
10:00
it's big enough to share some.
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भन्ने निश्चित गरे पुग्छ|
10:02
And so both sides raise each other's standards of living
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यसरी कामको लैंगिक विभाजन गरेर पुरुष र महिलाले
10:05
through the sexual division of labor.
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जीवनस्तर उकास्छ्न |
10:07
When did this happen? We don't know, but it's possible
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यो प्रकृया कहिले सुरु भयो त? हामीलाई थाहा छैन, तर सम्भवतः
10:10
that Neanderthals didn't do this.
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नियाण्डरथलहरुले त्यसो गरेनन|
10:12
They were a highly cooperative species.
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तिनीहरू एकदमै सहयोगी प्रजाति थिए|
10:14
They were a highly intelligent species.
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तिनीहरू एकदमै बुद्धिमान थिए|
10:16
Their brains on average, by the end, were bigger than yours and mine
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तिनीहरुको दिमाग औषतमा, अन्त्य सम्ममा, यो हलमा हुने तपाईं हाम्रो भन्दा
10:18
in this room today.
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ठूलो थियो|
10:20
They were imaginative. They buried their dead.
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तिनीहरू कल्पनाशील थिए| तिनीहरू लाशलाई गाड्दथे|
10:22
They had language, probably,
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सायद तिनीहरूको भाषा पनि थियो,
10:24
because we know they had the FOXP2 gene of the same kind as us,
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किनकि तिनीहरूको हाम्रो जस्तै FOXP2 जीन थियो,
10:26
which was discovered here in Oxford.
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जुन कुरा यहाँ अक्सफोर्डमा पत्ता लगाईएको थियो|
10:28
And so it looks like they probably had linguistic skills.
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यस्तो लाग्छ कि तिनीहरूसँग भाषिक सीपहरू थिए|
10:31
They were brilliant people. I'm not dissing the Neanderthals.
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तिनीहरू प्रतिभाशाली थिए| मैले नियाण्डरथलहरुको अपमान गर्न खोजेको होइन|
10:35
But there's no evidence
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तर कुनै श्रमको लैंगिक विभाजनको
10:37
of a sexual division of labor.
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प्रमाण भने छैन|
10:39
There's no evidence of gathering behavior by females.
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स्त्रीहरूले खानेकुरा बटुल्ने गरेको कुनै प्रमाण छैन|
10:42
It looks like the females were cooperative hunters with the men.
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यस्तो लाग्छ कि स्त्रीहरूले पुरुषहरूलाई शिकार खेल्न सघाउथे|
10:46
And the other thing there's no evidence for
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र अर्को त्यस्तै प्रमाण नभएको कुरा हो
10:48
is exchange between groups,
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समुह बीच हुने लेनदेन|
10:51
because the objects that you find in Neanderthal remains,
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किनकि नियाण्डरथलको अबशेषको रुपमा भेटिएका वस्तुहरू,
10:54
the tools they made,
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तिनीहरूले बनाएका औजारहरू,
10:56
are always made from local materials.
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आफ्नै वरपर पाईने पदार्थबाट बनेका छन्|
10:58
For example, in the Caucasus
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उदाहरणको लागि,
11:00
there's a site where you find local Neanderthal tools.
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ककेशसमा एउटा स्थान छ जहाँ त्यस्ता नियाण्डरथलका औजारहरू भेटिन्छन|
11:03
They're always made from local chert.
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ती औजारहरू त्यहीँ वरपर पाईने एक किसिमको ढुंगाबाट बनाईएका छन्|
11:05
In the same valley there are modern human remains
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त्यही ठाउँमा आधुनिक मानवका अबशेषहरू पनि छन्
11:07
from about the same date, 30,000 years ago,
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झन्डै उहि समय, ३०,००० बर्ष पहिलेका|
11:09
and some of those are from local chert,
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र ती मध्ये केही त तिनै ढुंगाबाट बनेका छन्,
11:11
but more -- but many of them are made
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तर धेरैजसो धेरै टाढाबाट ल्याईएका अब्सिडियन (लाभा चिसिएर बनेको शीशा जस्तो पत्थर)बाट
11:13
from obsidian from a long way away.
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बनाईका छन्|
11:15
And when human beings began
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अनि जब मान्छेहरू यसरी सामानहरू
11:17
moving objects around like this,
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यताउता लानेल्याउने गर्न थाले,
11:19
it was evidence that they were exchanging between groups.
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त्यो नै तिनीहरूले समूह समूह बीच आदान प्रदान गर्ने गरेको प्रमाण थियो|
11:22
Trade is 10 times as old as farming.
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ब्यापार खेतीपाती भन्दा १० गुणा पहिले शुरु भएको थियो|
11:25
People forget that. People think of trade as a modern thing.
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तर मान्छेहरू त्यो भुलेर व्यापारलाई आधुनिक कुरा हो भन्ठान्छन|
11:28
Exchange between groups has been going on
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समुदाय बीचको आदान प्रदान
11:30
for a hundred thousand years.
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लाखौं बर्ष देखि हुँदै आईरहेको छ|
11:33
And the earliest evidence for it crops up
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र त्यसको प्रमाण
11:35
somewhere between 80 and 120,000 years ago in Africa,
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त्यस्तै ८० देखि १२०,००० बर्ष पहिले अफ्रिकामा भेटिन्छ,
11:38
when you see obsidian and jasper and other things
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जव तपाईं अब्सिडियन र ज्यास्पर अनि त्यस्तै अरु चिजहरू
11:41
moving long distances in Ethiopia.
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ईथियोपियामा धेरै टाढा सम्म पुगेको पाउनु हुन्छ|
11:44
You also see seashells --
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अल्जेरियाको मेडिटेरेनियनबाट -
11:46
as discovered by a team here in Oxford --
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अक्सफोर्डको एउटा टिमले पत्ता लगाए अनुसार -
11:48
moving 125 miles inland
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१२५ माईल टाढा सम्म पुगेका
11:50
from the Mediterranean in Algeria.
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समुद्री सिपीहरूलाई हेर्नुहोस/
11:53
And that's evidence that people
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र त्यो मान्छेहरूले समूह समूह बीच
11:55
have started exchanging between groups.
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आदान-प्रदान सुरु गरेको प्रमाण हो|
11:57
And that will have led to specialization.
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र त्यसले विशेषज्ञता तर्फ अग्रसर गराउँछ|
11:59
How do you know that long-distance movement
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लामो दूरीको यात्राको मतलब बसाई सराई मात्र भन्दा पनि
12:01
means trade rather than migration?
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व्यापार हो भन्ने कसरी बुझ्ने त?
12:04
Well, you look at modern hunter gatherers like aboriginals,
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आधुनिक हन्टर ग्यादरर जस्ता आदिबासीहरूलाई हेर्नुस्,
12:06
who quarried for stone axes at a place called Mount Isa,
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जसले ढुंगाको औजारको निम्ति माउन्ट अइजा भन्ने ठाउँमा उत्खनन गरे,
12:09
which was a quarry owned by the Kalkadoon tribe.
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जुन जग्गा काल्काडुन जनजातिको स्वामित्वमा थियो|
12:12
They traded them with their neighbors
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तिनीहरुले त्यसलाई आफ्ना छिमेकीसँग
12:14
for things like stingray barbs,
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स्टिंग्रे बार्ब जस्ता सामानहरूसँग व्यापार गरे|
12:16
and the consequence was that stone axes
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परिणामस्वरुप ती ढुंगे औजारहरू
12:18
ended up over a large part of Australia.
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अष्ट्रेलियाको धेरैजसो भागमा फैलिए|
12:20
So long-distance movement of tools
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यसरी सामग्रीहरू टाढा टाढा सम्म फैलिनु भनेको
12:22
is a sign of trade, not migration.
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ब्यापारको संकेत हो, बसाईसराईको होइन|
12:25
What happens when you cut people off from exchange,
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मान्छेहरूलाई विनिमय गर्नबाट रोक्ने हो भने,
12:28
from the ability to exchange and specialize?
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विनिमय गरेर विशेषज्ञता हासिल गर्ने क्षमतामा रोक लगाउने हो भने के हुन्छ होला?
12:31
And the answer is that
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त्यसको जवाफ हुन्छ,
12:33
not only do you slow down technological progress,
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त्यसले प्रविधिको विकासलाई सुस्त मात्र गर्दैन
12:35
you can actually throw it into reverse.
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वास्तबमा यसको अधोगति नै हुन्छ|
12:38
An example is Tasmania.
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त्यसको एउटा उदाहरण हो ताज्मेनिया|
12:40
When the sea level rose and Tasmania became an island 10,000 years ago,
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समुद्री सतह बढेर १०,००० बर्ष अघि ताज्मेनिया एउटा टापुमा परिणत भयो,
12:43
the people on it not only experienced
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त्यहाँका बासिन्दाहरूले मुख्यभूमिका मानिसहरूको तुलनामा
12:45
slower progress than people on the mainland,
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सुस्त गतिमा प्रगति भयो होइन
12:48
they actually experienced regress.
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वास्तवमा अधोगति भएको महशुस गरे|
12:50
They gave up the ability to make stone tools
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उनीहरूले आफ्नो सामग्रीहरू (हड्डीका) बनाउने,
12:52
and fishing equipment and clothing
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माछा मार्ने उपकरण र कपडा बनाउने सीपहरू त्यागिदिए
12:54
because the population of about 4,000 people
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किनकि जम्माजम्मी ४००० जतिको जनसंख्या
12:57
was simply not large enough
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सामान्यतया उक्त प्रविधिलाई यथावत राख्न आबश्यक पर्ने
12:59
to maintain the specialized skills
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बिशेष सीपहरूलाई
13:01
necessary to keep the technology they had.
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कायम राख्न पर्याप्त थिएन|
13:04
It's as if the people in this room were plonked on a desert island.
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त्यो भनेको यो हलमा अहिले भएका सबै मानिसलाई लगेर एउटा मरुभूमि टापुमा छाडिदिए जस्तै हो|
13:06
How many of the things in our pockets
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अहिले हाम्रो गोजीमा भएका कति वस्तुहरू
13:08
could we continue to make after 10,000 years?
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हामीले १०,०० बर्ष पछि बनाउन सक्थ्यौं होला?
13:12
It didn't happen in Tierra del Fuego --
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उस्तै टापु, उस्तै मान्छेहरू ,
13:14
similar island, similar people.
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तर टिएरा डेल फुएगोमा त्यस्तो भएन|
13:16
The reason: because Tierra del Fuego
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कारण के भने टिएरा डेल फुएगो
13:18
is separated from South America by a much narrower straight,
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दक्षिण अमेरिकाबाट एउटा निकै साघुरो गल्छीले मात्र अलग्गिएको छ|
13:21
and there was trading contact across that straight
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र १०,००० बर्ष सम्म त्यहाँ गल्छीको वारिपारि
13:23
throughout 10,000 years.
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व्यापारिक सम्पर्क थियो|
13:25
The Tasmanians were isolated.
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तर ताज्मेनियनहरू नितान्त सम्पर्क बिहिन थिए|
13:28
Go back to this image again
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एकचोटी फेरि यो फोटो हेर्नुहोस
13:30
and ask yourself, not only who made it and for who,
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र आफैलाई सोध्नुहोस, कसले कसको लागि बनायो भनेर भन्दा पनि
13:33
but who knew how to make it.
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कसले यी वस्तुहरू बनाउन जान्यो भनेर|
13:36
In the case of the stone axe, the man who made it knew how to make it.
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ढुंगे औजारको हकमा, जसले बनायो उसले कसरी बनाउने भन्ने पनि जान्यो|
13:39
But who knows how to make a computer mouse?
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तर कम्प्युटरको माउस कसरी बनाउने भन्ने कसले जानेको छ?
13:42
Nobody, literally nobody.
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कसैले जानेको छैन, साचो अर्थमा कसैले पनि जानेको छैन|
13:45
There is nobody on the planet who knows how to make a computer mouse.
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यो संसारमा कम्प्युटर माउस बनाउन जानेको कोही पनि छैन|
13:48
I mean this quite seriously.
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म साच्चै गम्भीर भएर भन्दै छु|
13:50
The president of the computer mouse company doesn't know.
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कम्प्युटर माउस कम्पनीको अध्यक्षले माउस बनाउन जान्दैन|
13:52
He just knows how to run a company.
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उसले त कम्पनी कसरी चलाउने मात्र जान्दछ|
13:55
The person on the assembly line doesn't know
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पुर्जाहरू जोड्ने व्यक्तिले जान्दैन
13:57
because he doesn't know how to drill an oil well
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किनभने उस्लाई कसरी तेलको कुवा उत्खनन गर्ने
13:59
to get oil out to make plastic, and so on.
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र तेल निकालेर प्लाष्टिक बनाउने भन्ने थाहा छैन|
14:02
We all know little bits, but none of us knows the whole.
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हामी सबैलाई अलिअलि थाहा छ तर कसैलाई पनि बिस्तृत जानकारी छैन|
14:05
I am of course quoting from a famous essay
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मैले वास्तवमा १९५० तिरका अर्थशास्त्री
14:07
by Leonard Read, the economist in the 1950s,
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लियोनार्ड रीडको "म, पेन्सिल" भन्ने प्रख्यात निबन्धबाट
14:10
called "I, Pencil"
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उदधृत गरेको हुँ
14:12
in which he wrote about how a pencil came to be made,
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जसमा उनले कसरी पेन्सिल बनाईयो भन्ने बारे लेखे
14:15
and how nobody knows even how to make a pencil,
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र कसरी कसैले पनि कसरी पेन्सिल बनाउने भन्ने पनि जान्दैनन्,
14:18
because the people who assemble it don't know how to mine graphite,
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किनकि एसेम्बल गर्ने मान्छेलाई कसरी ग्राफाइट निकाल्ने भन्ने थाहा हुदैन|
14:21
and they don't know how to fell trees and that kind of thing.
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र तिनीहरूले कसरी रुख ढालेर त्यस्तो चिज बनाउने भन्ने जान्दैनन|
14:24
And what we've done in human society,
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विनिमय र विशेषज्ञताको माध्यमबाट
14:26
through exchange and specialization,
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हामीले मानव समाजमा के गरेका छौं भने,
14:28
is we've created
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हामी आफैले बुझ्न सम्म नसक्ने
14:30
the ability to do things that we don't even understand.
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काम गर्ने क्षमताको विकास गरेका छौँ|
14:33
It's not the same with language.
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यो भाषा जस्तो होइन|
14:35
With language we have to transfer ideas
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भाषाको माध्यमले हामी एकअर्काले बुझ्न सक्ने
14:37
that we understand with each other.
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आइडियाको आदान प्रदान गर्छौं|
14:40
But with technology,
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तर प्रविधिको माध्यमबाट
14:42
we can actually do things that are beyond our capabilities.
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हामी वास्तबमा हाम्रो क्षमता भन्दा बाहिरको काम गर्न सक्छौं|
14:44
We've gone beyond the capacity of the human mind
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हामी मान्छेको दिमागको क्षमता भन्दा बाहिर
14:47
to an extraordinary degree.
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एउटा असाधारण स्तरमा पुगिसकेका छौँ|
14:49
And by the way,
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अनि प्रसंगबस,
14:51
that's one of the reasons that I'm not interested
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कस्को भन्दा कस्को आई क्यू बढि छ
14:54
in the debate about I.Q.,
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भन्ने बादबिबादमा
14:56
about whether some groups have higher I.Q.s than other groups.
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मलाई रुचि नलाग्ने यो एउटा कारण हो|
14:59
It's completely irrelevant.
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यो पूर्ण रूपले असान्दर्भिक कुरा हो|
15:01
What's relevant to a society
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समाजको लागि के कुरा सान्दर्भिक हो भने
15:04
is how well people are communicating their ideas,
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मान्छेहरू कत्तिको राम्ररी आफ्ना विचारहरू संचार गरिरहेका छन्,
15:07
and how well they're cooperating,
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र कत्तिको राम्ररी एक अर्कालाई सहयोग गरिरहेका छन्,
15:09
not how clever the individuals are.
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एउटा व्यक्ति कत्तिको चलाख छ भन्ने होइन|
15:11
So we've created something called the collective brain.
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त्यसकारण हामीले सामुहिक दिमाग भन्ने कुरा सिर्जना गरेका छौँ|
15:13
We're just the nodes in the network.
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हामी त त्यो संजालको एउटा शाखा मात्र हौँ|
15:15
We're the neurons in this brain.
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हामी त त्यो दिमागको सानो स्नायु हौँ|
15:18
It's the interchange of ideas,
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यो विचारहरूको लेनदेन हो,
15:20
the meeting and mating of ideas between them,
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विचारहरूको सम्पर्क र संसर्ग हो,
15:22
that is causing technological progress,
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जसले अलिअलि गरेर प्रविधिको बिकासमा
15:25
incrementally, bit by bit.
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मद्दत पुर्याएको छ|
15:27
However, bad things happen.
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तैपनि, नराम्रा घटनाहरू घट्छन|
15:29
And in the future, as we go forward,
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र भविष्यमा, यसरी अगाडि बढ्दै जादा,
15:32
we will, of course, experience terrible things.
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साच्चै आतंक मच्चाउने कुराहरु महशुष गर्ने छौं|
15:35
There will be wars; there will be depressions;
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युद्ध हुने छ; नैराश्यता हुने छ;
15:37
there will be natural disasters.
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प्राकृतिक प्रकोप हुने छन्|
15:39
Awful things will happen in this century, I'm absolutely sure.
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डरलाग्दा घटनाहरू यो सताब्दीमा घट्ने छन्, म पुरा बिश्वस्त छु|
15:42
But I'm also sure that, because of the connections people are making,
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तर म के कुरामा पनि बिश्वस्त छु भने, यस्तै सम्बन्धहरुको कारणले मानिसहरुले
15:45
and the ability of ideas
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विचारहरूको सम्पर्क र संसर्ग गर्ने
15:47
to meet and to mate
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क्षमता निर्माण गरिदिएका छन्
15:49
as never before,
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जुन पहिले कहिल्यै भएको थिएन|
15:51
I'm also sure
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म निश्चित छु कि
15:53
that technology will advance,
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प्रविधि अझ सशक्त हुने छ,
15:55
and therefore living standards will advance.
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र जीवन स्तर पनि सशक्त हुने छ|
15:57
Because through the cloud,
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किनकि बादलको बीचबाट,
15:59
through crowd sourcing,
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भिडको बीचबाट,
16:01
through the bottom-up world that we've created,
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शुन्यबाट विकास हुँदै गएको एउटा संसार हामीले सिर्जना गरेका छौँ,
16:03
where not just the elites but everybody
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जहाँ सम्भ्रान्त मात्र होइन, हरेक व्यक्ति
16:06
is able to have their ideas
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आफ्नो विचार ग्रहण गर्न
16:08
and make them meet and mate,
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र तिनीहरुलाई सम्पर्क र संसर्ग गराउन सक्षम छ,
16:10
we are surely accelerating the rate of innovation.
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निश्चय पनि हामीहरूले आविस्कारलाई गति प्रदान गरेका छौँ/
16:13
Thank you.
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धन्यबाद/
16:15
(Applause)
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(ताली)
Translated by Raaz Shrestha
Reviewed by Deepak Basyal

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Matt Ridley - Rational optimist
Matt Ridley argues that, through history, the engine of human progress and prosperity has been, and is, "ideas having sex with each other."

Why you should listen

British author Matt Ridley knows one thing: Through history, the engine of human progress and prosperity has been, and is, the mating of ideas. The sophistication of the modern world, says Ridley, lies not in individual intelligence or imagination; it is a collective enterprise. In his book The Rational Optimist, Ridley (whose previous works include Genome and Nature via Nurture) sweeps the entire arc of human history to powerfully argue that "prosperity comes from everybody working for everybody else."

It is our habit of trade, idea-sharing and specialization that has created the collective brain which set human living standards on a rising trend. This, he says, "holds out hope that the human race will prosper mightily in the years ahead -- because ideas are having sex with each other as never before."

Watch his 2010 TEDTalk, "When Ideas Have Sex."

More profile about the speaker
Matt Ridley | Speaker | TED.com

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