TEDMED 2012
Jonathan Eisen: Meet your microbes
Džonatan Ajzen (Jonathan Eisen): Upoznajte svoje mikrobe
Filmed:
Readability: 4.6
868,450 views
Naša tela su prekrivena morem mikroba - kako patogenima od kojih se razboljevamo, tako i "dobrim" mikrobima, o kojima manje znamo, ali koji bi mogli da nas održe zdravima.
Na TEDMED-u mikrobiolog Džonatan Ajzen deli sa nama saznanja, obuhvativši neke izneneđujuće načine pokretanja ovih dobrih mikroba.
Jonathan Eisen - Biologist
Jonathan Eisen studies the ecology and evolution of microbial communities -- and their co-evolution with their hosts. Full bio
Jonathan Eisen studies the ecology and evolution of microbial communities -- and their co-evolution with their hosts. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm going to start with a little story.
0
637
1455
Počeću jednom kratkom pričom.
00:14
So, I grew up in this neighborhood. When I was 15 years old,
1
2092
3112
Odrastao sam u susedstvu. Kada sam imao 15 godina,
00:17
I went from being what I think was a strapping young athlete,
2
5204
4551
smatrao sam za sebe da sam robustan, mlad atletski građen
tip
tip
00:21
over four months, slowly wasting away until
3
9755
3961
ali tokom četiri meseca polako sam slabio
00:25
I was basically a famine victim
4
13716
1888
i skoro da sam postao žrtva gladi
00:27
with an unquenchable thirst.
5
15604
2024
sa osećajem neutoljive žeđi.
00:29
I had basically digested away my body.
6
17628
3609
Skoro sam "svario" svoje telo.
00:33
And this all came to a head when I was on a backpacking trip,
7
21237
4294
Svega ovoga sam postao svestan kada sam otišao
na "bekpek" putovanje,
na "bekpek" putovanje,
00:37
my first one ever actually, on Old Rag Mountain
8
25531
2045
u stvari, na moje prvo takvo putovanje, na Old Rag planinu
00:39
in West Virginia, and was putting my face into puddles
9
27576
3984
u Zapadnoj Virdžiniji i kada sam uranjao lice u
barice
barice
00:43
of water and drinking like a dog.
10
31560
2256
vode i pio kao pas.
00:45
That night, I was taken into the emergency room
11
33816
4512
Te noći su me odveli u Hitnu pomoć
00:50
and diagnosed as a type 1 diabetic in full-blown ketoacidosis.
12
38328
3881
i dijagnostikovali su mi dijabetes tip 1 sa potpunom ketoacidozom.
00:54
And I recovered, thanks to the miracles of modern medicine,
13
42209
5935
I oporavio sam se, zahvaljujući čudima savremene medicine,
01:00
insulin and other things, and gained all my weight back and more.
14
48144
5456
insulinu i drugim stvarima i povratio sam svu svoju težinu, čak i više od toga.
01:05
And something festered inside me after this happened.
15
53600
5511
Posle ovoga nešto se skupljalo u meni.
01:11
What I thought about was, what caused the diabetes?
16
59111
3513
Razmišljao sam o tome šta je bio uzrok dijabetesu.
01:14
You see, diabetes is an autoimmune disease
17
62624
1853
Znate, dijabetes je autoimuno oboljenje
01:16
where your body fights itself, and at the time people thought
18
64477
3375
gde se organizam bori sa sobom i jedno vreme su ljudi mislili
01:19
that somehow maybe exposure to a pathogen
19
67852
3041
da je nekako možda izloženost patogenu
01:22
had triggered my immune system to fight the pathogen
20
70893
4472
aktivirao moj imuni sistem da se bori sa patogenom,
01:27
and then kill the cells that make insulin.
21
75365
2058
a zatim da uništi ćelije koje proizvode insulin.
01:29
And this is what I thought for a long period of time,
22
77423
2310
I ja sam dugo tako mislio,
01:31
and that's in fact what medicine and people have focused on quite a bit,
23
79733
4048
i to je, u stvari, ono na šta se medicina i ljudi prilično fokusiraju,
01:35
the microbes that do bad things.
24
83781
2922
a to je da mikrobi čine loše stvari.
01:38
And that's where I need my assistant here now.
25
86703
3068
I sada mi treba moj pomoćnik.
01:41
You may recognize her.
26
89771
2438
Možda je prepoznajete.
01:44
So, I went yesterday, I apologize, I skipped a few of the talks,
27
92209
5680
Juče sam išao, izvinite, preskočio sam nekoliko govora,
01:49
and I went over to the National Academy of Sciences building,
28
97889
2241
i išao sam do Nacionalne akademije nauka
01:52
and they sell toys, giant microbes.
29
100130
5447
gde su prodavali igračke, ogromne mikrobe.
01:57
And here we go!
30
105577
3385
Evo, idemo!
02:00
So you have caught flesh-eating disease if you caught that one.
31
108962
4755
Ako ste uhvatili neku, dobićete bolest koja jede meso.
02:05
I gotta get back out my baseball ability here.
32
113717
4428
Moram da povratim svoju veštinu za bejzbol.
02:10
(Laughter)
33
118145
3707
(Smeh)
02:13
So, unfortunately or not surprisingly, most of the microbes
34
121852
6381
Pa, na žalost, ali nije iznenađujuće, većina mikroba
02:20
they sell at the National Academy building are pathogens.
35
128233
3343
koje prodaju u Nacionalnoj akademiji su patogeni.
02:23
Everybody focuses on the things that kill us,
36
131576
2969
Svi se fokusiraju na stvari koje nas uništavaju
02:26
and that's what I was focusing on.
37
134545
1647
pa sam tako i ja.
02:28
And it turns out that we are covered in a cloud of microbes,
38
136192
4561
Ispostavlja se da smo prekriveni oblakom mikroba
02:32
and those microbes actually do us good much of the time,
39
140753
4520
i oni nam uglavnom čine dobro,
02:37
rather than killing us.
40
145273
1120
više nego što nas uništavaju.
02:38
And so, we've known about this for some period of time.
41
146393
3191
I tako, ovo nam je poznato već izvesno vreme.
02:41
People have used microscopes to look at the microbes that cover us,
42
149584
3577
Ljudi koriste mikroskope da pogledaju mikrobe kojima smo prekriveni,
02:45
I know you're not paying attention to me, but ...
43
153161
1792
znam da ne obraćate pažnju na mene, ali...
02:46
(Laughter)
44
154953
2098
(Smeh)
02:49
The microbes that cover us.
45
157051
1942
Ti mikrobi koji nas pokrivaju.
02:50
And if you look at them in the microscope,
46
158993
3160
I ako ih pogledate u mikroskopu
02:54
you can see that we actually have 10 times as many cells
47
162153
3404
možete videti da, u stvari, imamo 10 puta više ćelija
02:57
of microbes on us as we have human cells.
48
165557
3468
mikroba nego što imamo ljudskih ćelija.
03:01
There's more mass in the microbes than the mass of our brain.
49
169025
4751
Masa mikroba je veća od mase našeg mozga.
03:05
We are literally a teeming ecosystem of microorganisms.
50
173776
4321
Mi smo bukvalno ekosistem koji vrvi od mikroorganizama.
03:10
And unfortunately, if you want to learn about the microorganisms,
51
178097
4600
I nažalost, ako želite da saznate nešto o mikroorganizmima,
03:14
just looking at them in a microscope is not sufficient.
52
182697
2280
nije dovoljno da ih samo gledate na mikroskopu.
03:16
And so we just heard about the DNA sequencing.
53
184977
2580
Upravo smo čuli o sekvenciranju DNK.
03:19
It turns out that one of the best ways to look at microbes
54
187557
2528
Ispostavlja se da je najbolji način da posmatramo
mikrobe
mikrobe
03:22
and to understand them is to look at their DNA.
55
190085
2536
i da ih razumemo, taj da pratimo njihov DNK.
03:24
And that's what I've been doing for 20 years,
56
192621
2142
To upravo i radim već 20 godina,
03:26
using DNA sequencing, collecting samples from various places,
57
194763
3882
koristim sekvenciranje DNK, sakupljam primerke sa raznih mesta,
03:30
including the human body, reading the DNA sequence
58
198645
2904
uključujući i ljudsko telo, zatim čitam DNK nizove
03:33
and then using that DNA sequencing to tell us about
59
201549
2620
i koristim to da saznam o
03:36
the microbes that are in a particular place.
60
204169
2166
mikrobima koji su na određenom mestu.
03:38
And what's amazing, when you use this technology,
61
206335
2863
I ono što je neverovatno kad koristite ovu tehnologiju
03:41
for example, looking at humans, we're not just covered
62
209198
3160
na primer, posmatrajući ljude, nije da smo samo prekriveni
03:44
in a sea of microbes.
63
212358
1136
morem mikroba.
03:45
There are thousands upon thousands of different kinds of microbes on us.
64
213494
5111
Ima na hiljade i hiljade različitih vrsta mikroba na nama.
03:50
We have millions of genes of microbes in our human
65
218605
5353
Milioni gena mikroba nas pokrivaju
03:55
microbiome covering us.
66
223958
1647
u našem ljudskom mikrobiomu.
03:57
And so this microbial diversity differs between people,
67
225605
3505
Tako, diverzitet mikroba se razlikuje od čoveka do čoveka
04:01
and what people have been thinking about in the last 10,
68
229110
3136
i ono o čemu ljudi razmišljaju u zadnjih 10 godina,
04:04
maybe 15 years is, maybe these microbes,
69
232246
3120
možda i 15, da su ovi mikrobi,
04:07
this microbial cloud in and on us,
70
235366
2048
ovaj oblak od mikroba oko nas
04:09
and the variation between us, may be responsible
71
237414
3880
i varijacije među nama, možda odgovorne
04:13
for some of the health and illness differences between us.
72
241294
3570
za razlike u zdravlju i u bolestima kod ljudi.
04:16
And that comes back to the diabetes story I was telling you.
73
244864
3123
Evo vraćam se na priču koju sam vam pričao o dijabetesu.
04:19
It turns out that people now think that one of the triggers
74
247987
3406
Ispada da ljudi sada misle da jedan od okidača
04:23
for type 1 diabetes is not fighting a pathogen,
75
251393
2381
za dijabetes tipa 1 nije borba sa patogenom,
04:25
but is in fact trying to -- miscommunicating with the microbes
76
253774
4391
nego, u stvari, pokušaj pogrešne komunikacije sa mikrobima
04:30
that live in and on you.
77
258165
1497
koji žive u nama i na nama.
04:31
And somehow maybe the microbial community that's
78
259662
2704
I možda je nekako ta zajednica mikroba
04:34
in and on me got off, and then this triggered some sort
79
262366
4033
nestala sa mene i to je pokrenulo neku vrstu
04:38
of immune response and led to me killing the cells
80
266399
2239
odgovora imunosistema što je dovelo do uništavanja ćelija
04:40
that make insulin in my body.
81
268638
2221
koje proizvode insulin u mom telu.
04:42
And so what I want to tell you about for a few minutes is,
82
270859
3096
Ono o čemu želim da vam pričam nekoliko minuta je,
04:45
what people have learned using DNA sequencing techniques
83
273955
3792
šta su ljudi saznali, posebno koristeći tehniku sekvenciranja DNK
04:49
in particular, to study the microbial cloud
84
277747
3659
za proučavanje oblaka mikroba
04:53
that lives in and on us.
85
281406
1574
koji žive u nama i na nama.
04:54
And I want to tell you a story about a personal project.
86
282980
2464
Želim da vam ispričam priču o jednom ličnom projektu.
04:57
My first personal experience with studying the microbes
87
285444
2794
Moje prvo lično iskustvo u vezi sa proučavanjem mikroba
05:00
on the human body actually came from a talk that I gave,
88
288238
4150
na ljudskom telu potiče, u stvari, iz jednog govora koji sam održao
05:04
right around the corner from here at Georgetown.
89
292388
1800
ovde, blizu, u Džordžtaunu.
05:06
I gave a talk, and a family friend who happened to be
90
294188
3017
Ja sam govorio i jedan porodični prijatelj, koji je slučajno bio
05:09
the Dean of Georgetown Medical School was at the talk,
91
297205
2543
dekan Medicinske škole u Džordžtaunu, je bio tamo
05:11
and came up to me afterwards saying, they were doing
92
299748
2490
i posle je došao do mene da mi kaže da rade
05:14
a study of ileal transplants in people.
93
302238
3350
studiju o transplantaciji ileuma kod ljudi.
05:17
And they wanted to look at the microbes after the transplants.
94
305588
3976
I hteli su da vide mikrobe posle transplantacije.
05:21
And so I started a collaboration with this person,
95
309564
3064
Tako sam počeo saradnju sa ovim osobama,
05:24
Michael Zasloff and Thomas Fishbein, to look at the microbes
96
312628
3273
sa Majklom Zaslofim i Tomasom Fišbajnom, da proučimo
mikrobe
mikrobe
05:27
that colonized these ilea after they were transplanted into a recipient.
97
315901
4473
koji su zaposeli ileum posle transplantacije na primaoca.
05:32
And I can tell you all the details about the microbial study
98
320374
3142
Mogu da vam pričam o svim detaljima ove mikrobijalne studije
05:35
that we did there, but the reason I want to tell you this story
99
323516
2250
koju smo radili, ali razlog zbog čega želim da vam ispričam ovu priču
05:37
is something really striking that they did at the beginning
100
325766
3224
je nešto zaista upečatljivo što su činili na početku
05:40
of this project.
101
328990
1023
ovog projekta.
05:42
They take the donor ileum, which is filled with microbes from a donor
102
330013
4365
Uzeli su ileum pun mikroba od davaoca
05:46
and they have a recipient who might have a problem
103
334378
2283
i imali su primaoca koji bi mogao imati problem
05:48
with their microbial community, say Crohn's disease,
104
336661
2625
sa njihovom mikrobijalnom zajednicom, recimo sa Kronovom bolešću
05:51
and they sterilized the donor ileum.
105
339286
3560
i zato su sterilisali ileum davaoca.
05:54
Cleaned out all the microbes, and then put it in the recipient.
106
342846
4295
Očistili su sve mikrobe i presadili ileum u primaoca.
05:59
They did this because this was common practice
107
347141
2664
Učinili su ovo jer je to bila uobičajna praksa
06:01
in medicine, even though it was obvious
108
349805
3129
u medicini, iako je bilo očigledno
06:04
that this was not a good idea.
109
352934
2138
da to nije dobra ideja.
06:07
And fortunately, in the course of this project,
110
355072
3005
I srećom, tokom ovog projekta,
06:10
the transplant surgeons and the other people
111
358077
2563
hirurzi koji su vršili presađivanje, a i drugi ljudi,
06:12
decided, forget common practice. We have to switch.
112
360640
4421
odlučili su da zaborave na uobičajenu praksu. Morali su da
promene nešto.
promene nešto.
06:17
So they actually switched to leaving some of the microbial
113
365061
4145
U stvari, ostavili su malo mikrobijalne
06:21
community in the ileum. They leave the microbes with the donor,
114
369206
4000
zajednice na ileumu. Ostavili su mikrobe davaoca,
06:25
and theoretically that might help the people who are
115
373206
3576
i teoretski, ovo je moglo da pomogne onima
06:28
receiving this ileal transplant.
116
376782
2089
koji primaju ovaj transplantat ileuma.
06:30
And so, people -- this is a study that I did now.
117
378871
3302
I tako, ljudi - ovo je studija koju sam zaista radio.
06:34
In the last few years there's been a great expansion
118
382173
2305
U poslednjih nekoliko godina postoji velika ekspanzija
06:36
in using DNA technology to study the microbes in and on people.
119
384478
4178
upotrebe DNK tehnologije za proučavanje mikroba u ljudima.
06:40
There's something called the Human Microbiome Project
120
388656
1808
Postoji nešto što se zove Projekat ljudskog mikrobioma
06:42
that's going on in the United States,
121
390464
1856
koji se sprovodi u SAD
06:44
and MetaHIT going on in Europe, and a lot of other projects.
122
392320
2534
i projekat MetaHIT u Evropi i mnogo drugih projekata.
06:46
And when people have done a variety of studies,
123
394854
3189
I kada se uradi mnoštvo studija,
06:50
they have learned things such as, when a baby is
124
398043
3632
ljudi su shvatili, na primer, kada se beba rodi,
06:53
born, during vaginal delivery you get colonized by the
125
401675
2984
tokom vaginalnog porođaja, kolonije
06:56
microbes from your mother.
126
404659
1192
mikroba se prenose sa majke na dete.
06:57
There are risk factors associated with cesarean sections,
127
405851
3056
Postoje faktori rizika kod carskog reza,
07:00
some of those risk factors may be due to mis-colonization
128
408907
4031
neki od tih faktora rizika mogu nastati zbog odsustva prenošenja kolonija
07:04
when you carve a baby out of its mother
129
412938
2392
kada se beba vadi iz majke,
07:07
rather than being delivered through the birth canal.
130
415330
2825
a ne rađa se preko porođajnog kanala.
07:10
And a variety of other studies have shown that the
131
418155
3449
Mnoštvo drugih studija je pokazalo da
07:13
microbial community that lives in and on us
132
421604
1807
mikrobijalne zajednice sa kojima živimo
07:15
helps in development of the immune system,
133
423411
2263
pomažu u razvoju imunosistema,
07:17
helps in fighting off pathogens, helps in our metabolism,
134
425674
4945
pomažu da se izborimo sa patogenima, pomažu u metabolizmu
07:22
and determining our metabolic rate, probably
135
430619
3080
i određuju vreme razmene materije, verovatno
07:25
determines our odor, and may even shape our behavior
136
433699
3175
određuju naš miris, možda čak i oblikuju naše ponašanje
07:28
in a variety of ways.
137
436874
1936
na razne načine.
07:30
And so, these studies have documented or suggested
138
438810
3056
Dakle, ove studije su dokumentovale ili nagovestile
07:33
out of a variety of important functions for the microbial community,
139
441866
4287
raznovrsne, važne uloge mikrobijalnih zajednica,
07:38
this cloud, the non-pathogens that live in and on us.
140
446153
4537
ovog oblaka, ne-patogena, sa kojima živimo.
07:42
And one area that I think is very interesting,
141
450690
3584
I mislim da je jedno područje veoma zanimljivo,
07:46
which many of you may have now that we've thrown
142
454274
2666
možda vam je i poznato, sad kad smo izbacili
07:48
microbes into the crowd, is something that I would call "germophobia."
143
456940
3930
mikrobe u masu, a ja volim da ga zovem "klicofobijom"
07:52
So people are really into cleanliness, right?
144
460870
2959
Ljudi su zaista za čistoću, zar ne?
07:55
We have antibiotics in our kitchen counters,
145
463829
1979
Imamo antibiotike na radnim površinama u kuhinji,
07:57
people are washing every part of them all of the time,
146
465808
3096
ljudi stalno peru svaki deo svog tela,
08:00
we pump antibiotics into our food, into our communities,
147
468904
5026
ubacujemo antibiotike u hranu, u naše zajednice,
08:05
we take antibiotics excessively.
148
473930
2441
prekomerno uzimamo antibiotike.
08:08
And killing pathogens is a good thing if you're sick,
149
476371
3839
Dobro je uništavati patogene kad ste bolesni,
08:12
but we should understand that when we pump chemicals
150
480210
3264
ali bi trebalo da shvatimo da, kada unosimo hemikalije
08:15
and antibiotics into our world, that we're also killing
151
483474
2897
i antibiotike u naš svet, takođe uništavamo
08:18
the cloud of microbes that live in and on us.
152
486371
2295
oblak mikroba sa kojima živimo.
08:20
And excessive use of antibiotics, in particular in children,
153
488666
3000
Prekomerna upotreba antibiotika, naročito kod dece,
08:23
has been shown to be associated with, again, risk factors
154
491666
3229
može biti faktor rizika
08:26
for obesity, for autoimmune diseases, for a variety
155
494895
4256
za gojaznost, za autoimune bolesti, za različite
08:31
of problems that are probably due to disruption
156
499151
1904
probleme prouzrokovane razbijanjem
08:33
of the microbial community.
157
501055
3104
mikrobijalne zajednice.
08:36
So the microbial community can go wrong
158
504159
3352
Može doći do devijacije mikrobijalne zajednice
08:39
whether we want it to or not,
159
507511
1712
hteli to ili ne
08:41
or we can kill it with antibiotics,
160
509223
2248
ili ih možemo uništiti antibioticima,
08:43
but what can we do to restore it?
161
511471
2096
ali šta možemo učiniti da ih vratimo?
08:45
I'm sure many people here have heard about probiotics.
162
513567
3112
Siguran sam da su mnogi čuli za probiotike.
08:48
Probiotics are one thing that you can try and do to restore
163
516679
3008
Možete pokušati da vratite
08:51
the microbial community that is in and on you.
164
519687
2424
mikrobijalne zajednice uz pomoć probiotika.
08:54
And they definitely have been shown to be effective in some cases.
165
522111
3472
U nekim slučajevima su se definitivno pokazali efikasnim.
08:57
There's a project going on at UC Davis where people are using
166
525583
3097
Na Dejvis Univerzitetu u Koloradu u toku je projekat gde ljudi koriste
09:00
probiotics to try and treat, prevent,
167
528680
2895
probiotike za lečenje, prevenciju
09:03
necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants.
168
531575
2512
nekrotičnog enterokolitisa kod prevremeno rođene dece.
09:06
Premature infants have real problems with their microbial community.
169
534087
3408
Prevremeno rođena deca zaista imaju problem sa mikrobijalnom zajednicom.
09:09
And it may be that probiotics can help prevent
170
537495
2520
Moguće je da probiotik pomaže u prevenciji
09:12
the development of this horrible necrotizing enterocolitis
171
540015
3136
razvoja ovog užasnog nekrotičnog enterokolitisa
09:15
in these premature infants.
172
543151
1665
kod prevremeno rođenih.
09:16
But probiotics are sort of a very, very simple solution.
173
544816
3991
Ali probiotici su samo mali deo rešenja.
09:20
Most of the pills that you can take or the yogurts that you can eat
174
548807
3355
Većina tableta koje uzimate ili jogurt koji pijete
09:24
have one or two species in them, maybe five species in them,
175
552162
4787
sadrži samo jednu ili dve vrste probiotika ili možda pet,
09:28
and the human community is thousands upon thousands of species.
176
556949
3666
a u čoveku postoje na hiljade vrsta.
09:32
So what can we do to restore our microbial community
177
560615
3928
Stoga, šta možemo učiniti da vratimo mikrobijalnu zajednicu
09:36
when we have thousands and thousands of species on us?
178
564543
3199
kad ih imamo na hiljade vrsta?
09:39
Well, one thing that animals seem to do is,
179
567742
2706
Pa, izgleda da životinje
09:42
they eat poo -- coprophagia.
180
570448
4014
jedu kaku -- koprofagija.
09:46
And it turns out that many veterinarians,
181
574462
4609
Izgleda da mnogi veterinari,
09:51
old school veterinarians in particular,
182
579071
2009
naročito iskusni,
09:53
have been doing something called "poo tea,"
183
581080
2716
prave nešto što bi nazvali "čaj od izmeta",
09:55
not booty, but poo tea, to treat colic and other
184
583796
5805
da bi lečlii bol u stomaku
10:01
ailments in horses and cows and things like that,
185
589601
3623
i druge bolesti kod konja i krava i slično,
10:05
where you make tea from the poo from a healthy
186
593224
3948
gde se pravi čaj od izmeta zdrave
10:09
individual animal and you feed it to a sick animal.
187
597172
3149
životinje i time se hrani bolesna životinja.
10:12
Although, unless you have a fistulated cow with a big hole in its side,
188
600321
4440
Mada, kada je kod krave burag otvoren
10:16
and you can put your hand into its rumen,
189
604761
2539
i možete da stavite ruku unutra
10:19
it's hard to imagine that the delivery of microbes
190
607300
3408
teško je zamisliti da "isporuka" mikroba
10:22
directly into the mouth and through the entire
191
610708
2929
direktno u usta i kroz ceo
10:25
top of the digestive tract is the best delivery system,
192
613637
3648
gornji deo sistema za varenje najbolji način za ubacivanje mikroba,
10:29
so you may have heard in people they are now doing
193
617285
4120
pa ste možda čuli da se kod ljudi sada radi
10:33
fecal transplants, where rather than delivering
194
621405
4650
transplantacija fecesa, što je bolje nego ubacivanje
10:38
a couple of probiotic microbes through the mouth,
195
626055
2432
par probiotskih mikroba preko usta.
10:40
they are delivering a community of probiotics,
196
628487
3453
Sada se ubacuju zajednice probiotika,
10:43
a community of microbes from a healthy donor,
197
631940
2480
zajednice mikroba uzetih od zdravog davaoca,
10:46
through the other end.
198
634420
2137
ali s drugog kraja.
10:48
And this has turned out to be very effective in fighting
199
636557
3330
Ispostavilo se da je ovaj način veoma efikasan u borbi protiv
10:51
certain intransigent infectious diseases
200
639887
2366
određenih upornih zaraznih bolesti,
10:54
like Clostridium difficile infections that can stay
201
642253
3839
kao što je infekcija gram pozitivnim bakterijama Clostridium difficele
10:58
with people for years and years and years.
202
646092
2097
koja može trajati godinama.
11:00
Transplants of the feces, of the microbes from the feces,
203
648189
4863
Transplantacija fecesa, mikroba iz fecesa,
11:05
from a healthy donor has actually been shown to cure
204
653052
2865
od zdravog davaoca, pokazala se kao lek
11:07
systemic C. dif infections in some people.
205
655917
2861
za infekciju ljudi zaraženih Clostridium diff. bakterijom.
11:10
Now what these transplants, these fecal transplants, or
206
658778
5842
Ove fekalne transplantacije
11:16
the poo tea suggest to me, and many other people
207
664620
4459
ili čaj od izmeta, pokazalo se, a i mnogi
11:21
have come up with this same idea, is that
208
669079
1744
misle slično,
11:22
the microbial community in and on us, it's an organ.
209
670823
3888
da je mikrobijalna zajednica - jedan organ.
11:26
We should view it as a functioning organ, part of ourselves.
210
674711
5007
Trebalo bi da ga smatramo funkcionalnim organom, delom nas samih.
11:31
We should treat it carefully and with respect,
211
679718
3991
Trebalo bi da ga lečimo pažljivo i sa poštovanjem,
11:35
and we do not want to mess with it, say by C-sections
212
683709
3980
ne bi trebalo da se zafrkavamo s tim, recimo carskim rezom
11:39
or by antibiotics or excessive cleanliness,
213
687689
4908
antibioticma, preteranom čistoćom,
11:44
without some real good justification.
214
692597
3217
bez nekog zaista dobrog opravdanja.
11:47
And what the DNA sequencing technologies are allowing people to do now
215
695814
3640
Tehnologija sekvenciranja DNK sada omogućava ljudima
11:51
is do detailed studies of, say, 100 patients who have Crohn's disease
216
699454
6952
da detaljno prouče, recimo, 100 pacijenata sa Kronovom bolešću
11:58
and 100 people who don't have Crohn's disease.
217
706406
2535
i 100 ljudi bez te bolest.
12:00
Or 100 people who took antibiotics when they were little,
218
708941
3833
Ili 100 ljudi koji su uzimali antibiotike kada su bili mali
12:04
and 100 people who did not take antibiotics.
219
712774
2424
i 100 ljudi koji nisu uzimali antibiotike.
12:07
And we can now start to compare the community of microbes
220
715198
4080
I sada možemo početi upoređivanje zajednice mikroba
12:11
and their genes and see if there are differences.
221
719278
3303
i njihovih gena, da vidimo ima li razlike.
12:14
And eventually we may be able to understand if they're not
222
722581
3402
I na kraju moći ćemo da shvatimo
12:17
just correlative differences, but causative.
223
725983
2624
da razlike nisu samo korelativne već i uzročne.
12:20
Studies in model systems like mouse and other animals
224
728607
3470
Proučavanje miša ili nekih drugih životinja
12:24
are also helping do this, but people are now using
225
732077
3209
takođe pomaže, ali ljudi sad koriste
12:27
these technologies because they've gotten very cheap,
226
735286
2304
ove tehnologije jer je proučavanje mikroba na mnoštvu ljudi
12:29
to study the microbes in and on a variety of people.
227
737590
3914
postalo veoma jeftino.
12:33
So, in wrapping up, what I want to tell you about is,
228
741504
4590
Pa, da zaokružim, ono o čemu hoću da vam pričam,
12:38
I didn't tell you a part of the story of coming down with diabetes.
229
746094
3207
a nisam još ispričao, je deo priče o tome kako sam dobio dijabetes.
12:41
It turns out that my father was an M.D.,
230
749301
2764
Moj otac je bio doktor medicine
12:44
actually studied hormones. I told him many times
231
752065
4472
u stvari, proučavao je hormone. Mnogo puta sam mu rekao
12:48
that I was tired, thirsty, not feeling very good.
232
756537
4790
da sam umoran, žedan, da se ne osećam baš dobro.
12:53
And he shrugged it off, I think he either thought
233
761327
2879
Samo je slegao ramenima misleći
12:56
I was just complaining a lot, or it was the typical
234
764206
3279
da se previše žalim ili je to bilo ono tipično
12:59
M.D. "nothing can be wrong with my children."
235
767485
2619
doktorsko: "Mojoj deci ništa ne fali".
13:02
We even went to the International Society of Endocrinology
236
770104
3221
Išli smo porodično na susret
13:05
meeting as family in Quebec.
237
773325
2130
Međunarodnog udruženja endokrinologa u Kvebek.
13:07
And I was getting up every five minutes to pee,
238
775455
5494
Svakih pet minuta sam ustajao da piškim
13:12
and drinking everybody's water at the table,
239
780949
2435
i svu vodu sa stola sam popio
13:15
and I think they all thought I was a druggie.
240
783384
2934
i mislim da su me smatrali za narkosa.
13:18
(Laughter)
241
786318
1720
(Smeh)
13:20
But the reason I'm telling you this is that
242
788038
1976
Ovo vam govorim jer medicinari,
13:22
the medical community, my father as an example,
243
790014
3000
kao moj otac na primer,
13:25
sometimes doesn't see what's right in front of their eyes.
244
793014
3567
ponekad ne vide šta imaju ispred sebe.
13:28
The microbial cloud, it is right in front of us.
245
796581
3985
Mikrobijalni oblak je upravo ispred nas.
13:32
We can't see it most of the time. It's invisible.
246
800566
2800
Uglavnom ga ne vidimo. Nevidljiv je.
13:35
They're microbes. They're tiny.
247
803366
1471
Mikrobi su majušni.
13:36
But we can see them through their DNA,
248
804837
2952
Ali ih vidimo kroz DNK
13:39
we can see them through the effects that they have on people.
249
807789
3249
i kroz uticaj koji imaju na ljude.
13:43
And what we need now
250
811038
1618
Sada nam je potrebno
13:44
is to start thinking about this microbial community in the context
251
812656
3669
da počnemo razmišljati o mikrobijalnoj zajednici u kontekstu
13:48
of everything in human medicine.
252
816325
2513
celokupne medicine.
13:50
It doesn't mean that it affects every part of us,
253
818838
3067
Ne znači da utiče na sve u nama,
13:53
but it might.
254
821905
1399
ali mogao bi.
13:55
What we need is a full field guide to the microbes
255
823304
3925
Treba nam sveobuhvatan vodič za mikrobe
13:59
that live in and on people, so that we can understand
256
827229
3393
sa kojima živimo, da bismo razumeli
14:02
what they're doing to our lives.
257
830622
3272
kako utiču na naš život.
14:05
We are them. They are us.
258
833894
3071
Mi smo oni. Oni su mi.
14:08
Thank you.
259
836965
1328
Hvala.
14:10
(Applause)
260
838293
1985
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Eisen - BiologistJonathan Eisen studies the ecology and evolution of microbial communities -- and their co-evolution with their hosts.
Why you should listen
Research in Jonathan Eisen's lab focuses on the “phylogenomics of novelty” in microbes. Among their major research themes are:
• the genomic basis for the origin and evolution of new functions
• the ecology and evolution of microbial communities
• the co-evolution of microbes and their carrying vessels (i.e., hosts)
• variation in “evolvability”
• the development of phylogeny driven computational tools to analyze genomic and metagenomic sequence data.
Eisen is also a strong proponent of the Open Access movement in scientific publishing and is Academic Editor in Chief of PLoS Biology. Dr. Eisen is also an active and award-winning science blogger on The Tree of Life. For recent news see @phylogenomics.
Jonathan Eisen | Speaker | TED.com