ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Eisen - Biologist
Jonathan Eisen studies the ecology and evolution of microbial communities -- and their co-evolution with their hosts.

Why you should listen

Research in Jonathan Eisen's lab focuses on the “phylogenomics of novelty” in microbes.  Among their major research themes are:
    • the genomic basis for the origin and evolution of new functions
    • the ecology and evolution of microbial communities
    • the co-evolution of microbes and their carrying vessels (i.e., hosts)
    • variation in “evolvability”
    • the development of phylogeny driven computational tools to analyze genomic and metagenomic sequence data.
Eisen is also a strong proponent of the Open Access movement in scientific publishing and is Academic Editor in Chief of PLoS Biology. Dr. Eisen is also an active and award-winning science blogger on The Tree of Life. For recent news see @phylogenomics.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Eisen | Speaker | TED.com
TEDMED 2012

Jonathan Eisen: Meet your microbes

強納生 艾森:認識你的微生物群

Filmed:
868,450 views

我們的身體覆蓋了數量可觀的微生物 -- 包含的致病的病原體及可能是維持我們健康的功臣,但我們了解較有限的「好」微生物。在 TEDMED,微生物學家強納生艾森分享目前我們人類所知的,包含一些意想不到的應用這些有益微生物的方式。
- Biologist
Jonathan Eisen studies the ecology and evolution of microbial communities -- and their co-evolution with their hosts. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I'm going to start開始 with a little story故事.
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我要用一個小故事做開場。
00:14
So, I grew成長 up in this neighborhood鄰里. When I was 15 years年份 old,
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我在這附近長大。15歲時,
00:17
I went from being存在 what I think was a strapping魁梧的 young年輕 athlete運動員,
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我從一個自信身材魁梧的年輕運動員,
00:21
over four months個月, slowly慢慢地 wasting浪費 away until直到
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四個多月,逐漸消瘦,
00:25
I was basically基本上 a famine飢荒 victim受害者
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瘦到像是個饑荒的災民,
00:27
with an unquenchable不滅 thirst口渴.
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無時無刻覺得口渴
00:29
I had basically基本上 digested消化 away my body身體.
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我的身體基本上被消化掉了。
00:33
And this all came來了 to a head when I was on a backpacking背包 trip,
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狀況嚴重到,當我自助旅行到西維吉尼亞州,
00:37
my first one ever actually其實, on Old Rag抹布 Mountain
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到 Old Rag Mountain, 那是我頭一回自助旅行
00:39
in West西 Virginia弗吉尼亞州, and was putting my face面對 into puddles水坑
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我渴到像狗一樣趴到地上
00:43
of water and drinking like a dog.
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從地上的水坑喝水
00:45
That night, I was taken採取 into the emergency room房間
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那天晚上,我被送進急診室,
00:50
and diagnosed確診 as a type類型 1 diabetic糖尿病患者 in full-blown全面爆發 ketoacidosis酮症酸中毒.
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確診為第一型糖尿病、導致酮酸中毒。
00:54
And I recovered恢復, thanks謝謝 to the miracles奇蹟 of modern現代 medicine醫學,
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感謝現代醫學的奇蹟,胰島素和其他的東西,
01:00
insulin胰島素 and other things, and gained獲得 all my weight重量 back and more.
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我恢復健康,體重也回復,而且又胖了一些。
01:05
And something festered潰爛 inside me after this happened發生.
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在那之後,一些念頭開始醞釀。
01:11
What I thought about was, what caused造成 the diabetes糖尿病?
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我開始想,到底是什麼造成糖尿病?
01:14
You see, diabetes糖尿病 is an autoimmune自身免疫性 disease疾病
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你們知道的,糖尿病是一種自體免疫疾病,
01:16
where your body身體 fights打架 itself本身, and at the time people thought
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你的身體攻擊自身正常的細胞,當時的認知是,
01:19
that somehow不知何故 maybe exposure曝光 to a pathogen病原
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人體在某些狀況下接觸到的病原體
01:22
had triggered觸發 my immune免疫的 system系統 to fight鬥爭 the pathogen病原
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引發了免疫系統來對抗病原體
01:27
and then kill the cells細胞 that make insulin胰島素.
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結果殺死了製造胰島素的細胞。
01:29
And this is what I thought for a long period of time,
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關於這個理論,我思考了很長一段時間,
01:31
and that's in fact事實 what medicine醫學 and people have focused重點 on quite相當 a bit,
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而醫界和大眾也大多專注在這個觀念上
01:35
the microbes微生物 that do bad things.
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那就是: 微生物是有害的。
01:38
And that's where I need my assistant助理 here now.
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現在,我需要我的助理幫忙。
01:41
You may可能 recognize認識 her.
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你們可能認得她。
01:44
So, I went yesterday昨天, I apologize道歉, I skipped跳過 a few少數 of the talks會談,
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其實,昨天,很抱歉的,我跳過了一些會談,
01:49
and I went over to the National國民 Academy學院 of Sciences科學 building建造,
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去了國家科學院的大樓一趟,
01:52
and they sell toys玩具, giant巨人 microbes微生物.
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那邊有賣玩具,巨型微生物。
01:57
And here we go!
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所以...接住!
02:00
So you have caught抓住 flesh-eating食肉 disease疾病 if you caught抓住 that one.
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如果你接住那一個,你已經得到噬肉菌了
02:05
I gotta總得 get back out my baseball棒球 ability能力 here.
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很明顯的我已經很久沒玩棒球了
02:10
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:13
So, unfortunately不幸 or not surprisingly出奇, most of the microbes微生物
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因此,不幸的,但不意外的是,國家科學院大樓賣的微生物娃娃,
02:20
they sell at the National國民 Academy學院 building建造 are pathogens病原體.
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大多數都是病菌,
02:23
Everybody每個人 focuses重點 on the things that kill us,
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大家都只看到有害致死的東西,
02:26
and that's what I was focusing調焦 on.
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那也是我當時研究的重點。
02:28
And it turns out that we are covered覆蓋 in a cloud of microbes微生物,
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事實上,我們被厚厚一層微生物雲覆蓋,
02:32
and those microbes微生物 actually其實 do us good much of the time,
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而這些微生物大多時對我們有益,
02:37
rather than killing謀殺 us.
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並不會致我們於死地。
02:38
And so, we've我們已經 known已知 about this for some period of time.
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而且我們了解這點已經有一段時間了。
02:41
People have used microscopes顯微鏡 to look at the microbes微生物 that cover us,
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人們用顯微鏡觀察研究覆蓋人體的微生物,
02:45
I know you're not paying付款 attention注意 to me, but ...
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我知道你沒有在聽我講話,但...
02:46
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:49
The microbes微生物 that cover us.
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這些覆蓋人體的微生物。
02:50
And if you look at them in the microscope顯微鏡,
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如果你用顯微鏡觀察它們,
02:54
you can see that we actually其實 have 10 times as many許多 cells細胞
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你會發現,在人身上,
02:57
of microbes微生物 on us as we have human人的 cells細胞.
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微生物細胞數量其實會有人體細胞的10倍。
03:01
There's more mass in the microbes微生物 than the mass of our brain.
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而這些微生物的總重量比我們的大腦還重。
03:05
We are literally按照字面 a teeming豐富的 ecosystem生態系統 of microorganisms微生物.
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我們的身體是其實的微生物豐富的生態系統。
03:10
And unfortunately不幸, if you want to learn學習 about the microorganisms微生物,
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可惜的是,如果你想了解這些微生物,
03:14
just looking at them in a microscope顯微鏡 is not sufficient足夠.
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只是用顯微鏡觀察是不夠的
03:16
And so we just heard聽說 about the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 sequencing測序.
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我們剛才聽到的DNA定序,
03:19
It turns out that one of the best最好 ways方法 to look at microbes微生物
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後來發現是研究微生物的最佳方法之一,
03:22
and to understand理解 them is to look at their DNA脫氧核糖核酸.
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藉由研究它們的DNA,我們得到更多資訊。
03:24
And that's what I've been doing for 20 years年份,
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而這是我這20年來的一直在做的,
03:26
using運用 DNA脫氧核糖核酸 sequencing測序, collecting蒐集 samples樣本 from various各個 places地方,
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我用DNA定序分析不同來源收集的樣本,
03:30
including包含 the human人的 body身體, reading the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 sequence序列
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包括人體樣本。藉由DNA定序技術,
03:33
and then using運用 that DNA脫氧核糖核酸 sequencing測序 to tell us about
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我們可以從收集到DNA序列來了解
03:36
the microbes微生物 that are in a particular特定 place地點.
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特定地方的微生物。
03:38
And what's amazing驚人, when you use this technology技術,
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神奇的是,當你使用這個技術
03:41
for example, looking at humans人類, we're not just covered覆蓋
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研究,例如,人體,覆蓋我們的微生物
03:44
in a sea of microbes微生物.
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不只是數量眾多,
03:45
There are thousands數千 upon thousands數千 of different不同 kinds of microbes微生物 on us.
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這些微生物有數千種不同的種類。
03:50
We have millions百萬 of genes基因 of microbes微生物 in our human人的
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我們身上的「人體微生物群系」包含了
03:55
microbiome微生物 covering覆蓋 us.
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數百萬的基因,
03:57
And so this microbial微生物 diversity多樣 differs不同 between之間 people,
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而且每個人身上的微生物體系的組成都不相同,
04:01
and what people have been thinking思維 about in the last 10,
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在過去10或15年,人們一直在思考,
04:04
maybe 15 years年份 is, maybe these microbes微生物,
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也許是人體裡外的微生物,
04:07
this microbial微生物 cloud in and on us,
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每個人身上的微生物雲
04:09
and the variation變異 between之間 us, may可能 be responsible主管
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組成的差異,可能決定了
04:13
for some of the health健康 and illness疾病 differences分歧 between之間 us.
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一些的健康和疾病上的個體差異。
04:16
And that comes back to the diabetes糖尿病 story故事 I was telling告訴 you.
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而這回到剛剛的我的糖尿病故事,
04:19
It turns out that people now think that one of the triggers觸發器
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現在人們認為,引發一型糖尿病的原因
04:23
for type類型 1 diabetes糖尿病 is not fighting戰鬥 a pathogen病原,
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不是因為人體不去對抗病原體,
04:25
but is in fact事實 trying to -- miscommunicatingmiscommunicating with the microbes微生物
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而是人體跟居住於其內外的微生物群
04:30
that live生活 in and on you.
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溝通不良。
04:31
And somehow不知何故 maybe the microbial微生物 community社區 that's
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而也許是在我身上的微生物群突然不知怎的
04:34
in and on me got off, and then this triggered觸發 some sort分類
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消失了,然後引發某種免疫反應,
04:38
of immune免疫的 response響應 and led to me killing謀殺 the cells細胞
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導致我體內製造胰島素的細胞
04:40
that make insulin胰島素 in my body身體.
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被攻擊破壞。
04:42
And so what I want to tell you about for a few少數 minutes分鐘 is,
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所以,接下來這幾分鐘,我想分享的是,
04:45
what people have learned學到了 using運用 DNA脫氧核糖核酸 sequencing測序 techniques技術
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經由DNA定序技術,我們學到了些什麼,
04:49
in particular特定, to study研究 the microbial微生物 cloud
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尤其是在研究人體內外的
04:53
that lives生活 in and on us.
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存在的微生物雲。
04:54
And I want to tell you a story故事 about a personal個人 project項目.
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我現在要告訴你們另一個故事,是關於我的個人計畫。
04:57
My first personal個人 experience經驗 with studying研究 the microbes微生物
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我第一次開始研究人體微生物的個人經驗,
05:00
on the human人的 body身體 actually其實 came來了 from a talk that I gave,
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其實是緣起一個我發表的講座。
05:04
right around the corner from here at Georgetown喬治敦.
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那講座是在喬治城,就在附近而已。
05:06
I gave a talk, and a family家庭 friend朋友 who happened發生 to be
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我是主講人,喬治城醫學院院長
05:09
the Dean院長 of Georgetown喬治敦 Medical School學校 was at the talk,
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也是我們家族的朋友,出席了那個講座。
05:11
and came來了 up to me afterwards之後 saying, they were doing
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講座結束後,院長上前來告訴我
05:14
a study研究 of ileal迴腸 transplants移植 in people.
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他們正在做人體迴腸移植的研究。
05:17
And they wanted to look at the microbes微生物 after the transplants移植.
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他們想研究移植後的微生物分布情況。
05:21
And so I started開始 a collaboration合作 with this person,
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所以我開始跟 Michael Zasloff 及 Thomas Fishbein合作,
05:24
Michael邁克爾 ZasloffZasloff and Thomas托馬斯 Fishbein菲斯, to look at the microbes微生物
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我們觀察迴腸移植後,
05:27
that colonized拓殖 these ilea我Lea after they were transplanted移植 into a recipient接受者.
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微生物在迴腸內繁殖的情形。
05:32
And I can tell you all the details細節 about the microbial微生物 study研究
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我可以告訴你這個微生物研究的所有細節
05:35
that we did there, but the reason原因 I want to tell you this story故事
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還有我們做了什麼。但我想告訴你這個故事的原因
05:37
is something really striking引人注目 that they did at the beginning開始
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是因為在研究計畫的初期階段,他們做了一個
05:40
of this project項目.
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很特別的嘗試。
05:42
They take the donor捐贈者 ileum迴腸, which哪一個 is filled填充 with microbes微生物 from a donor捐贈者
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他們取得捐贈者的迴腸,充滿捐贈者身上的微生物,
05:46
and they have a recipient接受者 who might威力 have a problem問題
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同時,受贈的病人體內微生物群也許已經失常了,
05:48
with their microbial微生物 community社區, say Crohn's克羅恩 disease疾病,
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舉例來說,克隆氏症的患者,
05:51
and they sterilized消毒 the donor捐贈者 ileum迴腸.
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然後他們消毒捐贈者的迴腸,
05:54
Cleaned清洗 out all the microbes微生物, and then put it in the recipient接受者.
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清除所有的微生物,然後移植到受贈患者的體內。
05:59
They did this because this was common共同 practice實踐
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他們這樣做,是因為醫學上這是通常的手續,
06:01
in medicine醫學, even though雖然 it was obvious明顯
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即使很明顯的,
06:04
that this was not a good idea理念.
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並不是個好主意。
06:07
And fortunately幸好, in the course課程 of this project項目,
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還好,在這個研究的過程中
06:10
the transplant移植 surgeons外科醫生 and the other people
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移植外科醫生和所有其他成員,
06:12
decided決定, forget忘記 common共同 practice實踐. We have to switch開關.
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決定:「別用慣用的手續了,我們必須更新做法。」
06:17
So they actually其實 switched交換的 to leaving離開 some of the microbial微生物
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因此,他們留下部分原有的微生物群
06:21
community社區 in the ileum迴腸. They leave離開 the microbes微生物 with the donor捐贈者,
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在迴腸裡。這些從捐贈者來源留下來
06:25
and theoretically理論上 that might威力 help the people who are
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的微生物,理論上,可能會
06:28
receiving接收 this ileal迴腸 transplant移植.
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對接受移植的人有幫助。
06:30
And so, people -- this is a study研究 that I did now.
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所以了,大家,這就是我過去幾年中所做的研究。
06:34
In the last few少數 years年份 there's been a great expansion擴張
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用DNA技術來檢視人體微生物的研究
06:36
in using運用 DNA脫氧核糖核酸 technology技術 to study研究 the microbes微生物 in and on people.
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在過去幾年來有很大的擴展。
06:40
There's something called the Human人的 Microbiome微生物 Project項目
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人類微生物群系研究計畫
06:42
that's going on in the United聯合的 States狀態,
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正在美國進行中,
06:44
and MetaHITMetaHIT going on in Europe歐洲, and a lot of other projects項目.
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而在歐洲,人類腸道菌叢誌基因辨異研究計畫(MetaHIT),和很多其他的研究也在進行。
06:46
And when people have doneDONE a variety品種 of studies學習,
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當人們做了各種研究,
06:50
they have learned學到了 things such這樣 as, when a baby寶寶 is
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他們發現,如,當一個嬰兒
06:53
born天生, during vaginal陰道 delivery交貨 you get colonized拓殖 by the
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經由產道出生時,會得到
06:56
microbes微生物 from your mother母親.
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母體的微生物群。
06:57
There are risk風險 factors因素 associated相關 with cesarean剖宮產 sections部分,
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剖腹產是帶有風險的,
07:00
some of those risk風險 factors因素 may可能 be due應有 to mis-colonization誤定植
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部分的風險因素可能起因為,
07:04
when you carve雕刻 a baby寶寶 out of its mother母親
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嬰兒直接經由剖腹被取出母體時
07:07
rather than being存在 delivered交付 through通過 the birth分娩 canal運河.
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無法經由產道取得母體的菌群。
07:10
And a variety品種 of other studies學習 have shown顯示 that the
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許多不同的研究已經發現,
07:13
microbial微生物 community社區 that lives生活 in and on us
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在於我們體內及表面的微生物群落,
07:15
helps幫助 in development發展 of the immune免疫的 system系統,
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有益於我們免疫系統的發展,
07:17
helps幫助 in fighting戰鬥 off pathogens病原體, helps幫助 in our metabolism代謝,
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幫助我們擊退病原體,促進新陳代謝,
07:22
and determining決定 our metabolic新陳代謝 rate, probably大概
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並調節我們的代謝速度,可能
07:25
determines確定 our odor氣味, and may可能 even shape形狀 our behavior行為
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還形成了我們的體味,甚至在很多的方面都,
07:28
in a variety品種 of ways方法.
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影響我們的行為.
07:30
And so, these studies學習 have documented記錄 or suggested建議
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而且這些研究已經證明或是推斷
07:33
out of a variety品種 of important重要 functions功能 for the microbial微生物 community社區,
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各種重要機能經由這些微生物群、
07:38
this cloud, the non-pathogens非致病菌 that live生活 in and on us.
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這層雲、非-病原體,在我們體內及體表的運作。
07:42
And one area that I think is very interesting有趣,
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有個領域我覺得相當有意思的是,
07:46
which哪一個 many許多 of you may可能 have now that we've我們已經 thrown拋出
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剛剛既然我們丟了一堆菌給你們,你們之中有許多人也許有這個
07:48
microbes微生物 into the crowd人群, is something that I would call "germophobiagermophobia."
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我會稱之為「 恐菌症」。
07:52
So people are really into cleanliness清潔度, right?
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人們真的很重視清潔,你說是嗎?
07:55
We have antibiotics抗生素 in our kitchen廚房 counters計數器,
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我們廚房流理台上有抗菌產品,
07:57
people are washing洗滌 every一切 part部分 of them all of the time,
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人們無時無刻在清洗身上的每個部分,
08:00
we pump antibiotics抗生素 into our food餐飲, into our communities社區,
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抗生素被注入我們的食物、我們的居住環境,
08:05
we take antibiotics抗生素 excessively過分地.
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我們無結制地濫用抗生素。
08:08
And killing謀殺 pathogens病原體 is a good thing if you're sick生病,
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如果你生病,殺光病原體是好事,
08:12
but we should understand理解 that when we pump chemicals化學製品
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但是我們必須了解,當我們使用化學製品
08:15
and antibiotics抗生素 into our world世界, that we're also killing謀殺
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跟抗生素在我們的環境裡,我們同時也在抹滅
08:18
the cloud of microbes微生物 that live生活 in and on us.
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跟我們共生的微生物雲。
08:20
And excessive過多 use of antibiotics抗生素, in particular特定 in children孩子,
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抗生素的過度使用,尤其是在兒童身上,
08:23
has been shown顯示 to be associated相關 with, again, risk風險 factors因素
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研究發現,跟造成肥胖、自體免疫疾病
08:26
for obesity肥胖, for autoimmune自身免疫性 diseases疾病, for a variety品種
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還有其他各種健康問題的風險因素息息相關,
08:31
of problems問題 that are probably大概 due應有 to disruption瓦解
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因為人體的微生物群落,
08:33
of the microbial微生物 community社區.
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被抗生素干擾破壞。
08:36
So the microbial微生物 community社區 can go wrong錯誤
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所以微生物群落可能會失常,
08:39
whether是否 we want it to or not,
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不管我們喜不喜歡,
08:41
or we can kill it with antibiotics抗生素,
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或者可以用抗生素殺光這些微生物,
08:43
but what can we do to restore恢復 it?
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但我們怎樣可以重建微生物群落?
08:45
I'm sure many許多 people here have heard聽說 about probiotics益生菌.
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我相信這裡有很多人聽說過關於益生菌。
08:48
Probiotics益生菌 are one thing that you can try and do to restore恢復
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益生菌可以用來嘗試
08:51
the microbial微生物 community社區 that is in and on you.
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重建體內及體表的微生物群落,
08:54
And they definitely無疑 have been shown顯示 to be effective有效 in some cases.
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而且已經有些成功的案例。
08:57
There's a project項目 going on at UCUC Davis戴維斯 where people are using運用
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在加州大學戴維斯分校正在進行一個計畫,
09:00
probiotics益生菌 to try and treat對待, prevent避免,
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他們嘗試用益生菌來治療和預防
09:03
necrotizing壞死 enterocolitis小腸結腸炎 in premature過早 infants嬰兒.
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早產兒的壞死性腸炎。
09:06
Premature過早 infants嬰兒 have real真實 problems問題 with their microbial微生物 community社區.
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早產兒的身上的微生物群落問題多多,
09:09
And it may可能 be that probiotics益生菌 can help prevent避免
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而也許益生菌可以幫助預防
09:12
the development發展 of this horrible可怕 necrotizing壞死 enterocolitis小腸結腸炎
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早產兒罹患
09:15
in these premature過早 infants嬰兒.
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這可怕的壞死性腸炎。
09:16
But probiotics益生菌 are sort分類 of a very, very simple簡單 solution.
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但是,益生菌是一個非常,非常簡易的解決方式。
09:20
Most of the pills that you can take or the yogurts酸奶 that you can eat
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大多數的益生菌錠或是優酪乳
09:24
have one or two species種類 in them, maybe five species種類 in them,
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含有一或兩種菌種,或是五種菌種,
09:28
and the human人的 community社區 is thousands數千 upon thousands數千 of species種類.
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而人體的微生物群系有數千種的菌種。
09:32
So what can we do to restore恢復 our microbial微生物 community社區
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所以,什麼方法可以重建我們的微生物群系
09:36
when we have thousands數千 and thousands數千 of species種類 on us?
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當我們的微生物群系是由數千種菌種組成的?
09:39
Well, one thing that animals動物 seem似乎 to do is,
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嗯,動物所做的一件事是,
09:42
they eat poo便便 -- coprophagia食糞.
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他們吃便便 - 所謂的嗜糞癖。
09:46
And it turns out that many許多 veterinarians獸醫,
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原來,許多獸醫,
09:51
old school學校 veterinarians獸醫 in particular特定,
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尤其是老經驗的獸醫,
09:53
have been doing something called "poo便便 tea,"
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一直在用一種叫「便便茶」,
09:55
not booty贓物, but poo便便 tea, to treat對待 colic絞痛 and other
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不是屁屁,而是便便茶,來治療馬和牛
10:01
ailments疾病 in horses馬匹 and cows奶牛 and things like that,
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腹絞痛及其他之類的毛病。
10:05
where you make tea from the poo便便 from a healthy健康
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作法是用健康的動物的糞便做成茶,
10:09
individual個人 animal動物 and you feed飼料 it to a sick生病 animal動物.
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然後餵食給生病的動物。
10:12
Although雖然, unless除非 you have a fistulated造瘻 cow with a big hole in its side,
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但是,除非你有隻牛,肚子一側開了一個大洞,
10:16
and you can put your hand into its rumen瘤胃,
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你可以把你的手,伸入牠的瘤胃之外,
10:19
it's hard to imagine想像 that the delivery交貨 of microbes微生物
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很難想像,從嘴巴經過整個上消化道
10:22
directly into the mouth and through通過 the entire整個
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將微生物送入
10:25
top最佳 of the digestive消化 tract管道 is the best最好 delivery交貨 system系統,
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會是最好的運輸方式。
10:29
so you may可能 have heard聽說 in people they are now doing
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所以,你可能已經聽說有人在做
10:33
fecal糞便 transplants移植, where rather than delivering交付
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糞便移植,與其將少數益生菌種
10:38
a couple一對 of probiotic益生菌 microbes微生物 through通過 the mouth,
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經由口部送入,
10:40
they are delivering交付 a community社區 of probiotics益生菌,
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他們是將整個益生菌的群系,
10:43
a community社區 of microbes微生物 from a healthy健康 donor捐贈者,
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從健康的捐贈者取得的群系,
10:46
through通過 the other end結束.
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從消化道的另一端送入。
10:48
And this has turned轉身 out to be very effective有效 in fighting戰鬥
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結果發現這樣做對於
10:51
certain某些 intransigent妥協 infectious傳染病 diseases疾病
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對抗某些頑固的傳染病非常有效。
10:54
like Clostridium梭菌 difficile艱難 infections感染 that can stay
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例如可以存留人體多年的
10:58
with people for years年份 and years年份 and years年份.
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困難腸梭菌。
11:00
Transplants移植 of the feces, of the microbes微生物 from the feces,
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經由糞便移植,
11:05
from a healthy健康 donor捐贈者 has actually其實 been shown顯示 to cure治愈
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取得健康捐贈者的糞便中的微生物,
11:07
systemic系統的 C. difDIF infections感染 in some people.
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事實上已經有成功治癒困難腸梭菌感染的案例。
11:10
Now what these transplants移植, these fecal糞便 transplants移植, or
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因為這些新的移植手術手法、糞便移植
11:16
the poo便便 tea suggest建議 to me, and many許多 other people
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或是便便茶的應用,讓我還有許多人
11:21
have come up with this same相同 idea理念, is that
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有了同一個想法,就是
11:22
the microbial微生物 community社區 in and on us, it's an organ器官.
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這存在於我們體內及表面的微生物群系,其實是個器官。
11:26
We should view視圖 it as a functioning功能 organ器官, part部分 of ourselves我們自己.
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我們應該把這當做是一個正常運作的器官,自己的一部分看待。
11:31
We should treat對待 it carefully小心 and with respect尊重,
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我們應該認真對待和尊重,
11:35
and we do not want to mess食堂 with it, say by C-sections剖腹產
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不應該擾亂其平衡,像是沒有必要的狀況下,
11:39
or by antibiotics抗生素 or excessive過多 cleanliness清潔度,
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進行剖腹產、使用抗生素、
11:44
without some real真實 good justification理由.
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或是過度清潔。
11:47
And what the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 sequencing測序 technologies技術 are allowing允許 people to do now
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而因為DNA定序技術,今天人們可以
11:51
is do detailed詳細 studies學習 of, say, 100 patients耐心 who have Crohn's克羅恩 disease疾病
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做詳細的研究,比方說,比較100個克隆氏症患者
11:58
and 100 people who don't have Crohn's克羅恩 disease疾病.
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跟100個沒有克隆氏症的人。
12:00
Or 100 people who took antibiotics抗生素 when they were little,
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或是比較100個小時候服用過生素的人,
12:04
and 100 people who did not take antibiotics抗生素.
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跟100個沒有服用抗生素的人。
12:07
And we can now start開始 to compare比較 the community社區 of microbes微生物
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我們現在可以開始比較群系裡的微生物,
12:11
and their genes基因 and see if there are differences分歧.
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和他們的基因,看看是否有差異。
12:14
And eventually終於 we may可能 be able能夠 to understand理解 if they're not
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最終我們可能能夠明白,是否他們不
12:17
just correlative關聯的 differences分歧, but causative致病.
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只是有相關的差異,還有因果上的差異性。
12:20
Studies學習 in model模型 systems系統 like mouse老鼠 and other animals動物
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使用老鼠或是其他動物的實驗模型系統所做的研究,
12:24
are also helping幫助 do this, but people are now using運用
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也同時幫助我們了解更多,但人們使用DNA
12:27
these technologies技術 because they've他們已經 gotten得到 very cheap低廉,
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技術是因為其成本已經變得非常低廉,
12:29
to study研究 the microbes微生物 in and on a variety品種 of people.
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可研究不同人身上的微生物。
12:33
So, in wrapping包皮 up, what I want to tell you about is,
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作為總結,我現在想告訴你們的是,
12:38
I didn't tell you a part部分 of the story故事 of coming未來 down with diabetes糖尿病.
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我剛剛沒告訴你們我得到糖尿病的過程。
12:41
It turns out that my father父親 was an M.D.,
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其實,我父親是醫生,
12:44
actually其實 studied研究 hormones激素. I told him many許多 times
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而且他的專科是研究內分泌激素。
很多次我告訴他,
12:48
that I was tired, thirsty, not feeling感覺 very good.
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我很累,很渴,人很不舒服。
12:53
And he shrugged聳肩 it off, I think he either thought
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他聳聳肩,我認為,他要麼想,
12:56
I was just complaining抱怨的 a lot, or it was the typical典型
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我只是愛抱怨,或是
12:59
M.D. "nothing can be wrong錯誤 with my children孩子."
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醫生常有的「我的小孩怎麼可能會有毛病」心態
13:02
We even went to the International國際 Society社會 of Endocrinology內分泌
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甚至 我們全家一起去魁北克
13:05
meeting會議 as family家庭 in Quebec魁北克.
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參加國際內分泌學會會議時,
13:07
And I was getting得到 up every一切 five minutes分鐘 to pee撒尿,
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我每五分鐘就要起床尿尿,
13:12
and drinking everybody's每個人的 water at the table,
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吃飯時我渴到得喝光每個人的水
13:15
and I think they all thought I was a druggie癮君子.
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我想,他們大概都認為我嗑藥了。
13:18
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
13:20
But the reason原因 I'm telling告訴 you this is that
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1976
但我告訴你這個的原因是,
13:22
the medical community社區, my father父親 as an example,
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醫學界,以我父親作為一個例子,
13:25
sometimes有時 doesn't see what's right in front面前 of their eyes眼睛.
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有時反而看不見眼前發生的事。
13:28
The microbial微生物 cloud, it is right in front面前 of us.
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這層微生物雲,就在我們眼前,
13:32
We can't see it most of the time. It's invisible無形.
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即使大部分時間我們看不見它,它是隱形的。
13:35
They're microbes微生物. They're tiny.
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微生物是極渺小的,
13:36
But we can see them through通過 their DNA脫氧核糖核酸,
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但是我們可以看見他們,經由他們的DNA。
13:39
we can see them through通過 the effects效果 that they have on people.
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但是我們可以看見他們,經由他們對人們的影響。
13:43
And what we need now
250
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而我們現在需要的是,
13:44
is to start開始 thinking思維 about this microbial微生物 community社區 in the context上下文
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開始思考微生物群落
13:48
of everything in human人的 medicine醫學.
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在人類醫學的每一個層面。
13:50
It doesn't mean that it affects影響 every一切 part部分 of us,
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這不表示微生物影響我們的每一部分,
13:53
but it might威力.
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但不排除這樣的可能性。
13:55
What we need is a full充分 field領域 guide指南 to the microbes微生物
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我們需要的是對人體的微生物
13:59
that live生活 in and on people, so that we can understand理解
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有一個整體的了解,才能了解
14:02
what they're doing to our lives生活.
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他們對我們生活的影響。
14:05
We are them. They are us.
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微生物跟人類,共生共存。
14:08
Thank you.
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謝謝
14:10
(Applause掌聲)
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1985
(掌聲)
Translated by Alex M. Chang
Reviewed by Yuguo Zhang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Eisen - Biologist
Jonathan Eisen studies the ecology and evolution of microbial communities -- and their co-evolution with their hosts.

Why you should listen

Research in Jonathan Eisen's lab focuses on the “phylogenomics of novelty” in microbes.  Among their major research themes are:
    • the genomic basis for the origin and evolution of new functions
    • the ecology and evolution of microbial communities
    • the co-evolution of microbes and their carrying vessels (i.e., hosts)
    • variation in “evolvability”
    • the development of phylogeny driven computational tools to analyze genomic and metagenomic sequence data.
Eisen is also a strong proponent of the Open Access movement in scientific publishing and is Academic Editor in Chief of PLoS Biology. Dr. Eisen is also an active and award-winning science blogger on The Tree of Life. For recent news see @phylogenomics.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Eisen | Speaker | TED.com