TEDGlobal 2010
Elif Shafak: The politics of fiction
Elif Šafak: Politika mašte
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Slušanje priča širi maštu; njihovo prepričavanje nam omogućava da preskočimo kulturološke zidove, prigrlimo različita iskustva, osećamo ono što drugi osećaju. Elif Šafak (Elif Shafak) na ovom jednostavnom primeru gradi ideju da mašta može da prevaziđe politički identitet.
Elif Shafak - Novelist
Elif Shafak explicitly defies definition -- her writing blends East and West, feminism and tradition, the local and the global, Sufism and rationalism, creating one of today's most unique voices in literature. Full bio
Elif Shafak explicitly defies definition -- her writing blends East and West, feminism and tradition, the local and the global, Sufism and rationalism, creating one of today's most unique voices in literature. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'm a storyteller.
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Ja sam pripovedač.
00:17
That's what I do in life -- telling stories,
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To je ono čime se bavim u životu - pričam priče,
00:19
writing novels --
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pišem romane.
00:21
and today I would like to tell you a few stories
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I danas bih volela da vam ispričam nekoliko priča
00:23
about the art of storytelling
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o umetnosti pripovedanja
00:25
and also some supernatural creatures
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i nekim natprirodnim bićima
00:27
called the djinni.
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zvanim đini.
00:29
But before I go there, please allow me to share with you
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Ali pre nego počnem sa tim, dozvolite mi da podelim sa vama
00:32
glimpses of my personal story.
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deliće moje lične priče.
00:34
I will do so with the help of words, of course,
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Uradiću to naravno uz pomoć reči,
00:37
but also a geometrical shape, the circle,
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ali i uz pomoć kruga.
00:40
so throughout my talk,
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I tokom mog govora,
00:42
you will come across several circles.
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naići ćete na nekoliko krugova.
00:45
I was born in Strasbourg, France
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Rođena sam u Strazburu, Francuska
00:48
to Turkish parents.
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u turskoj porodici.
00:50
Shortly after, my parents got separated,
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Nedugo potom, moji roditelji su se razdvojili,
00:52
and I came to Turkey with my mom.
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i otišla sam za Tursku sa svojom mamom.
00:54
From then on, I was raised
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Od tog momenta na dalje, odgajana sam
00:56
as a single child by a single mother.
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kao jedino dete samohrane majke.
00:58
Now in the early 1970s, in Ankara,
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U ranim '70-im, u Ankari,
01:00
that was a bit unusual.
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to je bilo pomalo neobično.
01:02
Our neighborhood was full of large families,
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Naše susedstvo je bilo puno velikih porodica,
01:04
where fathers were the heads of households,
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gde su očevi bili glava porodice.
01:07
so I grew up seeing my mother as a divorcee
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Tako da sam odrastala gledajući svoju razvedenu majku
01:10
in a patriarchal environment.
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u patrijarhalnom okruženju.
01:12
In fact, I grew up observing
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Ustvari, odrastala sam posmatrajući
01:14
two different kinds of womanhood.
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dve različite vrste ženskosti.
01:16
On the one hand was my mother,
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Sa jedne strane tu je bila moja majka,
01:18
a well-educated, secular, modern, westernized, Turkish woman.
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dobro obrazovana, sekularna, moderna, zapadnjačka, turska žena.
01:21
On the other hand was my grandmother,
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Sa druge strane je bila moja baka,
01:23
who also took care of me
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koja se takođe brinula o meni
01:25
and was more spiritual, less educated
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i bila više duhovna, manje obrazovana
01:28
and definitely less rational.
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i definitivno manje racionalna.
01:30
This was a woman who read coffee grounds to see the future
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Ovo je bila žena koja je čitala budućnost iz šolje
01:33
and melted lead into mysterious shapes
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i topila olovo u misteriozne oblike
01:35
to fend off the evil eye.
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da otkloni urok.
01:38
Many people visited my grandmother,
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Mnogi ljudi su posećivali moju baku,
01:40
people with severe acne on their faces
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ljudi sa ozbiljnim problemom akni na licima
01:42
or warts on their hands.
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ili bradavica na rukama.
01:45
Each time, my grandmother would utter some words in Arabic,
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Svaki put, moja baka bi mrmljala neke reči na arapskom,
01:48
take a red apple and stab it
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uzela crvenu jabuku i zabola
01:50
with as many rose thorns
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onoliko ružinih trnova
01:52
as the number of warts she wanted to remove.
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koliko bradavica je htela da ukloni.
01:55
Then one by one, she would
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I onda bi jedan po jedan
01:57
encircle these thorns with dark ink.
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trn okružila tamnim mastilom.
02:00
A week later, the patient would come back
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Posle nedelju dana, pacijent bi se vratio
02:02
for a follow-up examination.
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na kontrolni pregled.
02:04
Now, I'm aware that I should not be saying such things
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E sad, svesna sam da ne bi trebalo da govorim ovakve stvari
02:07
in front of an audience of scholars and scientists,
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pred publikom stručnjaka i naučnika,
02:10
but the truth is, of all the people
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ali istina je da, od svih ljudi
02:12
who visited my grandmother for their skin conditions,
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koji su posetili moju baku zbog problema sa kožom,
02:15
I did not see anyone go back
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nisam videla ni jednu osobu da se vraća
02:17
unhappy or unhealed.
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nesrećna ili neizlečena.
02:20
I asked her how she did this. Was it the power of praying?
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Upitala sam je kako to radi. Uz pomoć molitve?
02:23
In response she said, "Yes, praying is effective,
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Odgovorila je, "Da, molitva pomaže.
02:26
but also beware of the power of circles."
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Ali takođe se pripazi moći krugova."
02:29
From her, I learned, amongst many other things,
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Od nje sam naučila, pored mnogih drugih stvari,
02:32
one very precious lesson --
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vrlo dragocenu lekciju.
02:34
that if you want to destroy something in this life,
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A to je da ako želite da uništite nešto u ovom životu,
02:36
be it an acne, a blemish
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bilo akne, mane,
02:38
or the human soul,
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ili ljudsku dušu,
02:40
all you need to do is to surround it with thick walls.
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sve što treba da uradite jeste da to okružite debelim zidovima.
02:43
It will dry up inside.
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Osušiće se iznutra.
02:45
Now we all live in some kind of a social and cultural circle.
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Danas svi živimo u nekoj vrsti socijalnog i kultrunog kruga.
02:48
We all do.
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Svi živimo.
02:50
We're born into a certain family, nation, class.
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Rođeni smo u određenoj porodici, naciji, klasi.
02:53
But if we have no connection whatsoever
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Ali ako uopšte nismo povezani
02:56
with the worlds beyond the one we take for granted,
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sa svetovima izvan onoga koji shvatamo zdravo za gotovo,
02:58
then we too run the risk
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i nama preti opasnost
03:00
of drying up inside.
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da se osušimo unutra.
03:02
Our imagination might shrink;
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Naša mašta može da se skupi.
03:04
our hearts might dwindle,
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Naša srca mogu se smanjiti.
03:06
and our humanness might wither
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I naša humanost može uvenuti
03:08
if we stay for too long
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ako ostanemo suviše dugo
03:10
inside our cultural cocoons.
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unutar svojih kulturoloških čaura.
03:12
Our friends, neighbors, colleagues, family --
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Naši prijatelji, susedi, kolege, porodica -
03:15
if all the people in our inner circle resemble us,
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ako svi ljudi u našem unutrašnjem krugu liče na nas,
03:17
it means we are surrounded
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to znači da smo okruženi
03:19
with our mirror image.
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sa našim odrazom u ogledalu.
03:21
Now one other thing women like my grandma do in Turkey
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Još jedna stvar koju žene poput moje bake čine u Turskoj
03:24
is to cover mirrors with velvet
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je da pokriju ogledala sa kadifom
03:26
or to hang them on the walls with their backs facing out.
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ili ih kače na zid tako da je poleđina okrenuta napolje.
03:29
It's an old Eastern tradition
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To je stara istočnjačka tradicija
03:31
based on the knowledge that it's not healthy
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zasnovana na znanju da nije zrdavo
03:33
for a human being to spend too much time
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za ljudsko biće da provodi suviše vremena
03:36
staring at his own reflection.
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gledajući u svoj odraz.
03:38
Ironically, [living in] communities of the like-minded
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Ironično, zajednice istomišljenika
03:41
is one of the greatest dangers
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predstavljaju jednu od najvećih opasnosti
03:43
of today's globalized world.
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današnjeg globalizovanog sveta.
03:45
And it's happening everywhere,
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I to se događa svuda,
03:47
among liberals and conservatives,
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među liberalima i konzervativcima,
03:49
agnostics and believers, the rich and the poor,
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agnosticima i vernicima, bogatima i siromašnima,
03:51
East and West alike.
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na istoku kao i na zapadu.
03:53
We tend to form clusters
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Imamo tendenciju da stvaramo skupine
03:55
based on similarity,
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zasnovane na sličnosti,
03:57
and then we produce stereotypes
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i onda stvaramo stereotipe
03:59
about other clusters of people.
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o drugim skupinama ljudi.
04:01
In my opinion, one way of transcending
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Prema mom mišljenju, jedan način prevazilaženja
04:03
these cultural ghettos
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ovih kulturnih getoa
04:05
is through the art of storytelling.
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je preko umetnosti pripovedanja.
04:07
Stories cannot demolish frontiers,
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Priče ne mogu rušiti granice,
04:10
but they can punch holes in our mental walls.
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ali mogu da stvaraju rupe u našim mentalnim zidovima.
04:13
And through those holes, we can get a glimpse of the other,
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I kroz te rupe, možemo uvideti nešto drugo,
04:16
and sometimes even like what we see.
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što nam se čak može svideti.
04:19
I started writing fiction at the age of eight.
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Počela sam da pišem fikciju oko osme godine.
04:22
My mother came home one day with a turquoise notebook
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Moja majka je došla jednog dana sa tirkiznom beležnicom
04:25
and asked me if I'd be interested in keeping a personal journal.
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i upitala me da li bih bila zainteresovana da vodim svoj lični dnevnik.
04:28
In retrospect, I think she was slightly worried
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Kada pogledam u nazad, mislim da je bila pomalo zabrinuta
04:30
about my sanity.
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za moj zdrav razum.
04:32
I was constantly telling stories at home, which was good,
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Stalno sam pričala priče po kući, što je bilo dobro,
04:35
except I told this to imaginary friends around me,
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jedino što sam ih pričala svojim zamišljenim prijateljima,
04:37
which was not so good.
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što nije bilo toliko dobro.
04:39
I was an introverted child,
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Bila sam introvertno dete,
04:41
to the point of communicating with colored crayons
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toliko da sam razvgovarala sa bojicama
04:44
and apologizing to objects
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i izvinjavala se objektima
04:46
when I bumped into them,
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kada bih naletela na njih.
04:48
so my mother thought it might do me good
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Tako da je moja majka mislila da će mi koristiti
04:50
to write down my day-to-day experiences
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da zapisujem svoja svakodnevna iskustva
04:52
and emotions.
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i osećanja.
04:54
What she didn't know was that I thought my life was terribly boring,
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Ona nije znala da sam svoj život smatrala užasno dosadnim,
04:57
and the last thing I wanted to do
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i poslednja stvar koju sam htela da radim
04:59
was to write about myself.
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jeste da pišem o sebi.
05:01
Instead, I began to write about people other than me
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Umesto toga, počela sam da pišem o drugim ljudima
05:04
and things that never really happened.
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i stvarima koje se nikada zaista nisu dogodile.
05:06
And thus began my life-long passion
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I tako počinje moja životna strast
05:08
for writing fiction.
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za pisanjem fikcije.
05:10
So from the very beginning, fiction for me
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Dakle, od samog početka, fantastika je za mene
05:13
was less of an autobiographical manifestation
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bila više transcendentalno putovanje
05:16
than a transcendental journey
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u tuđe živote i mogućnosti,
05:18
into other lives, other possibilities.
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nego autobiografska manifestacija.
05:20
And please bear with me:
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Molim vas ostanite sa mnom.
05:22
I'll draw a circle and come back to this point.
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Nacrtaću krug i vratiću se na ovu tačku.
05:25
Now one other thing happened around this same time.
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Desila se još jedna stvar u isto vreme.
05:27
My mother became a diplomat.
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Moja majka je postala diplomata.
05:29
So from this small, superstitious,
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Dakle, od te malog, sujevernog,
05:31
middle-class neighborhood of my grandmother,
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srednjeklasnog susedstva moje bake,
05:34
I was zoomed into this
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prebačena sam u tu
05:36
posh, international school [in Madrid],
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modernu, međunarodnu školu,
05:38
where I was the only Turk.
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gde sam bila jedina turkinja.
05:40
It was here that I had my first encounter
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Ovde sam imala svoj prvi susret
05:42
with what I call the "representative foreigner."
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sa onim što zovem "predstavnik stranaca."
05:45
In our classroom, there were children from all nationalities,
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U našem razredu bilo je dece svih nacionalnosti.
05:48
yet this diversity did not necessarily lead
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Ipak, ova različitost nije nužno vodila
05:51
to a cosmopolitan, egalitarian
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u kosmopolitsku, izjednačujuću
05:54
classroom democracy.
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odeljensku demokratiju.
05:56
Instead, it generated an atmosphere
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Umesto toga, stvorila je atmosferu
05:58
in which each child was seen --
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u kojoj svako dete nije viđeno
06:00
not as an individual on his own,
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kao samostalna individua,
06:02
but as the representative of something larger.
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već kao predstavnik nečeg većeg.
06:05
We were like a miniature United Nations, which was fun,
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Bili smo nešto kao malene Ujedinjene Nacije, što je bilo zabavno,
06:08
except whenever something negative,
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sem u onim slučajevima kada bi se nešto negativno
06:10
with regards to a nation
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u vezi sa nacijom
06:12
or a religion, took place.
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ili religijom dogodilo.
06:14
The child who represented it was mocked,
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Detetu koje je predstavljalo naciju, bi se rugali,
06:17
ridiculed and bullied endlessly.
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ismejavali ga i beskrajno maltretirali.
06:20
And I should know, because during the time I attended that school,
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A ja to znam, jer tokom mog boravka u toj školi,
06:23
a military takeover happened in my country,
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vojska je preuzela vlast u mojoj zemlji,
06:26
a gunman of my nationality nearly killed the Pope,
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atentator moje nacionalnosti je skoro ubio Papu
06:29
and Turkey got zero points in [the] Eurovision Song Contest.
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a Turska je dobila 0 poena na takmičenju za pesmu Evrovizije.
06:32
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
06:34
I skipped school often and dreamed of becoming a sailor
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Često sam bežala iz škole tih dana i sanjala o tome
06:36
during those days.
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da postanem mornar.
06:38
I also had my first taste
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Tu sam takođe osetila ukus
06:40
of cultural stereotypes there.
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kulturoloških stereotipa.
06:42
The other children asked me about the movie
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Druga deca su me pitala za film
06:44
"Midnight Express," which I had not seen;
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"Ponoćni ekspres," koji nisam gledala.
06:46
they inquired how many cigarettes a day I smoked,
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Zanimalo ih je koliko cigareta popušim za dan,
06:49
because they thought all Turks were heavy smokers,
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jer su mislili da su svi Turci teški pušači.
06:52
and they wondered at what age
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I pitali su se sa koliko godina
06:54
I would start covering my hair.
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ću početi da pokrivam svoju kosu.
06:56
I came to learn that these were
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Shvatila sam da su to
06:58
the three main stereotypes about my country:
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tri glavna stereotipa o mojoj zemlji,
07:00
politics, cigarettes
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politika, cigarete
07:02
and the veil.
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i feredža.
07:04
After Spain, we went to Jordan, Germany
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Posle Španije otišle smo u Jordan, Nemačku
07:06
and Ankara again.
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i ponovo u Ankaru.
07:08
Everywhere I went, I felt like
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Gde god sam otišla, osećala sam
07:10
my imagination was the only suitcase
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da je moja mašta jedini kofer
07:12
I could take with me.
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koji sam mogla da ponesem sa sobom.
07:14
Stories gave me a sense of center,
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Priče su mi davale osećaj stabilnosti,
07:16
continuity and coherence,
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stalnosti i sklada,
07:18
the three big Cs that I otherwise lacked.
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tri velika S, koja su mi inače nedostajala.
07:21
In my mid-twenties, I moved to Istanbul,
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Sredinom svojih dvadesetih, odselila sam se u Istanbul,
07:23
the city I adore.
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grad koji obožavam.
07:25
I lived in a very vibrant, diverse neighborhood
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Živela sam u vrlo živom, raznolikom susedstvu
07:28
where I wrote several of my novels.
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gde sam napisala nekoliko svojih romana.
07:30
I was in Istanbul when the earthquake hit
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Bila sam tu za vreme zemljotresa
07:32
in 1999.
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1999.
07:34
When I ran out of the building at three in the morning,
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Kada sam istrčala iz zgrade u tri ujutru,
07:37
I saw something that stopped me in my tracks.
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videla sam nešto što me zaustavilo na mom putu.
07:40
There was the local grocer there --
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Bila je tu lokalni prodavac -
07:42
a grumpy, old man who didn't sell alcohol
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jedan prgav stari čovek koji nije prodavao alkohol
07:44
and didn't speak to marginals.
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i nije razgovarao sa marginalcima.
07:46
He was sitting next to a transvestite
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Sedeo je pored transvestita
07:49
with a long black wig
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sa dugom crnom perikom
07:51
and mascara running down her cheeks.
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i razmazanom maskarom na obrazima.
07:53
I watched the man open a pack of cigarettes
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Posmatrala sam kako čovek otvara paklu cigareta
07:55
with trembling hands
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drhatvim rukama
07:57
and offer one to her,
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i kako joj nudi jednu.
07:59
and that is the image of the night of the earthquake
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I to je slika noći zemljotresa
08:01
in my mind today --
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u mojoj glavi danas -
08:03
a conservative grocer and a crying transvestite
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konzervativni prodavac i uplakani transvestit
08:06
smoking together on the sidewalk.
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puše zajedno na trotoaru.
08:08
In the face of death and destruction,
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U suretu sa smrću i razaranjem
08:11
our mundane differences evaporated,
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svakodnevne razlike su nestale
08:13
and we all became one
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i svi smo postali jedno
08:15
even if for a few hours.
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makar samo na par sati.
08:17
But I've always believed that stories, too, have a similar effect on us.
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Ali ja sam oduvek smatrala da priče takođe imaju sličan efekat na nas.
08:20
I'm not saying that fiction has the magnitude of an earthquake,
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Ne kažem da fikcija ima jačinu zemljotresa.
08:23
but when we are reading a good novel,
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Ali kada čitamo dobar roman,
08:25
we leave our small, cozy apartments behind,
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ostavljamo za sobom naše male, udobne stanove
08:28
go out into the night alone
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izlazimo u noć sami
08:30
and start getting to know people we had never met before
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i upoznajemo ljude koje nikada ranije nismo sreli
08:33
and perhaps had even been biased against.
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i protiv kojih smo možda imali nešto protiv.
08:36
Shortly after, I went
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Nedugo zatim, otišla sam
08:38
to a women's college in Boston, then Michigan.
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na ženski koledž u Boston, pa potom u Mičigen.
08:41
I experienced this, not so much as a geographical shift,
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Iskusila sam ovo, ne toliko kao geografsku,
08:44
as a linguistic one.
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koliko kao lingvističku promenu.
08:46
I started writing fiction in English.
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Počela sam da pišem fikciju na engleskom.
08:48
I'm not an immigrant, refugee or exile --
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Nisam imigrant, izbeglica ili prognanik.
08:50
they ask me why I do this --
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Pitali su me zašto to radim.
08:52
but the commute between languages
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Ali menjanje jezika
08:54
gives me the chance to recreate myself.
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daje mi priliku da se ponovo stvaram.
08:57
I love writing in Turkish,
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Volim da pišem na turskom
08:59
which to me is very poetic and very emotional,
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koji smatram vrlo poetičnim i emotivnim.
09:02
and I love writing in English, which to me
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I volim da pišem na engleskom, koji je za mene
09:04
is very mathematical and cerebral.
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vrlo matematički i uman.
09:06
So I feel connected to each language in a different way.
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Tako da se osećam povezanom sa svakim jezikom na drugačiji način.
09:09
For me, like millions of other people
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Za mene, kao za milione drugih ljudi
09:11
around the world today,
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širom sveta danas,
09:13
English is an acquired language.
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engleski jezik je stečen.
09:15
When you're a latecomer to a language,
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Kada se kasno upoznate sa jezikom,
09:17
what happens is you live there
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dešava se da živite
09:20
with a continuous
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sa konstantnom
09:22
and perpetual frustration.
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i upornom frustracijom.
09:24
As latecomers, we always want to say more, you know,
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Kao takvi, uvek želimo da kažemo više, znate,
09:26
crack better jokes, say better things,
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ispričamo bolje viceve, kažemo bolje stvari.
09:29
but we end up saying less
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Ali završimo govoreći manje
09:31
because there's a gap between the mind and the tongue.
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jer postoji praznina između uma i jezika.
09:33
And that gap is very intimidating.
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I ta praznina je veoma zastrašujuća.
09:36
But if we manage not to be frightened by it,
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Ali ako uspemo da je se ne plašimo,
09:38
it's also stimulating.
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onda je to i stimulativno.
09:40
And this is what I discovered in Boston --
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I to je nešto što sam otkrila u Bostonu -
09:42
that frustration was very stimulating.
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frustracija je bila vrlo stimulativna.
09:45
At this stage, my grandmother,
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U tom periodu, moja baka,
09:46
who had been watching the course of my life
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koja je pratila moj životni put
09:48
with increasing anxiety,
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sa rastućom anksioznošću,
09:50
started to include in her daily prayers
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počela je u svoje dnevne molitve da uključuje
09:52
that I urgently get married
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želju da se ja pod hitno udam
09:54
so that I could settle down once and for all.
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kako bi se jednom zauvek skrasila.
09:57
And because God loves her, I did get married.
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I pošto je Bog voli, ja se jesam udala.
10:00
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
10:02
But instead of settling down,
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Ali umesto da se skrasim,
10:04
I went to Arizona.
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otišla sam u Arizonu.
10:06
And since my husband is in Istanbul,
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I pošto je moj muž u Istanbulu,
10:08
I started commuting between Arizona and Istanbul --
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počela sam da putujem na relaciji Arizona - Istanbul.
10:11
the two places on the surface of earth
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Dva mesta na Zemlji
10:13
that couldn't be more different.
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koja ne mogu više da se razlikuju.
10:15
I guess one part of me has always been a nomad,
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Pretpostavljam da je jedan deo mene uvek bio nomadski,
10:18
physically and spiritually.
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fizički i duhovno.
10:20
Stories accompany me,
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Priče mi prave društvo,
10:22
keeping my pieces and memories together,
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drže moje delove i uspomene zajedno,
10:24
like an existential glue.
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poput nekog egzistencijalnog lepka.
10:26
Yet as much as I love stories,
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Ipak, koliko god volela priče,
10:28
recently, I've also begun to think
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nedavno sam počela da razmišljam
10:31
that they lose their magic
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kako one gube svoju magičnost
10:33
if and when a story is seen as more than a story.
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ako i kada je priča viđena kao nešto više od same priče.
10:36
And this is a subject that I would love
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I ovo je tema o kojoj bih volela
10:38
to think about together.
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da zajedno razmislimo.
10:40
When my first novel written in English came out in America,
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Kada je moj prvi roman na engleskom objavljen u Americi,
10:43
I heard an interesting remark from a literary critic.
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čula sam zanimljivu opasku jednog književnog kritičara.
10:46
"I liked your book," he said, "but I wish you had written it differently."
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"Dopala mi se tvoja knjiga", rekao je, "ali voleo bih da si je napisala drugačije."
10:49
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
10:53
I asked him what he meant by that.
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Pitala sam ga šta misli pod tim.
10:55
He said, "Well, look at it. There's so many
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Rekao je, "Pa, pogledaj je. Postoji toliko
10:57
Spanish, American, Hispanic characters in it,
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likova koji su Španci, Amerikanci, Hispanosi,
10:59
but there's only one Turkish character and it's a man."
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ali samo jedan turski lik i to muški."
11:02
Now the novel took place on a university campus in Boston,
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E sad, radnja je smeštena na univerzitetskom kampusu u Bostonu.
11:05
so to me, it was normal
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Dakle, za mene, bilo je normalno
11:07
that there be more international characters in it
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da bude više internacionalnih, nego
11:09
than Turkish characters,
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turskih likova.
11:11
but I understood what my critic was looking for.
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Ali razumela sam šta je moj kritičar tražio.
11:13
And I also understood that I
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Takođe sam razumela da ću
11:15
would keep disappointing him.
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nastaviti da ga razočaravam.
11:17
He wanted to see the manifestation of my identity.
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Hteo je da vidi manifestaciju mog identiteta.
11:20
He was looking for a Turkish woman in the book
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Tražio je tursku ženu u knjizi,
11:23
because I happened to be one.
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jer sam igrom slučaja ja to bila.
11:25
We often talk about how stories change the world,
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Često govorimo kako priče menjaju svet.
11:28
but we should also see how the world of identity politics
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Ali trebalo bi da vidimo kako svet politike identiteta
11:31
affects the way stories
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utiče na način na koji
11:33
are being circulated,
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se priče šire,
11:35
read and reviewed.
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čitaju i ocenjuju.
11:37
Many authors feel this pressure,
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Mnogi autori osećaju ovaj pritisak,
11:39
but non-Western authors feel it more heavily.
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ali autori koji nisu sa zapada to mnogo više osećaju.
11:42
If you're a woman writer from the Muslim world, like me,
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Ako ste žena pisac iz muslimanskog sveta, poput mene,
11:45
then you are expected to write
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onda se očekuje da pišete
11:47
the stories of Muslim women
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priče o muslimanskim ženama
11:49
and, preferably, the unhappy stories
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i po mogućstvu, nesrećne priče
11:51
of unhappy Muslim women.
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o nesrećnim muslimanskim ženama.
11:53
You're expected to write
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Očekuje se da pišete
11:55
informative, poignant and characteristic stories
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informativne, dirljive i karakteristične priče,
11:58
and leave the experimental and avant-garde
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a da eksperimentalne i avangarnde priče ostavite
12:00
to your Western colleagues.
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svojim zapadnjačkim kolegama.
12:02
What I experienced as a child in that school in Madrid
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Ono što sam doživela u onoj školi u Madridu kao dete
12:05
is happening in the literary world today.
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dešava se u književnom svetu danas.
12:08
Writers are not seen
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Pisci nisu viđeni
12:10
as creative individuals on their own,
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kao kreativne individue,
12:12
but as the representatives
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već kao predstavnici
12:14
of their respective cultures:
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svojih određenih kultura.
12:16
a few authors from China, a few from Turkey,
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Nekoliko autora iz Kine, Turske,
12:19
a few from Nigeria.
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Nigerije.
12:21
We're all thought to have something very distinctive,
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Misli se da svi imamo nešto vrlo drugačije,
12:23
if not peculiar.
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ako ne posebno.
12:25
The writer and commuter James Baldwin
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Pisac i putnik, Džejms Boldvin,
12:28
gave an interview in 1984
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dao je jedan intrevju 1984.
12:30
in which he was repeatedly asked about his homosexuality.
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u kojem je konstantno bio pitan za svoj homoseksualizam.
12:33
When the interviewer tried to pigeonhole him
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Kada je novinar pokušao da ga svrsta u
12:35
as a gay writer,
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kategoriju gej pisca,
12:37
Baldwin stopped and said,
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Boldvin je stao i rekao,
12:39
"But don't you see? There's nothing in me
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"Ali zar ne vidite? Ne postoji ništa u meni
12:41
that is not in everybody else,
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što ne postoji kod svakog drugog,
12:43
and nothing in everybody else
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i ništa u drugima
12:45
that is not in me."
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što ne postoji u meni."
12:47
When identity politics tries to put labels on us,
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Kada politika identiteta pokušava da nas kategoriše,
12:50
it is our freedom of imagination that is in danger.
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naša sloboda mašte je u opasnosti.
12:53
There's a fuzzy category called
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Postoji nejasna kategorija nazvana
12:55
multicultural literature
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multikulturalna književnost
12:57
in which all authors from outside the Western world
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u kojoj su spojeni svi autori izvan
12:59
are lumped together.
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zapadnjačkog sveta.
13:01
I never forget my first multicultural reading,
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Nikada neću zaboraviti svoje prvo multikulturalno čitanje
13:03
in Harvard Square about 10 years ago.
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na harvardskom trgu, pre nekih 10 godina.
13:06
We were three writers, one from the Philippines,
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Bil je nas troje pisaca, jedan sa Filipina,
13:09
one Turkish and one Indonesian --
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iz Turske i Indonezije -
13:11
like a joke, you know.
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poput nekog vica, znate.
13:13
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
13:15
And the reason why we were brought together
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A razlog zbog kojeg smo bili zajedno
13:17
was not because we shared an artistic style
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nije naš umetnički stil
13:19
or a literary taste.
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ili književni ukus.
13:21
It was only because of our passports.
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Već naši pasoši.
13:23
Multicultural writers are expected to tell real stories,
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Od multikulturalnih pisaca se očekuje da pričaju prave priče,
13:26
not so much the imaginary.
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ne toliko izmišljene.
13:28
A function is attributed to fiction.
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Funkcija se odnosi na fikciju.
13:31
In this way, not only the writers themselves,
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Na taj način, ne samo sami pisci,
13:33
but also their fictional characters
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nego i njihovi izmišljeni likovi
13:36
become the representatives of something larger.
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postaju predstavnici nečeg većeg.
13:39
But I must quickly add
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Ali moram brzo da dodam
13:41
that this tendency to see a story
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da ova tendencija da se priča
13:43
as more than a story
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vidi kao nešto više,
13:45
does not solely come from the West.
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ne dolazi isključivo sa zapada.
13:47
It comes from everywhere.
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Dolazi sa svih strana.
13:49
And I experienced this firsthand
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I lično sam to doživela
13:51
when I was put on trial in 2005
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prilikom suđenja 2005.
13:54
for the words my fictional characters uttered in a novel.
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zbog reči koje su moji izmišljeni likovi u romanu izgovarali.
13:57
I had intended to write
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Namerila sam da napišem
13:59
a constructive, multi-layered novel
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konstruktivan, višeslojan roman
14:02
about an Armenian and a Turkish family
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o armenskoj i turskoj porodici,
14:04
through the eyes of women.
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viđen kroz žensku perspektivu.
14:06
My micro story became a macro issue
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Moja mala priča je postala veliki problem
14:09
when I was prosecuted.
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kada sam krivično gonjena.
14:11
Some people criticized, others praised me
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Neki ljudi su me kritikovali, drugi hvalili
14:13
for writing about the Turkish-Armenian conflict.
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jer sam pisala o tursko - armenskom konfliktu.
14:16
But there were times when I wanted to remind both sides
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Ali postojala su vremena kada sam htela da podsetim obe strane
14:19
that this was fiction.
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da je ovo fikcija.
14:21
It was just a story.
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Bila je to samo priča.
14:23
And when I say, "just a story,"
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I kada kažem, "samo priča",
14:25
I'm not trying to belittle my work.
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ne pokušavam da umanjim svoj rad.
14:27
I want to love and celebrate fiction
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Želim da volim i slavim fikciju
14:29
for what it is,
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zbog onog što jeste,
14:31
not as a means to an end.
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a ne kao sredstvo za postizanje cilja.
14:33
Writers are entitled to their political opinions,
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Pisci imaju pravo na sopstveni politički stav,
14:35
and there are good political novels out there,
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i postoje odlični politički romani,
14:38
but the language of fiction
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ali jezik fikcije
14:40
is not the language of daily politics.
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nije jezik dnevne politike.
14:42
Chekhov said,
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Čehov je rekao,
14:44
"The solution to a problem
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"Rešenje problema
14:46
and the correct way of posing the question
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i ispravan način postavljanja pitanja
14:48
are two completely separate things.
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su dve potpuno različite stvari.
14:51
And only the latter is an artist's responsibility."
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A samo ovo drugo je umetnikova odgovornost."
14:55
Identity politics divides us. Fiction connects.
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Politika identiteta nas razdvaja. Fikcija spaja.
14:58
One is interested in sweeping generalizations.
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Jedno od njih je zainteresovano za brisanje generalizacija.
15:01
The other, in nuances.
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Drugo za nijanse.
15:03
One draws boundaries.
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Jedno crta granice.
15:05
The other recognizes no frontiers.
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Drugo ne prepoznaje barijere.
15:07
Identity politics is made of solid bricks.
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Politika identiteta je sagrađena od čvrstih cigli.
15:10
Fiction is flowing water.
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Fikcija je tekuća voda.
15:13
In the Ottoman times, there were itinerant storytellers called "meddah."
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Za vreme otomansko carstva postojali su putujući pripovedači zvani "meddah".
15:16
They would go to coffee houses,
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Odlazili bi u kafeterije,
15:18
where they would tell a story in front of an audience,
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gde bi pričali priče ispred publike,
15:20
often improvising.
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često improvizujući.
15:22
With each new person in the story,
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Sa svakom novom osobom u priči,
15:24
the meddah would change his voice,
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pripovedač bi promenio svoj glas,
15:26
impersonating that character.
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dočaravajući taj lik.
15:28
Everybody could go and listen, you know --
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Svako je mogao da dođe i da sluša, znate -
15:30
ordinary people, even the sultan, Muslims and non-Muslims.
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obični ljudi, čak i sultan, muslimani i nemuslimani.
15:33
Stories cut across all boundaries,
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Priče prelaze sve granice.
15:36
like "The Tales of Nasreddin Hodja,"
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Poput "Priče Nasredin Hodže",
15:38
which were very popular throughout the Middle East,
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koje su bile vrlo popularne na Srednjem Istoku,
15:40
North Africa, the Balkans and Asia.
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Severnoj Africi, Balkanu i Aziji.
15:43
Today, stories continue
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Danas, priče nastavljaju
15:45
to transcend borders.
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da prevazilaze granice.
15:47
When Palestinian and Israeli politicians talk,
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Kada palestinski i izraelski političari govore,
15:50
they usually don't listen to each other,
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obično se slušaju jedni druge.
15:52
but a Palestinian reader
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Ali palestinski čitalac
15:54
still reads a novel by a Jewish author,
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i dalje čita roman jevrejskog autora,
15:56
and vice versa, connecting and empathizing
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i obrnuto, povezujući se i saosećajući
15:59
with the narrator.
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sa pripovedačem.
16:01
Literature has to take us beyond.
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Književnost mora da nas odvede dalje.
16:03
If it cannot take us there,
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Ako ne može to da učini,
16:05
it is not good literature.
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onda nije dobra književnost.
16:07
Books have saved the introverted,
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Knjige su spasile introvertno,
16:09
timid child that I was -- that I once was.
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stidljivo dete koje sam bila - koje sam nekada bila.
16:12
But I'm also aware of the danger
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Ali sam takođe svesna opasnosti
16:14
of fetishizing them.
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njihove fetišizacije.
16:16
When the poet and mystic, Rumi,
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Kada je pesnik i mističar, Rumi,
16:18
met his spiritual companion, Shams of Tabriz,
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upoznao svog duhovnog saputnika, Šamza iz Tabriza,
16:21
one of the first things the latter did
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jedna od prvih stvari koje je ovaj drugi učinio -
16:23
was to toss Rumi's books into water
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bila je da baci Rumijeve knjige u vodu
16:25
and watch the letters dissolve.
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i gleda kako se slova rastvaraju.
16:27
The Sufis say, "Knowledge that takes you not beyond yourself
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Sufisti kažu, "Znanje koje vas ne vodi izvan sebe
16:31
is far worse than ignorance."
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je mnogo gore nego neznanje."
16:34
The problem with today's cultural ghettos
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Problem sa savremenim kulturološkim getoima,
16:36
is not lack of knowledge --
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nije nedostatak znanja.
16:38
we know a lot about each other, or so we think --
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Znamo mnogo jedni o drugima, ili bar mislimo.
16:41
but knowledge that takes us not beyond ourselves:
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Ali ako nas znanje ne odvede izvan nas,
16:44
it makes us elitist,
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čini da postanemo elitisti,
16:46
distant and disconnected.
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udaljeni i nepovezani.
16:48
There's a metaphor which I love:
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Postoji metafora koju volim:
16:50
living like a drawing compass.
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živeti poput kompasa.
16:52
As you know, one leg of the compass is static, rooted in a place.
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Kao što znate, jedna kazaljka kompasa se ne pomera, učvršćena je.
16:55
Meanwhile, the other leg
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U međuvremenu, druga kazaljka
16:57
draws a wide circle, constantly moving.
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pravi širok krug, stalno se pomerajući.
16:59
Like that, my fiction as well.
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I moja mašta je takva.
17:01
One part of it is rooted in Istanbul,
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Jedan deo je ukorenjen u Istanbulu,
17:03
with strong Turkish roots,
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sa jakim turskim korenima.
17:06
but the other part travels the world,
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Ali drugi deo putuje svetom,
17:08
connecting to different cultures.
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povezujući se sa različitim kulturama.
17:10
In that sense, I like to think of my fiction
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U tom smislu, volim da mislim da je moja fikcija
17:12
as both local and universal,
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i lokalna i univerzalna,
17:15
both from here and everywhere.
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odavde i od svuda.
17:17
Now those of you who have been to Istanbul
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Oni od vas koji su posetili Istanbul,
17:19
have probably seen Topkapi Palace,
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verovatno su videli Topkapi Zamak,
17:21
which was the residence of Ottoman sultans
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koji je bio rezidencija otomanskim sultanima
17:23
for more than 400 years.
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više od 400 godina.
17:26
In the palace, just outside the quarters
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U zamku, izvan dela
17:28
of the favorite concubines,
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sa omiljenim konkubinama,
17:30
there's an area called The Gathering Place of the Djinn.
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je Mesto Okupljanja Djina.
17:33
It's between buildings.
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Nalazi se između zgrada.
17:35
I'm intrigued by this concept.
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Interesuje me ovaj koncept.
17:37
We usually distrust those areas
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Obično ne verujemo tim delovima
17:39
that fall in between things.
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koje se nalaze između.
17:41
We see them as the domain
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Vidimo ih kao oblast
17:43
of supernatural creatures like the djinn,
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nadnaravnih čudovišta poput djina.
17:45
who are made of smokeless fire
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koji su napravljeni od vatre bez dima,
17:47
and are the symbol of elusiveness.
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i simbol su nedokučivosti.
17:49
But my point is perhaps
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Ali ono što želim da kažem
17:51
that elusive space
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je da je taj nejasan prostor
17:53
is what writers and artists need most.
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ono što pisci i umetnici najviše trebaju.
17:56
When I write fiction
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Kada pišem fikciju,
17:58
I cherish elusiveness and changeability.
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čeznem za nedostižnošću i promenljivošću.
18:00
I like not knowing what will happen 10 pages later.
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Volim činjenicu da neću znati šta će se desiti 10 strana kasnije.
18:03
I like it when my characters surprise me.
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Volim kada me moji likovi iznenade.
18:05
I might write about
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Možda ću pisati o
18:07
a Muslim woman in one novel,
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muslimanskim ženama u nekom romanu.
18:09
and perhaps it will be a very happy story,
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I možda će to biti vrlo srećna priča.
18:11
and in my next book, I might write
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I u mojoj sledećoj knjizi, možda ću pisati
18:13
about a handsome, gay professor in Norway.
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o zgodnom, gej profesoru u Norveškoj.
18:16
As long as it comes from our hearts,
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Sve dok dolazi iz naših srca,
18:18
we can write about anything and everything.
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možemo da pišemo o svemu i svačemu.
18:21
Audre Lorde once said,
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Odri Lord jednom reče,
18:23
"The white fathers taught us to say,
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"Beli očevi su nas učili da kažemo,
18:26
'I think, therefore I am.'"
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"Mislim, dakle postojim."
18:28
She suggested, "I feel, therefore I am free."
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Predložila je, "Osećam, dakle slobodna sam."
18:31
I think it was a wonderful paradigm shift.
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Mislim da je to divna promena paradigme.
18:34
And yet, why is it that,
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Ipak, zašto je
18:36
in creative writing courses today,
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prva stvar koju danas učimo studente
18:38
the very first thing we teach students is
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na kursevima kreativnog pisanja
18:40
"write what you know"?
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da pišu ono što znaju?
18:42
Perhaps that's not the right way to start at all.
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Možda to uopšte nije ispravan način da se započne.
18:45
Imaginative literature is not necessarily about
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Maštovita književnost nije nužno povezana
18:48
writing who we are or what we know
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sa pisanjem o tome šta jesmo ili šta znamo
18:51
or what our identity is about.
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ili šta predstavlja naš identitet.
18:54
We should teach young people and ourselves
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Trebalo bi da učimo mlade ljude i sebe
18:56
to expand our hearts
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da proširimo svoja srca
18:58
and write what we can feel.
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i da pišemo ono što osećamo.
19:00
We should get out of our cultural ghetto
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Trebalo bi da izađemo iz našeg kutlurološkog geta
19:02
and go visit the next one and the next.
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i da posetimo ostala.
19:05
In the end, stories move like whirling dervishes,
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Na kraju, priče se kreću poput dervišovog plesa,
19:08
drawing circles beyond circles.
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praveći krugove izvan krugova.
19:11
They connect all humanity,
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One povezuju čitavo čovečanstvo,
19:13
regardless of identity politics,
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bez obzira na politiku identiteta.
19:15
and that is the good news.
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I to je odlična vest.
19:17
And I would like to finish with an old Sufi poem:
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I htela bih da završim sa starom Sufi pesmom.
19:19
"Come, let us be friends for once;
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"Hajde, budimo prijatelji bar jednom;
19:22
let us make life easy on us;
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hajde da olakšamo život;
19:24
let us be lovers and loved ones;
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hajde da volimo i budemo voljeni;
19:26
the earth shall be left to no one."
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zemlja nikome neće biti ostavljena."
19:29
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
19:31
(Applause)
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(aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elif Shafak - NovelistElif Shafak explicitly defies definition -- her writing blends East and West, feminism and tradition, the local and the global, Sufism and rationalism, creating one of today's most unique voices in literature.
Why you should listen
Elif Shafak is an award-winning novelist and the most widely read female writer in Turkey. She is also a political commentator and an inspirational public speaker.
She writes in both Turkish and English and has published 15 books, 10 of which are novels, including the bestselling The Bastard of Istanbul, The Forty Rules of Love and her most recent, Three Daughters of Eve. Her books have been published in 48 languages. She is published by Penguin in the UK and represented by Curtis Brown globally.
Shafak is a TEDGlobal speaker, a member of Weforum Global Agenda Council on Creative Economy in Davos and a founding member of ECFR (European Council on Foreign Relations). She has been awarded the title of Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres in 2010 by the French government.
She has been featured in and contributes to major newspapers and periodicals around the world, including the Financial Times, The Guardian, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, Der Spiegel and La Repubblica.
Shafak has an academic background and has taught at various universities in Turkey, UK and USA. She holds a degree in International Relations, a masters degree in gender and women's studies and a PhD in political science. She is known as a women's rights, minority rights and LGBT rights advocate.
Shafak has been longlisted for the Orange Prize, MAN Asian Prize, the Baileys Prize and the IMPAC Dublin Award, and shortlisted for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize and RSL Ondaatje Prize. She sat on the judging panel for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize (2013); Sunday Times Short Story Award (2014, 2015), 10th Women of the Future Awards (2015); FT/Oppenheimer Funds Emerging Voices Awards (2015, 2016); Baileys Women’s Prize for Fiction (2016) and Man Booker International Prize (2017).
As a public speaker, Shafak is represented by The London Speaker Bureau and Chartwell Speakers and Penguin Speakers Bureau. She lives in London.
Elif Shafak | Speaker | TED.com