ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Francis Collins - Geneticist, physician
A key player in the US' new brain-mapping project, Francis Collins is director of the National Institutes of Health.

Why you should listen

In 2000 the world saw the first working draft of the human genome, and that's in no small part thanks to Francis Collins. Under his directorship at the National Human Genome Research Institute, the Human Genome Project was finished, a complete mapping of all 20,500 genes in the human genome, with a high-quality, reference sequence published in April 2003.

In 2009 President Obama nominated Collins as the director of the National Institutes of Health, and later that year he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate. In March 2013, Collins helped Obama introduce the BRAIN Initiative, an ambitious, well-funded program to map the human brain. Read more about the BRAIN Initiative >>

Collins is also a self-described serious Christian and the author of several books on science and faith, including The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief.

More profile about the speaker
Francis Collins | Speaker | TED.com
TEDMED 2012

Francis Collins: We need better drugs -- now

弗朗西斯·柯林斯:我们需要更好地药物——就是现在

Filmed:
898,302 views

如今我们知道4000种疾病的分子成因,但只有250种有相应的治疗药物。为何需要如此之久的时间?遗传学家和医生弗朗西斯解释了研发系统化药物的必要性,甚至对罕见和复杂疾病也是如此。他提供了一些解决方案,例如老药新用。
- Geneticist, physician
A key player in the US' new brain-mapping project, Francis Collins is director of the National Institutes of Health. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
So let me ask for a show显示 of hands.
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请大家举手告诉我,
00:18
How many许多 people here are over the age年龄 of 48?
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这里有多少人已经超过48岁了?
00:22
Well, there do seem似乎 to be a few少数.
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哦,看起来的确有一些。
00:25
Well, congratulations祝贺,
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那么,恭喜,
00:28
because if you look at this particular特定 slide滑动 of U.S. life expectancy期待,
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因为如果你们看看这张关于美国人寿命期望的幻灯片,
00:31
you are now in excess过量 of the average平均 life span跨度
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你们现在已经超过了1900年生人的
00:35
of somebody who was born天生 in 1900.
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寿命的平均值。
00:37
But look what happened发生 in the course课程 of that century世纪.
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但是看看这个世纪发生的事情,
00:41
If you follow跟随 that curve曲线,
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看这条曲线,
00:42
you'll你会 see that it starts启动 way down there.
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你会发现在这里开始下降了。
00:45
There's that dip there for the 1918 flu流感.
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那是因为1918年的流感
00:48
And here we are at 2010,
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这里是2010年的数据
00:50
average平均 life expectancy期待 of a child儿童 born天生 today今天, age年龄 79,
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这一年出生的婴儿的平均寿命期望是79岁,
00:53
and we are not doneDONE yet然而.
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而且这一数值还在继续增长。
00:55
Now, that's the good news新闻.
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这当然是个好消息。
00:56
But there's still a lot of work to do.
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但是我们仍有很多事情可以做。
00:58
So, for instance, if you ask,
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例如,如果你问,
01:00
how many许多 diseases疾病 do we now know
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我们已经发现了多少种
01:02
the exact精确 molecular分子 basis基础?
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由分子层面引起的疾病?
01:05
Turns out it's about 4,000, which哪一个 is pretty漂亮 amazing惊人,
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结果是大约4000种,这真的很惊人。
01:08
because most of those molecular分子 discoveries发现
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因为这些疾病中的大多数,
01:10
have just happened发生 in the last little while.
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都是在最近才被发现的。
01:13
It's exciting扣人心弦 to see that in terms条款 of what we've我们已经 learned学到了,
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对于迄今为止的成果我们当然很兴奋
01:16
but how many许多 of those 4,000 diseases疾病
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但是这4000种疾病中,
01:18
now have treatments治疗 available可得到?
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现在有多少种可以被有效治疗?
01:21
Only about 250.
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大概只有250种。
01:23
So we have this huge巨大 challenge挑战, this huge巨大 gap间隙.
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所以我们面临着巨大的挑战,这是个很可观的差距。
01:25
You would think this wouldn't不会 be too hard,
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你可能认为这不会很难,
01:28
that we would simply只是 have the ability能力
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我们应该有能力
01:30
to take this fundamental基本的 information信息 that we're learning学习
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运用我们学到的
01:33
about how it is that basic基本 biology生物学 teaches us
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基础生物学知识
01:36
about the causes原因 of disease疾病
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去搞明白这些疾病的成因
01:38
and build建立 a bridge across横过 this yawning打哈欠 gap间隙
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然后把差距的两端用一座“桥”连接起来
01:41
between之间 what we've我们已经 learned学到了 about basic基本 science科学
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一端是我们所学的基础科学,
01:43
and its application应用,
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一端是这些理论的实际应用。
01:44
a bridge that would look maybe something like this,
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这个桥看起来可能是这样的,
01:48
where you'd have to put together一起 a nice不错 shiny闪亮 way
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一条光辉的康庄大道,
01:51
to get from one side to the other.
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从这一端连接到另一端。
01:54
Well, wouldn't不会 it be nice不错 if it was that easy简单?
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嗯,如果真的这么简单就好了。
01:57
Unfortunately不幸, it's not.
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很不幸的,没那么简单。
01:59
In reality现实, trying to go from fundamental基本的 knowledge知识
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在现实中,从基础的知识到实际应用的连接
02:02
to its application应用 is more like this.
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看起来更像这样:
02:04
There are no shiny闪亮 bridges桥梁.
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根本没有光辉的的桥梁。
02:06
You sort分类 of place地点 your bets赌注.
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你只能近似于盲目地把宝押在不同的途径上
02:08
Maybe you've got a swimmer游泳者 and a rowboat划艇
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可能你有一名游泳选手,一艘划艇,
02:10
and a sailboat帆船 and a tugboat拖船
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一艘帆船和一艘拖船。
02:11
and you set them off on their way,
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你让他们各自出发。
02:13
and the rains降雨 come and the lightning闪电 flashes闪烁,
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暴风雨来了,电闪雷鸣。
02:16
and oh my gosh天哪, there are sharks鲨鱼 in the water
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噢天哪,水里还有鲨鱼,
02:17
and the swimmer游泳者 gets得到 into trouble麻烦,
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游泳的人遇到了麻烦
02:19
and, uh oh, the swimmer游泳者 drowned淹死的
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糟糕,你的游泳选手淹死了。
02:21
and the sailboat帆船 capsized翻船,
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帆船翻了,
02:24
and that tugboat拖船, well, it hit击中 the rocks岩石,
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拖船撞到了岩石,
02:26
and maybe if you're lucky幸运, somebody gets得到 across横过.
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如果你运气好,有人可能刚好路过。
02:28
Well, what does this really look like?
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好,真实情况看起来是怎样?
02:30
Well, what is it to make a therapeutic治疗, anyway无论如何?
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究竟什么东西有疗效?
02:32
What's a drug药物? A drug药物 is made制作 up
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药是什么?药是由
02:35
of a small molecule分子 of hydrogen, carbon,
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氢分子,碳分子
02:38
oxygen, nitrogen, and a few少数 other atoms原子
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氧分子,氮分子和一些其他原子
02:40
all cobbled鹅卵石 together一起 in a shape形状,
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联结成特定形状的物体,
02:42
and it's those shapes形状 that determine确定 whether是否, in fact事实,
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事实上正是这些形状决定
02:45
that particular特定 drug药物 is going to hit击中 its target目标.
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特定的药能够达到疗效。
02:48
Is it going to land土地 where it's supposed应该 to?
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会到达它该去的地方吗?
02:50
So look at this picture图片 here -- a lot of shapes形状 dancing跳舞 around for you.
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所以,看看这幅图片——很多不同的形状在你周围跳动。
02:53
Now what you need to do, if you're trying to develop发展
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现在你要做的是,如果你试着开发,
02:56
a new treatment治疗 for autism自闭症
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自闭症,老年痴呆症,
02:57
or Alzheimer's老年痴呆症 disease疾病 or cancer癌症
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或者癌症的治愈方法,
02:59
is to find the right shape形状 in that mix混合
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就是在那些杂乱中找到对的形状,
03:01
that will ultimately最终 provide提供 benefit效益 and will be safe安全.
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哪个能最终带来疗效并且安全的形状。
03:04
And when you look at what happens发生 to that pipeline管道,
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我们来看看这个过滤管形状的的图示,
03:07
you start开始 out maybe with thousands数千,
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刚开始时可能有上千种
03:09
tens of thousands数千 of compounds化合物.
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甚至上万种的化合物,
03:10
You weed野草 down through通过 various各个 steps脚步
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需要很多步的过滤
03:13
that cause原因 many许多 of these to fail失败.
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可能很多会失败
03:14
Ultimately最终,, maybe you can run a clinical临床 trial审讯 with four or five of these,
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最终,其中的四五种药可能可以用于临床试验
03:17
and if all goes well, 14 years年份 after you started开始,
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如果一切顺利,14年后
03:20
you will get one approval赞同.
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其中一个会获得批准。
03:22
And it will cost成本 you upwards向上 of a billion十亿 dollars美元
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这可能花费10亿多的美金
03:24
for that one success成功.
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就为了这么一个成功。
03:27
So we have to look at this pipeline管道 the way an engineer工程师 would,
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所以我们必须以工程师的方式看着这个过程
03:30
and say, "How can we do better?"
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然后发问,“要怎么做才能做得更好呢?”
03:31
And that's the main主要 theme主题 of what I want to say to you this morning早上.
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这就是今天早上我想说的主题,
03:34
How can we make this go faster更快?
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怎样让这个过程进展更快?
03:36
How can we make it more successful成功?
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怎样让这个过程的结果更成功?
03:39
Well, let me tell you about a few少数 examples例子
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让我告诉你们几个例子,
03:40
where this has actually其实 worked工作.
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几个其实还真管用的例子。
03:42
One that has just happened发生 in the last few少数 months个月
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一个是几个月前刚发生的,
03:45
is the successful成功 approval赞同 of a drug药物 for cystic囊性 fibrosis纤维化.
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一种治疗囊性纤维化的药物成功通过了审批。
03:49
But it's taken采取 a long time to get there.
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它花了很长的时间才最终到达这一步。
03:51
Cystic囊性 fibrosis纤维化 had its molecular分子 cause原因 discovered发现 in 1989
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囊性纤维化的分子层面的成因在1989年被
03:55
by my group working加工 with another另一个 group in Toronto多伦多,
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我的小组和另一个在多伦多的小组一起合作发现,
03:57
discovering发现 what the mutation突变 was in a particular特定 gene基因
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我们发现突变发生在7号染色体上的。
04:00
on chromosome染色体 7.
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一个特定基因上
04:01
That picture图片 you see there?
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看到那张照片了吗?
04:03
Here it is. That's the same相同 kid孩子.
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看这里,他们是同一个人。
04:05
That's Danny丹尼 Bessette贝塞特, 23 years年份 later后来,
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那是23年后的Danny Bessette。
04:09
because this is the year,
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在这一年
04:10
and it's also the year where Danny丹尼 got married已婚,
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这也是Danny结婚的一年
04:12
where we have, for the first time, the approval赞同 by the FDAFDA
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我们第一次获得FDA的批准,
04:15
of a drug药物 that precisely恰恰 targets目标 the defect缺陷 in cystic囊性 fibrosis纤维化
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一种药物可基于对所有这些分子的理解
04:19
based基于 upon all this molecular分子 understanding理解.
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精准修复囊性纤维化的缺陷。
04:21
That's the good news新闻.
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这是好消息。
04:23
The bad news新闻 is, this drug药物 doesn't actually其实 treat对待 all cases of cystic囊性 fibrosis纤维化,
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坏消息是这个药并不能真正治疗所有的囊性纤维化
04:26
and it won't惯于 work for Danny丹尼, and we're still waiting等候
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它对Danny也无效,我们仍然在等待
04:28
for that next下一个 generation to help him.
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能够真正帮助他的下一代产品。
04:31
But it took 23 years年份 to get this far. That's too long.
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这经历23年才有这样的成效,非常久的时间。
04:34
How do we go faster更快?
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怎么样才能更快?
04:36
Well, one way to go faster更快 is to take advantage优点 of technology技术,
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一种方法是用利用技术。
04:38
and a very important重要 technology技术 that we depend依靠 on
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其中一个我们非常重要的技术
04:41
for all of this is the human人的 genome基因组,
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就是人类基因组,
04:43
the ability能力 to be able能够 to look at a chromosome染色体,
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能够找出一条染色体,
04:46
to unzip拉开拉链 it, to pull out all the DNA脱氧核糖核酸,
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解密它,分离所有的DNA,
04:49
and to be able能够 to then read out the letters in that DNA脱氧核糖核酸 code,
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并能够解读出其中的DNA密码的能力
04:51
the A's, C'sC'S, G'sG公司 and T'sT的
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那些A,C,G 和 T 核苷酸
04:54
that are our instruction指令 book and the instruction指令 book for all living活的 things,
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这是人体说明书,也是所有有生命物体的说明书。
04:57
and the cost成本 of doing this,
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这项工作的花费,
04:58
which哪一个 used to be in the hundreds数以百计 of millions百万 of dollars美元,
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曾经需要几亿美元。
05:01
has in the course课程 of the last 10 years年份
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但在过去的十年里,
05:03
fallen堕落 faster更快 than Moore's摩尔定律 Law, down to the point
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它以比摩尔定律更快的速度下降,
05:05
where it is less than 10,000 dollars美元 today今天 to have your genome基因组 sequenced测序, or mine,
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现在用不到一万美元就能做一份关于你我的基因组的测定
05:09
and we're headed当家 for the $1,000 genome基因组 fairly相当 soon不久.
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并且这个价格很快就能降低到一千美元。
05:13
Well, that's exciting扣人心弦.
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的确很振奋人心。
05:14
How does that play out in terms条款 of application应用 to a disease疾病?
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那么如果应用到疾病治疗中呢?
05:18
I want to tell you about another另一个 disorder紊乱.
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我想告诉你们另外一种疾病。
05:21
This one is a disorder紊乱 which哪一个 is quite相当 rare罕见.
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一种非常罕见的紊乱症。
05:23
It's called Hutchinson-Gilford哈钦森 - 吉尔福特 progeria早老症,
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它被称作早年综合衰老症(Hutchinson-Gilford progeria)
05:26
and it is the most dramatic戏剧性 form形成 of premature过早 aging老化.
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这是早衰的最戏剧性方式。
05:29
Only about one in every一切 four million百万 kids孩子 has this disease疾病,
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大概四百万分之一的小孩会得这种疾病。
05:33
and in a simple简单 way, what happens发生 is,
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简单说来,其实实际情况就是:
05:36
because of a mutation突变 in a particular特定 gene基因,
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因为某个特定的基因突变,
05:39
a protein蛋白 is made制作 that's toxic有毒的 to the cell细胞
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产生一种对细胞有害的蛋白质,
05:41
and it causes原因 these individuals个人 to age年龄
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这对蛋白质造成这些个体衰老。
05:44
at about seven times the normal正常 rate.
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速度大概是正常衰老速度的七倍。
05:46
Let me show显示 you a video视频 of what that does to the cell细胞.
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让我用一段影片告诉你们细胞发生了什么。
05:49
The normal正常 cell细胞, if you looked看着 at it under the microscope显微镜,
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这个正常的细胞,如果你们在显微镜下看,
05:53
would have a nucleus sitting坐在 in the middle中间 of the cell细胞,
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会看到细胞中间有细胞核。
05:55
which哪一个 is nice不错 and round回合 and smooth光滑 in its boundaries边界
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漂亮的圆形,边缘光滑。
05:59
and it looks容貌 kind of like that.
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它看起来就像这样。
06:01
A progeria早老症 cell细胞, on the other hand,
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而另一方面,一个衰老的细胞,
06:03
because of this toxic有毒的 protein蛋白 called progerin早老蛋白,
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因为这种叫做丙羟木栓酮的有害蛋白质
06:06
has these lumps硬块 and bumps颠簸 in it.
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会在细胞内产生肿块,凸凹不平。
06:08
So what we would like to do after discovering发现 this
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在发现这一现象以后,我们想要做的
06:11
back in 2003
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从2003年开始,
06:13
is to come up with a way to try to correct正确 that.
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就是想要找出一个方法试着修正它。
06:16
Well again, by knowing会心 something about the molecular分子 pathways途径,
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恩再一次的,通过了解分子途径的某些知识,
06:20
it was possible可能 to pick
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我们是有可能
06:22
one of those many许多, many许多 compounds化合物 that might威力 have been useful有用
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从成千上万的化合物中找出一种或许有用的,
06:24
and try it out.
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然后进行尝试治疗。
06:26
In an experiment实验 doneDONE in cell细胞 culture文化
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培养细胞时的一个实验,
06:28
and shown显示 here in a cartoon动画片,
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这里用一段卡通来展示。
06:30
if you take that particular特定 compound复合
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如果你把特定的化合物,
06:33
and you add it to that cell细胞 that has progeria早老症,
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加入有早衰症的细胞,
06:36
and you watch to see what happened发生,
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看看会发生什么事情。
06:38
in just 72 hours小时, that cell细胞 becomes,
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仅仅在72小时内,那个细胞变得,
06:41
for all purposes目的 that we can determine确定,
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我们可以确定,各个方面,
06:44
almost几乎 like a normal正常 cell细胞.
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几乎是一个正常的细胞。
06:45
Well that was exciting扣人心弦, but would it actually其实 work in a real真实 human人的 being存在?
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这挺让人振奋的,但实际在人体上有效吗?
06:50
This has led, in the space空间 of only four years年份
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这项研究只花了四年
06:53
from the time the gene基因 was discovered发现 to the start开始 of a clinical临床 trial审讯,
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就从基因被发现到开始临床研究,
06:57
to a test测试 of that very compound复合.
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再到非常复杂的测试。
06:59
And the kids孩子 that you see here
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你在这看到的这些小孩,
07:01
all volunteered自告奋勇 to be part部分 of this,
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都是参与研究的志愿者
07:03
28 of them,
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28个孩子,
07:05
and you can see as soon不久 as the picture图片 comes up
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从照片上你们能看出来
07:08
that they are in fact事实 a remarkable卓越 group of young年轻 people
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事实上他们是一群非常优秀的年轻人,
07:11
all afflicted折磨 by this disease疾病,
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但都被这一疾病侵袭。
07:13
all looking quite相当 similar类似 to each other.
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每个人看起来都很相像。
07:15
And instead代替 of telling告诉 you more about it,
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不再赘言,
07:17
I'm going to invite邀请 one of them, Sam山姆 Berns伯恩斯 from Boston波士顿,
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我将邀请其中一位,波士顿来的Sam Berns
07:21
who's谁是 here this morning早上, to come up on the stage阶段
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早上来刚到,马上要来到讲台上
07:23
and tell us about his experience经验
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和大家分享有关他
07:25
as a child儿童 affected受影响 with progeria早老症.
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早衰症的经历
07:27
Sam山姆 is 15 years年份 old. His parents父母, Scott斯科特 Berns伯恩斯 and Leslie莱斯利 Gordon戈登,
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Sam现年15岁。他的父母,Scott Berns和Leslie Gordon,.
07:31
both physicians医师, are here with us this morning早上 as well.
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都是医生,今天也在这里。
07:33
Sam山姆, please have a seat座位.
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Sam,请坐。
07:36
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
07:43
So Sam山姆, why don't you tell these folks乡亲
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Sam,你能不能告诉大家
07:45
what it's like being存在 affected受影响 with this condition条件 called progeria早老症?
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身为早衰症患者是什么样的?
07:49
Sam山姆 Burns伯恩斯: Well, progeria早老症 limits范围 me in some ways方法.
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Sam Burns:嗯,早衰症在某些方面限制了我。
07:53
I cannot不能 play sports体育 or do physical物理 activities活动,
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我不能运动,不能参加体育活动。
07:57
but I have been able能够 to take interest利益 in things
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但我还能对事物保持兴趣,
08:00
that progeria早老症, luckily, does not limit限制.
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很幸运,早衰症没有限制这个。
08:03
But when there is something that I really do want to do
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但当我真正想做一些会被早衰症影响的事情的时候,
08:05
that progeria早老症 gets得到 in the way of, like marching行军 band
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比如加入军乐队或者当裁判的时候,
08:08
or umpiringumpiring, we always find a way to do it,
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我们也总能找到方法去做,
08:12
and that just shows节目 that progeria早老症 isn't in control控制 of my life.
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只是想告诉大家我的人生并没有被早衰症掌控。
08:15
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
08:17
Francis弗朗西斯 Collins柯林斯: So what would you like to say to researchers研究人员
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Francis Collins: 那么你想对今天在这里的
08:19
here in the auditorium礼堂 and others其他 listening to this?
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研究者以及其他观众说些什么吗?
08:22
What would you say to them both about research研究 on progeria早老症
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你有什么关于早衰症研究的话想对他们说的吗,
08:25
and maybe about other conditions条件 as well?
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或者针对其他的病症的也可以?
08:27
SBSB: Well, research研究 on progeria早老症 has come so far
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SB:关于早衰症的研究到目前为止
08:30
in less than 15 years年份,
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已经有快15年了,
08:32
and that just shows节目 the drive驾驶 that researchers研究人员 can have
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能走到今天,说明研究人员真的有很强的动力
08:36
to get this far, and it really means手段 a lot
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这不管对我还是对其他的患者来说
08:40
to myself and other kids孩子 with progeria早老症,
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都是很有意义的
08:43
and it shows节目 that if that drive驾驶 exists存在,
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它也表明只要我们有动力
08:46
anybody任何人 can cure治愈 any disease疾病,
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没有不能治愈的疾病
08:48
and hopefully希望 progeria早老症 can be cured治愈 in the near future未来,
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我也希望早衰症也能在不久的将来也可以被治愈。
08:52
and so we can eliminate消除 those 4,000 diseases疾病
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这样我们我们就能治愈刚才Francis提到的
08:56
that Francis弗朗西斯 was talking about.
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4000种疾病
08:59
FCFC: Excellent优秀. So Sam山姆 took the day off from school学校 today今天
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FC:好极了。Sam今天是翘了一天课
09:02
to be here, and he is — (Applause掌声) --
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来这的,他—(掌声)—
09:07
He is, by the way, a straight-A直-A+ student学生 in the ninth第九 grade年级
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顺便说一下,他在他波士顿的学校
09:12
in his school学校 in Boston波士顿.
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是九年级全A+优等生
09:14
Please join加入 me in thanking表达感谢 and welcoming欢迎 Sam山姆.
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请跟我一起来谢谢Sam并且再次欢迎他来这里。
09:16
SBSB: Thank you very much. FCFC: Well doneDONE. Well doneDONE, buddy伙伴.
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SB:非常谢谢你们。FC:棒极了。棒极了伙计。
09:19
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
09:32
So I just want to say a couple一对 more things
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关于这个特别的故事,
09:34
about that particular特定 story故事, and then try to generalize概括
209
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我想再多说几句,然后试着总结一下
09:37
how could we have stories故事 of success成功
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我们怎样才能听到
09:40
all over the place地点 for these diseases疾病, as Sam山姆 says,
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更多战胜疾病的故事,就像Sam所说的,
09:43
these 4,000 that are waiting等候 for answers答案.
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还有4000个疾病在等待答案。
09:46
You might威力 have noticed注意到 that the drug药物
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你们可能已经注意到这些对早衰症
09:48
that is now in clinical临床 trial审讯 for progeria早老症
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做临床试验的药品
09:50
is not a drug药物 that was designed设计 for that.
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并不是专为早衰症设计的
09:52
It's such这样 a rare罕见 disease疾病, it would be hard for a company公司
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这是如此罕见的疾病,对公司来说一个很难
09:55
to justify辩解 spending开支 hundreds数以百计 of millions百万 of dollars美元 to generate生成 a drug药物.
217
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决定花上亿的钱去研发一种药物来对付它。
09:59
This is a drug药物 that was developed发达 for cancer癌症.
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这种药物本来是研发来对抗癌症的。
10:01
Turned转身 out, it didn't work very well for cancer癌症,
219
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结果它对癌症疗效并不太好,
10:03
but it has exactly究竟 the right properties性能, the right shape形状,
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但它有正确的特性和形状
10:05
to work for progeria早老症, and that's what's happened发生.
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用来治疗早衰症,所以我们也算误打误撞。
10:08
Wouldn't岂不 it be great if we could do that more systematically系统?
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如果我们能更系统地操作,那不是很棒吗?
10:11
Could we, in fact事实, encourage鼓励 all the companies公司 that are out there
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实际上,如果我们能鼓励外那些
10:15
that have drugs毒品 in their freezers冰柜
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有新型药品的公司
10:17
that are known已知 to be safe安全 in humans人类
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使用这些已知对人体安全,
10:19
but have never actually其实 succeeded成功 in terms条款
226
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但从未真正成功
10:22
of being存在 effective有效 for the treatments治疗 they were tried试着 for?
227
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治愈他们打算治疗的疾病的药品
10:24
Now we're learning学习 about all these new molecular分子 pathways途径 --
228
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现在我们来看看这些新的分子途径——
10:27
some of those could be repositioned重新定位 or repurposed改变用途,
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有些能被重新定位或被重新利用
10:30
or whatever随你 word you want to use, for new applications应用,
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不管你想用什么词来定义它,总之进行各种新的应用
10:32
basically基本上 teaching教学 old drugs毒品 new tricks技巧.
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基本上是旧药新用。
10:35
That could be a phenomenal非凡的, valuable有价值 activity活动.
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那会是一项惊人的,有价值的活动。
10:38
We have many许多 discussions讨论 now between之间 NIHNIH and companies公司
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我们同国家卫生研究所(NIH)和药厂讨论过很多次
10:41
about doing this that are looking very promising有希望.
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这一议题,这看起来非常有前景。
10:43
And you could expect期望 quite相当 a lot to come from this.
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这项计划真的值得你期待
10:46
There are quite相当 a number of success成功 stories故事 one can point to
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我们可以列举大量的成功案例
10:49
about how this has led to major重大的 advances进步.
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关于它如何带来重大发展
10:51
The first drug药物 for HIVHIV/AIDS艾滋病
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比如治疗艾滋病的药物
10:53
was not developed发达 for HIVHIV/AIDS艾滋病.
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一开始并非为艾滋病研发的
10:55
It was developed发达 for cancer癌症. It was AZTAZT.
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它是为癌症研发的,叫做AZT。
10:58
It didn't work very well for cancer癌症, but became成为
241
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它对癌症效果不是很好,但成为
11:00
the first successful成功 antiretroviral抗逆转录病毒,
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首个成功的抗逆转录病毒的药物
11:02
and you can see from the table there are others其他 as well.
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然后你们也能在表格中看到其他的一些例子
11:04
So how do we actually其实 make that a more generalizable一般化 effort功夫?
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那么我们究竟该如何努力推广普及呢?
11:08
Well, we have to come up with a partnership合伙
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嗯,我们必须让学术界
11:10
between之间 academia学术界, government政府, the private私人的 sector扇形,
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政府,私营部门以及病人组织
11:13
and patient患者 organizations组织 to make that so.
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合伙干这件事
11:15
At NIHNIH, we have started开始 this new
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在国家卫生研究所(NIH),我们已经建立了一个新的
11:17
National国民 Center中央 for Advancing前进 Translational平移 Sciences科学.
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国家医学转化中心
11:20
It just started开始 last December十二月, and this is one of its goals目标.
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它刚刚在去年十二月成立,刚刚谈到的就是它的一个新目标。
11:24
Let me tell you another另一个 thing we could do.
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让我告诉你们另一件我们能做的事情。
11:25
Wouldn't岂不 it be nice不错 to be able能够 to a test测试 a drug药物
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如果我们不用在人体上进行试验
11:28
to see if it's effective有效 and safe安全
253
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来检测一项药物是否安全有效
11:31
without having to put patients耐心 at risk风险,
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那岂不是很棒?
11:33
because that first time you're never quite相当 sure?
255
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因为第一次总会有风险
11:35
How do we know, for instance, whether是否 drugs毒品 are safe安全
256
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2151
我们如何知道,在我们把它拿给病人之前,
11:37
before we give them to people? We test测试 them on animals动物.
257
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药品是否安全?我们进行动物试验。
11:41
And it's not all that reliable可靠, and it's costly昂贵,
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然而它不是完全可靠,而且所费不赀
11:43
and it's time-consuming耗时的.
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并且费时
11:45
Suppose假设 we could do this instead代替 on human人的 cells细胞.
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想象一下如果我们能在人体细胞上进行试验
11:48
You probably大概 know, if you've been paying付款 attention注意
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如果你留意过一些科学文献的话
11:50
to some of the science科学 literature文学
262
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你可能会知道
11:51
that you can now take a skin皮肤 cell细胞
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你可以用一个皮肤细胞,
11:53
and encourage鼓励 it to become成为 a liver cell细胞
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培养成一个肝脏细胞,
11:56
or a heart cell细胞 or a kidney cell细胞 or a brain cell细胞 for any of us.
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或者心脏细胞,肾脏细胞,脑细胞
11:59
So what if you used those cells细胞 as your test测试
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那如果你用这些细胞试验
12:02
for whether是否 a drug药物 is going to work and whether是否 it's going to be safe安全?
267
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某种药品是否有效或者是否安全会怎么样呢
12:05
Here you see a picture图片 of a lung on a chip芯片.
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这是一张在片型的肺部细胞的照片
12:09
This is something created创建 by the Wyss威斯 Institute研究所 in Boston波士顿,
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这是波士顿的韦斯研究机构(Wyss Institute )制造的模型。
12:13
and what they have doneDONE here, if we can run the little video视频,
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他们所做的,我们继续看下去,
12:16
is to take cells细胞 from an individual个人,
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是从个体中提取细胞,
12:18
turn them into the kinds of cells细胞 that are present当下 in the lung,
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把它们变成肺脏中出现的细胞的类型,
12:21
and determine确定 what would happen发生
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然后他们他们添加各种药物化合物
12:23
if you added添加 to this various各个 drug药物 compounds化合物
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看会发生什么
12:26
to see if they are toxic有毒的 or safe安全.
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检测是有害,还是安全。
12:29
You can see this chip芯片 even breathes吐气.
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你可以看到这块方片甚至会呼吸
12:31
It has an air空气 channel渠道. It has a blood血液 channel渠道.
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它有空气通道和有血液通道
12:34
And it has cells细胞 in between之间
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中间有细胞
12:35
that allow允许 you to see what happens发生 when you add a compound复合.
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让你能看到加入一种复合物后会发生的变化
12:38
Are those cells细胞 happy快乐 or not?
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看看这些细胞状态如何
12:39
You can do this same相同 kind of chip芯片 technology技术
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你可以把同样的芯片技术,
12:42
for kidneys肾脏, for hearts心中, for muscles肌肉,
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应用在肾脏,心脏,肌肉上,
12:45
all the places地方 where you want to see whether是否 a drug药物
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以及任何地方,或者你想知道一种药物,
12:47
is going to be a problem问题, for the liver.
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是否对肝脏有影响
12:49
And ultimately最终, because you can do this for the individual个人,
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最终,因为我们就可以对个体进行试验了,
12:52
we could even see this moving移动 to the point
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我们还可以得到这样的观点,
12:55
where the ability能力 to develop发展 and test测试 medicines药品
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我们完全可以在一个在小方片上的“你”身上“
12:58
will be you on a chip芯片, what we're trying to say here is
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进行药物开发与实验。我们想说明的是,
13:01
the individualizing个性化 of the process处理 of developing发展 drugs毒品
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药品研发的过程,
13:05
and testing测试 their safety安全.
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和测试安全性的过程被个人化了
13:07
So let me sum up.
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让我总结一下
13:09
We are in a remarkable卓越 moment时刻 here.
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我们现在正经历一个非凡的时刻。
13:11
For me, at NIHNIH now for almost几乎 20 years年份,
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对我而言,在国家卫生研究院已经快20年了,
13:13
there has never been a time where there was more excitement激动
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从来没有一个时刻比现在更让人振奋。
13:16
about the potential潜在 that lies in front面前 of us.
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我们面对着无穷的潜力。
13:18
We have made制作 all these discoveries发现
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世界各地的实验室
13:20
pouring浇注 out of laboratories实验室 across横过 the world世界.
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做出了不计其数的新发现
13:22
What do we need to capitalize利用 on this? First of all, we need resources资源.
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我们该如何利用它?首先,我们需要资源。
13:26
This is research研究 that's high-risk高风险, sometimes有时 high-cost成本高.
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这是高风险,高花费的研究。
13:29
The payoff付清 is enormous巨大, both in terms条款 of health健康
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但回报是巨大的,不管是在健康事业,
13:31
and in terms条款 of economic经济 growth发展. We need to support支持 that.
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还是在经济效益上。我们要支持它。
13:34
Second第二, we need new kinds of partnerships伙伴关系
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其次,我们需要新型的合作关系
13:36
between之间 academia学术界 and government政府 and the private私人的 sector扇形
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在学术界,政府,私有部门
13:39
and patient患者 organizations组织, just like the one I've been describing说明 here,
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以及病人组织间,跟我刚才提到的一样
13:42
in terms条款 of the way in which哪一个 we could go after repurposing再利用 new compounds化合物.
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然后利用这种关系进行药物再定位
13:46
And third第三, and maybe most important重要, we need talent天赋.
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第三,也是最重要的一点,我们需要人才。
13:49
We need the best最好 and the brightest
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我们需要最好的,最有智慧的人才
13:51
from many许多 different不同 disciplines学科 to come and join加入 this effort功夫 --
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从不同领域加入我们,
13:54
all ages年龄, all different不同 groups --
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不分年龄,族群
13:56
because this is the time, folks乡亲.
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因为现在就是关键时刻,诸位。
13:58
This is the 21st-centuryST-世纪 biology生物学 that you've been waiting等候 for,
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这是你们在等待的21世纪生物学
14:02
and we have the chance机会 to take that
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我们可以抓住机会
14:04
and turn it into something which哪一个 will, in fact事实,
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让它成为某种,事实上
14:07
knock out disease疾病. That's my goal目标.
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打败疾病的东西。那是我的目标。
14:09
I hope希望 that's your goal目标.
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我希望这也是你们的目标
14:11
I think it'll它会 be the goal目标 of the poets诗人 and the muppets提线木偶
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我想它也会是诗人和芝麻街居民的目标
14:14
and the surfers冲浪者 and the bankers银行家
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冲浪者和银行家的目标
14:16
and all the other people who join加入 this stage阶段
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其他所有人的目标
14:18
and think about what we're trying to do here
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想想我们试着在做的事情,
14:20
and why it matters事项.
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以及为什么它如此重要。
14:21
It matters事项 for now. It matters事项 as soon不久 as possible可能.
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现在就很重要, 简直迫在眉睫
14:24
If you don't believe me, just ask Sam山姆.
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如果你们不相信我,问问Sam。
14:27
Thank you all very much.
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非常感谢。
14:28
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Celine Kan
Reviewed by Dong Mao

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Francis Collins - Geneticist, physician
A key player in the US' new brain-mapping project, Francis Collins is director of the National Institutes of Health.

Why you should listen

In 2000 the world saw the first working draft of the human genome, and that's in no small part thanks to Francis Collins. Under his directorship at the National Human Genome Research Institute, the Human Genome Project was finished, a complete mapping of all 20,500 genes in the human genome, with a high-quality, reference sequence published in April 2003.

In 2009 President Obama nominated Collins as the director of the National Institutes of Health, and later that year he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate. In March 2013, Collins helped Obama introduce the BRAIN Initiative, an ambitious, well-funded program to map the human brain. Read more about the BRAIN Initiative >>

Collins is also a self-described serious Christian and the author of several books on science and faith, including The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief.

More profile about the speaker
Francis Collins | Speaker | TED.com