ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paula Johnson - Women's-health expert
Dr. Paula Johnson is a pioneer in looking at health from a woman's perspective.

Why you should listen

Ever think you were having a heart attack? It turns out that many of the well-known early symptoms, such as chest pain and pressure from left arm to jaw, are more typically experienced by men. Women are more likely to experience shortness of breath, unusual perspiration and abdominal discomfort. Dr. Paula Johnson was one of the first to ask big questions about women's experience of cardiac care -- and their access to care that meets their needs.

Johnson and her team at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston focus on mentoring, measuring and bringing together expertise from practicing clinicians and academics to improve women's health. She says: "One of our core responsibilities will be to address critical questions ... such as, 'How do sex and gender impact health and health outcomes?' and 'How can health disparities among different groups of women be eliminated?'"

More profile about the speaker
Paula Johnson | Speaker | TED.com
TEDWomen 2013

Paula Johnson: His and hers ... health care

宝拉·约翰逊: 他的和她的 。。。医疗保健

Filmed:
1,178,652 views

人体内的每个细胞都有其自身性别,这意味着男人和女人的差异直达细胞层面。然而,这种视角-- 和两性应对疾病及治疗所体现的天差地别却往往遭到科研和医学的忽略。作为医者先锋,宝拉·约翰逊开启了本次发人深省的讨论,男女混为一谈意味着女性健康得碰运气。是时候进行反思了。
- Women's-health expert
Dr. Paula Johnson is a pioneer in looking at health from a woman's perspective. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Some of my most wonderful精彩 memories回忆 of childhood童年
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我童年一些最美好的时光
00:15
are of spending开支 time with my grandmother祖母, MamarMamar,
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是和我奶奶一块儿
00:18
in our four-family四家 home in Brooklyn布鲁克林, New York纽约.
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在我们纽约,布鲁克林的四口之家度过的。
00:22
Her apartment公寓 was an oasis绿洲.
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她的公寓就像一个乐园。
00:25
It was a place地点 where I could sneak潜行 a cup杯子 of coffee咖啡,
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在那儿我可以偷着喝点咖啡,
00:27
which哪一个 was really warm milk牛奶
with just a touch触摸 of caffeine咖啡因.
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其实就是热牛奶兑了一点点咖啡。
00:31
She loved喜爱 life.
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她热爱生活。
00:34
And although虽然 she worked工作 in a factory,
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尽管她只在一个工厂上班,
00:36
she saved保存 her pennies便士 and she traveled旅行 to Europe欧洲.
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她还是一点一滴攒下钱去欧洲旅游。
00:39
And I remember记得 poring研读 over those pictures图片 with her
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记得那会儿我和她一起细细品味那些照片,
00:43
and then dancing跳舞 with her to her favorite喜爱 music音乐.
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然后伴着她最喜欢的音乐一起跳舞。
00:47
And then, when I was eight and she was 60,
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后来,当我8岁,她60岁的时候,
00:52
something changed.
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这一切都变了。
00:54
She no longer worked工作 or traveled旅行.
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她不再上班或者旅游了。
00:56
She no longer danced跳舞.
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也不再跳舞了。
00:58
There were no more coffee咖啡 times.
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我们再也没有咖啡时间了。
01:00
My mother母亲 missed错过 work and took her to doctors医生
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我妈妈请了假带奶奶去看医生,
01:03
who couldn't不能 make a diagnosis诊断.
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却无法得到一个诊断。
01:05
And my father父亲, who worked工作 at night,
would spend every一切 afternoon下午 with her,
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我爸爸上夜班,他每个下午都陪着奶奶,
01:10
just to make sure she ate.
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就为了保证她吃了东西。
01:13
Her care关心 became成为 all-consuming所有消费 for our family家庭.
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全家人一门心思地扑到了奶奶身上。
01:18
And by the time a diagnosis诊断 was made制作,
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当终于有一个诊断的时候,
01:20
she was in a deep spiral螺旋.
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她的情况已经岌岌可危了。
01:22
Now many许多 of you will recognize认识 her symptoms症状.
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现在在座的很多人能推断出她的症状。
01:26
My grandmother祖母 had depression萧条.
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我奶奶得的是抑郁症。
01:29
A deep, life-altering改变生活 depression萧条,
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颠覆了她生活的重度抑郁症,
01:32
from which哪一个 she never recovered恢复.
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她再也没有恢复过来。
01:35
And back then, so little
was known已知 about depression萧条.
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当时,人们对抑郁症知之甚少。
01:39
But even today今天, 50 years年份 later后来,
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但即使是50年以后的今天,
01:42
there's still so much more to learn学习.
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也还有很多需要去了解。
01:45
Today今天, we know that women妇女
are 70 percent百分 more likely容易
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如今,我们知道,一生中女性患上抑郁症
01:50
to experience经验 depression萧条 over their lifetimes寿命
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的几率比男性高出
01:53
compared相比 with men男人.
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70%。
01:56
And even with this high prevalence流行,
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而即使有这样高的患病率,
01:58
women妇女 are misdiagnosed误诊 between之间
30 and 50 percent百分 of the time.
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30% 到 50%的女性还是会被误诊。
02:05
Now we know that women妇女 are more likely容易
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现在我们知道,与男性相比,
02:08
to experience经验 the symptoms症状
of fatigue疲劳, sleep睡觉 disturbance骚乱,
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女性更可能会出现疲劳、 睡眠紊乱、
02:13
pain疼痛 and anxiety焦虑 compared相比 with men男人.
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疼痛、以及焦虑的症状。
02:16
And these symptoms症状 are often经常 overlooked忽视
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这些症状往往被忽视
02:18
as symptoms症状 of depression萧条.
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而未能推断出是抑郁症的症状。
02:21
And it isn't only depression萧条 in which哪一个
these sex性别 differences分歧 occur发生,
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这类性别差异并非只存在于抑郁症中,
02:25
but they occur发生 across横过 so many许多 diseases疾病.
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还存在于很多其他疾病中。
02:30
So it's my grandmother's祖母 struggles斗争
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所以,正是由于我奶奶的种种挣扎
02:32
that have really led me on a lifelong终身 quest寻求.
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促使了我进行终身探索。
02:35
And today今天, I lead a center中央 in which哪一个 the mission任务
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如今,我带领着一个团队,其使命
02:39
is to discover发现 why these sex性别 differences分歧 occur发生
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就是去探寻出现这些性别差异的原因
02:42
and to use that knowledge知识
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并利用这些知识
02:44
to improve提高 the health健康 of women妇女.
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来改善女性健康。
02:47
Today今天, we know that every一切 cell细胞 has a sex性别.
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今天,我们知道每个细胞都有性别。
02:51
Now, that's a term术语 coined创造
by the Institute研究所 of Medicine医学.
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这是个由医学机构所创造的词。
02:55
And what it means手段 is that
men男人 and women妇女 are different不同
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它的意思是,男人和女人的区别,
02:59
down to the cellular细胞的 and molecular分子 levels水平.
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直达细胞和分子的层面。
03:04
It means手段 that we're different不同
across横过 all of our organs器官.
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这意味着我们之间的区别反映在各个器官上。
03:09
From our brains大脑 to our hearts心中, our lungs, our joints关节.
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从我们的大脑、到我们的心脏、 我们的肺部、 我们的关节。
03:14
Now, it was only 20 years年份 ago
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仅仅在20 年前,
03:18
that we hardly几乎不 had any data数据 on women's女士的 health健康
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我们还几乎没有任何关于女性健康的数据,
03:22
beyond our reproductive生殖 functions功能.
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除了我们的生殖功能。
03:25
But then in 1993,
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但后来在 1993 年,
03:28
the NIHNIH Revitalization振兴 Act法案 was signed into law.
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《美国国家卫生研究院复兴法 》 通过签署成为法律。
03:32
And what this law did was it mandated授权
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这项法律规定
03:35
that women妇女 and minorities少数民族
be included包括 in clinical临床 trials试验
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由国家卫生研究院资助的临床试验
03:39
that were funded资助 by the National国民 Institutes研究院 of Health健康.
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需要包含女性和少数族裔。
03:43
And in many许多 ways方法, the law has worked工作.
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从许多方面看,这项法律起到了作用。
03:46
Women妇女 are now routinely常规
included包括 in clinical临床 studies学习,
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现如今女性通常会参与临床研究,
03:50
and we've我们已经 learned学到了 that there are major重大的 differences分歧
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我们也了解了男性和女性
03:52
in the ways方法 that women妇女 and men男人
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在罹患疾病时的
03:54
experience经验 disease疾病.
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主要区别。
03:57
But remarkably异常,
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但值得注意的是,
03:59
what we have learned学到了 about these
differences分歧 is often经常 overlooked忽视.
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我们已知的这些区别往往被忽视。
04:04
So, we have to ask ourselves我们自己 the question:
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所以,我们必须问自己这个问题:
04:08
Why leave离开 women's女士的 health健康 to chance机会?
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为什么女性的健康得看运气?
04:12
And we're leaving离开 it to chance机会 in two ways方法.
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从两方面来看,我们在靠运气。
04:15
The first is that there is so much more to learn学习
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第一是要研究的内容甚多,
04:19
and we're not making制造 the investment投资
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而我们并没有在这方面投资
04:21
in fully充分 understanding理解 the extent程度
of these sex性别 differences分歧.
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以全面了解这些性别差异。
04:25
And the second第二 is that we aren't
taking服用 what we have learned学到了,
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第二是我们是没有把已经学到的东西
04:30
and routinely常规 applying应用 it in clinical临床 care关心.
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应用在常规的临床护理中。
04:34
We are just not doing enough足够.
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我们做得实在不够。
04:38
So, I'm going to share分享 with you three examples例子
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所以,我要与你分享三个例子,
04:40
of where sex性别 differences分歧 have
impacted影响 the health健康 of women妇女,
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关于性别差异如何影响了女性的健康
04:44
and where we need to do more.
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以及我们需要努力的地方。
04:46
Let's start开始 with heart disease疾病.
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我们先看心脏疾病。
04:48
It's the number one killer凶手 of women妇女
in the United联合的 States状态 today今天.
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这是如今美国女性的头号杀手。
04:54
This is the face面对 of heart disease疾病.
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这是患心脏病的人。
04:56
Linda琳达 is a middle-aged中年 woman女人,
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琳达是一名中年女子,
04:59
who had a stent支架 placed放置 in one of the arteries动脉
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在她到心脏的一根动脉中
05:01
going to her heart.
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做了一个血管支架。
05:03
When she had recurring经常性 symptoms症状
she went back to her doctor医生.
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当她有复发症状的时候,她再次回去看医生。
05:07
Her doctor医生 did the gold standard标准 test测试:
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医生给她做了一个万无一失的标准测试:
05:09
a cardiac心脏的 catheterization导尿.
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心导管检查。
05:12
It showed显示 no blockages堵塞.
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显示没有堵塞。
05:14
Linda'sLinda的 symptoms症状 continued继续.
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琳达的症状继续着。
05:16
She had to stop working加工.
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她不得不停止了工作。
05:19
And that's when she found发现 us.
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那时是她找上我们的时候。
05:21
When Linda琳达 came来了 to us, we did
another另一个 cardiac心脏的 catheterization导尿
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当琳达来我们那儿的时候,我们做了另一次心导管检查
05:25
and this time, we found发现 clues线索.
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而这次,我们找到了些线索。
05:29
But we needed需要 another另一个 test测试
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但我们需要另一个测试
05:31
to make the diagnosis诊断.
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才能做诊断。
05:34
So we did a test测试 called an intracoronary冠状动脉 ultrasound超声,
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于是我们做了一个叫冠状动脉内超声波的测试,
05:39
where you use soundwaves声波 to look at the artery动脉
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也就是用声波从里到外
05:41
from the inside out.
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来看动脉。
05:44
And what we found发现
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我们发现
05:46
was that Linda'sLinda的 disease疾病 didn't look like
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琳达的病看起来不像
05:48
the typical典型 male disease疾病.
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典型的男性心脏病。
05:51
The typical典型 male disease疾病 looks容貌 like this.
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典型的男性疾病看起来像这样。
05:54
There's a discrete离散的 blockage阻止 or stenosis狭窄.
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会有离散堵塞或着狭窄症。
05:58
Linda'sLinda的 disease疾病, like the disease疾病 of so many许多 women妇女,
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琳达的病,像很多女性的心脏病
06:02
looks容貌 like this.
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看起来像这样。
06:04
The plaque牌匾 is laid铺设 down more evenly, more diffusely广泛地
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匾沿着动脉分布得更均匀、 更扩散,
06:07
along沿 the artery动脉, and it's harder更难 to see.
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也更难看出来。
06:11
So for Linda琳达, and for so many许多 women妇女,
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所以对琳达,和众多女性来说,
06:15
the gold standard标准 test测试 wasn't gold.
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万无一失标准测试不那么万无一失了。
06:18
Now, Linda琳达 received收到 the right treatment治疗.
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如今,接受了正确的治疗之后,
06:21
She went back to her life and, fortunately幸好, today今天
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琳达非常幸运地又回归了正常生活,
06:23
she is doing well.
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现在她情况不错。
06:25
But Linda琳达 was lucky幸运.
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但琳达是幸运的。
06:27
She found发现 us, we found发现 her disease疾病.
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她找到了我们,我们搞清了她的疾病。
06:29
But for too many许多 women妇女, that's not the case案件.
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但对于太多的女性而言,她们的遭遇并非如此。
06:32
We have the tools工具.
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我们有工具,
06:35
We have the technology技术 to make the diagnosis诊断.
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并有技术来做诊断。
06:38
But it's all too often经常 that these sex性别 diffferencesdiffferences
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但太多时候,这些性别上的区别
06:42
are overlooked忽视.
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被忽略了。
06:44
So what about treatment治疗?
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那么治疗呢?
06:46
A landmark里程碑 study研究 that was published发表 two years年份 ago
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一篇两年前发表的标志性研究
06:49
asked the very important重要 question:
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问了个很重要的问题:
06:51
What are the most effective有效 treatments治疗
for heart disease疾病 in women妇女?
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对女性而言,最有效的治疗心脏病的方法是什么?
06:56
The authors作者 looked看着 at papers文件
written书面 over a 10-year-年 period,
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其作者搜索了10 年的文献,
07:00
and hundreds数以百计 had to be thrown抛出 out.
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而不得不弃用其中数百个文献。
07:03
And what they found发现 out was that
of those that were tossed out,
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他们发现弃用的文献中,
07:07
65 percent百分 were excluded排除
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有65%必须弃用是由于
07:11
because even though虽然 women妇女
were included包括 in the studies学习,
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即使其中的研究包括了女性,
07:15
the analysis分析 didn't differentiate区分
between之间 women妇女 and men男人.
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分析部分也没有区分女性和男性。
07:22
What a lost丢失 opportunity机会.
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真是个错失了的机会。
07:25
The money had been spent花费
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钱用掉了
07:27
and we didn't learn学习 how women妇女 fared表现.
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而我们却不知道女性的情况如何。
07:29
And these studies学习 could not contribute有助于 one iota丝毫
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这些研究无法对这一个非常、非常重要的问题
07:32
to the very, very important重要 question,
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作出丝毫的贡献:
07:34
what are the most effective有效 treatments治疗
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治疗女性心脏病
07:37
for heart disease疾病 in women妇女?
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最有效的方法是什么?
07:40
I want to introduce介绍 you to
Hortense霍滕斯, my godmother教母,
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我想向你们介绍我的教母霍滕斯,
07:45
Hung Wei, a relative相对的 of a colleague同事,
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一位同事的亲戚,洪魏,
07:49
and somebody you may可能 recognize认识 --
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还有一位你也许认得 — —
07:51
Dana达纳, Christopher克里斯托弗 Reeve's里夫的 wife妻子.
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达娜,克里斯托弗 · 里夫的妻子。
07:54
All three women妇女 have something
very important重要 in common共同.
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这三位女性都有一个很重要的共同点。
07:59
All three were diagnosed确诊 with lung cancer癌症,
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她们三位都诊断为患有肺癌,
08:02
the number one cancer癌症 killer凶手 of women妇女
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这是如今美国女性的
08:05
in the United联合的 States状态 today今天.
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头号癌症杀手。
08:08
All three were nonsmokers不吸烟者.
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她们三个人都不抽烟。
08:12
Sadly可悲的是, Dana达纳 and Hung Wei died死亡 of their disease疾病.
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可悲的是,达娜和洪魏死于肺癌。
08:17
Today今天, what we know is that women妇女 who are
nonsmokers不吸烟者 are three times more likely容易
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今天,我们知道,不抽烟的女性
08:23
to be diagnosed确诊 with lung cancer癌症 than are men男人
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得到肺癌的诊断要比不抽烟的男性
08:26
who are nonsmokers不吸烟者.
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高三倍。
08:28
Now interestingly有趣, when women妇女 are
diagnosed确诊 with lung cancer癌症,
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有趣的是,当女性诊断为患有肺癌时,
08:32
their survival生存 tends趋向 to be better than that of men男人.
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他们的生存率往往比男性好。
08:35
Now, here are some clues线索.
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那么这其中有些线索。
08:37
Our investigators调查 have found发现 that there are
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我们的调查人员
08:39
certain某些 genes基因 in the lung tumor
cells细胞 of both women妇女 and men男人.
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在女性和男性的肺肿瘤细胞中发现了某些基因。
08:44
And these genes基因 are activated活性
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这些基因主要
08:46
mainly主要 by estrogen雌激素.
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是由雌激素来激活。
08:48
And when these genes基因 are over-expressed过表达,
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而当这些基因过度释放时,
08:51
it's associated相关 with improved改善 survival生存
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它与提升生存率的关联
08:53
only in young年轻 women妇女.
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只存在于年轻女性中。
08:56
Now this is a very early finding发现
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现在这还是个非常早期的发现,
08:58
and we don't yet然而 know whether是否 it has relevance关联
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我们还不知道它对临床护理
09:01
to clinical临床 care关心.
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是否有意义。
09:04
But it's findings发现 like this that may可能 provide提供 hope希望
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但像这样的研究结果或许能创造希望
09:08
and may可能 provide提供 an opportunity机会 to save保存 lives生活
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并且提供机会来拯救女性和男性
09:11
of both women妇女 and men男人.
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的生命。
09:13
Now, let me share分享 with you an example
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现在,让我与大家分享一个例子,
09:14
of when we do consider考虑 sex性别 differences分歧,
it can drive驾驶 the science科学.
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说的是我们对性别差异的考虑能够驱动科学发展。
09:18
Several一些 years年份 ago a new lung cancer癌症 drug药物
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前几年,一种新的肺癌药物
09:21
was being存在 evaluated评估,
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正接受评估,
09:22
and when the authors作者 looked看着
at whose谁的 tumors肿瘤 shrank萎缩,
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当研究人员观察哪些人的肿瘤缩小的时候,
09:27
they found发现 that 82 percent百分 were women妇女.
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他们发现 82% 是女性。
09:30
This led them to ask the question: Well, why?
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这使得他们提出了这个问题: 这是为什么呢?
09:33
And what they found发现
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他们发现的是
09:35
was that the genetic遗传 mutations突变
that the drug药物 targeted针对
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这种药物针对的的基因突变
09:38
were far more common共同 in women妇女.
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在女性中更为常见。
09:41
And what this has led to
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这带出的结果是
09:43
is a more personalized个性化 approach途径
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对肺癌的治疗更加个人化的方法
09:45
to the treatment治疗 of lung cancer癌症
that also includes包括 sex性别.
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也需考虑性别差异。
09:49
This is what we can accomplish完成
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这就是我们能做到的,
09:51
when we don't leave离开 women's女士的 health健康 to chance机会.
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只要我们不放任女性健康于运气。
09:55
We know that when you invest投资 in research研究,
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我们知道当你投资在研究上,
09:58
you get results结果.
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你就会有收获。
10:00
Take a look at the death死亡 rate
from breast乳房 cancer癌症 over time.
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来看看乳腺癌随着时间推移的死亡率。
10:04
And now take a look at the death死亡 rates利率
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再看看女性肺癌
10:06
from lung cancer癌症 in women妇女 over time.
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随着时间推移的死亡率。
10:09
Now let's look at the dollars美元
invested投资 in breast乳房 cancer癌症 --
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现在再看看投在乳腺癌上的金额 --
10:13
these are the dollars美元 invested投资 per death死亡 --
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这些是每个死亡人数的投资金额数 --
10:16
and the dollars美元 invested投资 in lung cancer癌症.
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对比投在肺癌上的金额数。
10:20
Now, it's clear明确 that our investment投资 in breast乳房 cancer癌症
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那么显然,我们在乳腺癌的投资
10:25
has produced生成 results结果.
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取得了成果。
10:27
They may可能 not be fast快速 enough足够,
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或许不足够快,
10:29
but it has produced生成 results结果.
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但确实有成果。
10:31
We can do the same相同
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而我们也能
10:33
for lung cancer癌症 and for every一切 other disease疾病.
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为肺癌以及其他各种疾病创造出同样的成果。
10:38
So let's go back to depression萧条.
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那么,让我们回来说说抑郁症。
10:42
Depression萧条 is the number one cause原因
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抑郁症是导致当今世界女性
10:44
of disability失能 in women妇女 in the world世界 today今天.
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残疾的第一大原因
10:49
Our investigators调查 have found发现
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我们的调查人员发现
10:51
that there are differences分歧 in the brains大脑
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女性和男性大脑中
10:52
of women妇女 and men男人
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的区别存在于
10:54
in the areas that are connected连接的 with mood心情.
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与情绪相关的区域。
10:57
And when you put men男人 and women妇女
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当你把男人和女人
10:59
in a functional实用 MRIMRI scanner扫描器 --
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放入功能性磁共振成像扫描仪中 — —
11:01
that's the kind of scanner扫描器 that shows节目 how the brain is functioning功能 when it's activated活性 --
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这是那种显示被激活的大脑是如何工作的扫描仪 — —
11:06
so you put them in the scanner扫描器
and you expose暴露 them to stress强调.
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把这些人放在扫描仪中,然后给他们压力。
11:10
You can actually其实 see the difference区别.
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你真的可以看到其中的区别。
11:13
And it's findings发现 like this
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我们相信像这样的研究结果,
11:16
that we believe hold保持 some of the clues线索
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对于为什么在抑郁症上
11:19
for why we see these very significant重大 sex性别 differences分歧
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我们观察到这些非常显著的性别差异
11:23
in depression萧条.
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提供着某些思路。
11:25
But even though虽然 we know
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但即使我们知道
11:27
that these differences分歧 occur发生,
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这类差异的存在,
11:29
66 percent百分
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66% 的
11:32
of the brain research研究 that begins开始 in animals动物
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动物大脑研究
11:36
is doneDONE in either male animals动物
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是在雄性动物中完成的
11:38
or animals动物 in whom the sex性别 is not identified确定.
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或是在未鉴定性别的动物中完成的。
11:43
So, I think we have to ask again the question:
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所以,我认为我们要再次问这个问题:
11:46
Why leave离开 women's女士的 health健康 to chance机会?
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为什么女性的健康得看运气?
11:51
And this is a question that haunts出没 those of us
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这是一个萦绕在我们
11:54
in science科学 and medicine医学
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科学界和医学界的问题,
11:56
who believe that we are on the verge边缘
of being存在 able能够 to dramatically显着 improve提高
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我们相信我们即将有能力去显著改进
12:02
the health健康 of women妇女.
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女性健康。
12:04
We know that every一切 cell细胞 has a sex性别.
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我们知道每个细胞都男女有别。
12:06
We know that these differences分歧
are often经常 overlooked忽视.
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我们知道这些差异往往被忽视。
12:09
And therefore因此 we know that women妇女
are not getting得到 the full充分 benefit效益
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因此我们知道女性没有得到今时今日
12:14
of modern现代 science科学 and medicine医学 today今天.
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现代科学和医学的充分好处。
12:17
We have the tools工具
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我们有工具,
12:19
but we lack缺乏 the collective集体 will and momentum动量.
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但我们缺乏集体意志和势头。
12:23
Women's女士的 health健康 is an equal等于 rights权利 issue问题
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女性的健康是一个平等权利问题,
12:26
as important重要 as equal等于 pay工资.
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和同工同酬一样重要。
12:29
And it's an issue问题 of the quality质量
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这是一个科学和医学的
12:31
and the integrity廉正 of science科学 and medicine医学.
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质量以及廉正性的问题。
12:35
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
12:42
So imagine想像 the momentum动量 we could achieve实现
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所以想象一下我们在推进女性的健康上
12:47
in advancing前进 the health健康 of women妇女
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可以达到的势头,
12:49
if we considered考虑 whether是否 these
sex性别 differences分歧 were present当下
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假如我们在开始设计研究的时候
12:52
at the very beginning开始 of designing设计 research研究.
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就考虑了这些性别差异是否存在,
12:55
Or if we analyzed分析 our data数据 by sex性别.
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或者,我们根据性别分析了我们的数据。
12:59
So, people often经常 ask me:
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所以,人们常常问我:
13:01
What can I do?
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我能做什么?
13:03
And here's这里的 what I suggest建议:
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这里是我的建议:
13:05
First, I suggest建议 that you think about women's女士的 health健康
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第一,我建议你们看待女性健康
13:09
in the same相同 way
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就如同看待
13:11
that you think and care关心 about other
causes原因 that are important重要 to you.
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其他任何对你重要的事业一样,进行思考和关注。
13:17
And second第二, and equally一样 as important重要,
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第二,同样重要的是,
13:20
that as a woman女人,
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作为一名女性,
13:22
you have to ask your doctor医生
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你得问问治疗你
13:25
and the doctors医生 who are caring爱心
for those who you love:
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和你身边的人的医生:
13:30
Is this disease疾病 or treatment治疗 different不同 in women妇女?
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这个疾病,或者治疗,在女性中有不同之处吗?
13:34
Now, this is a profound深刻 question
because the answer回答 is likely容易 yes,
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这是一个深刻的问题,答案很可能是肯定的,
13:38
but your doctor医生 may可能 not know
the answer回答, at least最小 not yet然而.
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但你的医生可能不知道答案,至少现在还不知道。
13:42
But if you ask the question,
your doctor医生 will very likely容易
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但如果你问了这个问题,你的医生很有可能
13:46
go looking for the answer回答.
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会去寻找答案。
13:48
And this is so important重要,
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这是如此重要,
13:51
not only for ourselves我们自己,
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不仅仅对我们自己而言,
13:53
but for all of those whom we love.
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对我们身边的人也是如此。
13:55
Whether是否 it be a mother母亲, a daughter女儿, a sister妹妹,
259
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无论是一个母亲、 一个女儿、 一个姐妹、
14:00
a friend朋友 or a grandmother祖母.
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一位朋友或祖母。
14:04
It was my grandmother's祖母 suffering痛苦
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我奶奶遭受的痛苦
14:06
that inspired启发 my work
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激励了我致力于
14:08
to improve提高 the health健康 of women妇女.
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提高女性健康的工作。
14:11
That's her legacy遗产.
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这就是她留给我的。
14:13
Our legacy遗产 can be to improve提高 the health健康 of women妇女
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而我们留给后人的可以是提高女性健康,
14:18
for this generation
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为这一代,
14:20
and for generations to come.
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也为子孙后代。
14:23
Thank you.
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谢谢。
14:25
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Liu Xiying
Reviewed by Jina Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paula Johnson - Women's-health expert
Dr. Paula Johnson is a pioneer in looking at health from a woman's perspective.

Why you should listen

Ever think you were having a heart attack? It turns out that many of the well-known early symptoms, such as chest pain and pressure from left arm to jaw, are more typically experienced by men. Women are more likely to experience shortness of breath, unusual perspiration and abdominal discomfort. Dr. Paula Johnson was one of the first to ask big questions about women's experience of cardiac care -- and their access to care that meets their needs.

Johnson and her team at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston focus on mentoring, measuring and bringing together expertise from practicing clinicians and academics to improve women's health. She says: "One of our core responsibilities will be to address critical questions ... such as, 'How do sex and gender impact health and health outcomes?' and 'How can health disparities among different groups of women be eliminated?'"

More profile about the speaker
Paula Johnson | Speaker | TED.com