ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paula Johnson - Women's-health expert
Dr. Paula Johnson is a pioneer in looking at health from a woman's perspective.

Why you should listen

Ever think you were having a heart attack? It turns out that many of the well-known early symptoms, such as chest pain and pressure from left arm to jaw, are more typically experienced by men. Women are more likely to experience shortness of breath, unusual perspiration and abdominal discomfort. Dr. Paula Johnson was one of the first to ask big questions about women's experience of cardiac care -- and their access to care that meets their needs.

Johnson and her team at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston focus on mentoring, measuring and bringing together expertise from practicing clinicians and academics to improve women's health. She says: "One of our core responsibilities will be to address critical questions ... such as, 'How do sex and gender impact health and health outcomes?' and 'How can health disparities among different groups of women be eliminated?'"

More profile about the speaker
Paula Johnson | Speaker | TED.com
TEDWomen 2013

Paula Johnson: His and hers ... health care

寶拉.強生: 他的和她的…健康照護

Filmed:
1,178,652 views

人類的每個細胞都有性別,這意謂著男性和女性的差異就在細胞上。然而,研究和醫藥都太常忽略這一點──而且驚人的是,疾病和治療常會因性別差異而有不同的反應。走在先端的醫生寶拉.強生在這場引人深省的演說中分享,並要每個人一起正視其實我們讓女性的健康只能碰運氣的問題。此刻是我們重新思考的時候了。
- Women's-health expert
Dr. Paula Johnson is a pioneer in looking at health from a woman's perspective. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Some of my most wonderful精彩 memories回憶 of childhood童年
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我童年時最美好的回憶
00:15
are of spending開支 time with my grandmother祖母, MamarMamar,
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有許多是和祖母共度,
00:18
in our four-family四家 home in Brooklyn布魯克林, New York紐約.
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在我們位於紐約布魯克林的四口之家。
00:22
Her apartment公寓 was an oasis綠洲.
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她的公寓就像綠洲。
00:25
It was a place地點 where I could sneak潛行 a cup杯子 of coffee咖啡,
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是個我能偷偷喝杯咖啡的地方,
00:27
which哪一個 was really warm milk牛奶
with just a touch觸摸 of caffeine咖啡因.
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其實是一杯摻有一點點咖啡因的熱牛奶。
00:31
She loved喜愛 life.
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她熱愛生命。
00:34
And although雖然 she worked工作 in a factory,
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雖然她在工廠上班,
00:36
she saved保存 her pennies便士 and she traveled旅行 to Europe歐洲.
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但是她還是存到了錢去歐洲旅行。
00:39
And I remember記得 poring研讀 over those pictures圖片 with her
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我記得會和她一起端詳這些照片,
00:43
and then dancing跳舞 with her to her favorite喜愛 music音樂.
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接著和她聽著最喜愛的音樂共舞。
00:47
And then, when I was eight and she was 60,
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然而在我 8 歲,她 60 歲時,
00:52
something changed.
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事情有了變化。
00:54
She no longer worked工作 or traveled旅行.
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她不再工作或旅行。
00:56
She no longer danced跳舞.
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她不再跳舞。
00:58
There were no more coffee咖啡 times.
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再也沒有咖啡時光了。
01:00
My mother母親 missed錯過 work and took her to doctors醫生
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我的母親請了假,帶她去看過很多醫生,
01:03
who couldn't不能 make a diagnosis診斷.
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但是都診斷不出來。
01:05
And my father父親, who worked工作 at night,
would spend every一切 afternoon下午 with her,
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而我在夜間工作的父親,每天下午都會陪她,
01:10
just to make sure she ate.
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只為了確定她真的有吃飯。
01:13
Her care關心 became成為 all-consuming所有消費 for our family家庭.
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照顧她成了家人們全心投入的事。
01:18
And by the time a diagnosis診斷 was made製作,
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最後診斷出病因,
01:20
she was in a deep spiral螺旋.
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她的情況急轉直下。
01:22
Now many許多 of you will recognize認識 her symptoms症狀.
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現在在座很多人認得出她的症狀。
01:26
My grandmother祖母 had depression蕭條.
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我祖母得了憂鬱症,
01:29
A deep, life-altering改變生活 depression蕭條,
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一種會完全改變一生的憂鬱症,
01:32
from which哪一個 she never recovered恢復.
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後來她沒能從此病中痊癒。
01:35
And back then, so little
was known已知 about depression蕭條.
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當時我們對憂鬱症所知甚少。
01:39
But even today今天, 50 years年份 later後來,
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即使到 50 年後的今日,
01:42
there's still so much more to learn學習.
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仍有許多需要學習。
01:45
Today今天, we know that women婦女
are 70 percent百分 more likely容易
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今天,我們知道女性在一生中
01:50
to experience經驗 depression蕭條 over their lifetimes壽命
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較男性多 70% 的可能性
01:53
compared相比 with men男人.
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得到憂鬱症。
01:56
And even with this high prevalence流行,
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即使如此普遍,
01:58
women婦女 are misdiagnosed誤診 between之間
30 and 50 percent百分 of the time.
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女性卻有 30% 至 50% 的可能性被誤診。
02:05
Now we know that women婦女 are more likely容易
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現在我們知道相較於男性
02:08
to experience經驗 the symptoms症狀
of fatigue疲勞, sleep睡覺 disturbance騷亂,
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女性有較高的機率經歷疲勞、睡眠障礙、
02:13
pain疼痛 and anxiety焦慮 compared相比 with men男人.
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疼痛和焦慮。
02:16
And these symptoms症狀 are often經常 overlooked忽視
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而這些是憂鬱症的症狀
02:18
as symptoms症狀 of depression蕭條.
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卻常常被忽略。
02:21
And it isn't only depression蕭條 in which哪一個
these sex性別 differences分歧 occur發生,
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這些性別的差異
不只發生在憂鬱症,
02:25
but they occur發生 across橫過 so many許多 diseases疾病.
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也發生在許多疾病中。
02:30
So it's my grandmother's祖母 struggles鬥爭
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因此我祖母遭遇的困難
02:32
that have really led me on a lifelong終身 quest尋求.
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讓我花一輩子的時間去探尋。
02:35
And today今天, I lead a center中央 in which哪一個 the mission任務
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現在,我帶領一個研究中心,
02:39
is to discover發現 why these sex性別 differences分歧 occur發生
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目的在找到這些
性別差異發生的原因,
02:42
and to use that knowledge知識
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並運用那學問
02:44
to improve提高 the health健康 of women婦女.
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改善女性的健康。
02:47
Today今天, we know that every一切 cell細胞 has a sex性別.
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現今,我們知道每個細胞都有性別。
02:51
Now, that's a term術語 coined創造
by the Institute研究所 of Medicine醫學.
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這是由醫學研究院創造的名詞。
02:55
And what it means手段 is that
men男人 and women婦女 are different不同
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意謂著男人和女人的不同
02:59
down to the cellular細胞的 and molecular分子 levels水平.
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是在細胞與分子的層面。
03:04
It means手段 that we're different不同
across橫過 all of our organs器官.
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那代表我們的差異遍及所有的器官。
03:09
From our brains大腦 to our hearts心中, our lungs, our joints關節.
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從我們的腦、心、肺,到關節。
03:14
Now, it was only 20 years年份 ago
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而距今僅 20 年前,
03:18
that we hardly幾乎不 had any data數據 on women's女士的 health健康
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我們沒有任何女性健康的資訊,
03:22
beyond our reproductive生殖 functions功能.
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除了我們的生育機能。
03:25
But then in 1993,
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但是在 1993 年時,
03:28
the NIHNIH Revitalization振興 Act法案 was signed into law.
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簽署了國家衛生研究院的新生法,
03:32
And what this law did was it mandated授權
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這項法律主要在明文規定
03:35
that women婦女 and minorities少數民族
be included包括 in clinical臨床 trials試驗
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將女性和少數族群納入臨床試驗,
03:39
that were funded資助 by the National國民 Institutes研究院 of Health健康.
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由國家衛生研究院提供資金。
03:43
And in many許多 ways方法, the law has worked工作.
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這項法律在許多方面起了效用。
03:46
Women婦女 are now routinely常規
included包括 in clinical臨床 studies學習,
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現在女性已固定納入臨床研究,
03:50
and we've我們已經 learned學到了 that there are major重大的 differences分歧
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我們得知兩性
03:52
in the ways方法 that women婦女 and men男人
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體驗疾病的方式
03:54
experience經驗 disease疾病.
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有很大的差異。
03:57
But remarkably異常,
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然而驚人的是
03:59
what we have learned學到了 about these
differences分歧 is often經常 overlooked忽視.
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我們發現這些差異常被忽略。
04:04
So, we have to ask ourselves我們自己 the question:
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因此我們必須自問:
04:08
Why leave離開 women's女士的 health健康 to chance機會?
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為什麼要讓女性的健康碰運氣?
04:12
And we're leaving離開 it to chance機會 in two ways方法.
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我們用兩種方式碰運氣。
04:15
The first is that there is so much more to learn學習
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首先,我們需要學習的甚多,
04:19
and we're not making製造 the investment投資
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但是我們卻沒投入
04:21
in fully充分 understanding理解 the extent程度
of these sex性別 differences分歧.
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在全盤了解這些性別差異的程度。
04:25
And the second第二 is that we aren't
taking服用 what we have learned學到了,
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第二,我們未採納所學,
04:30
and routinely常規 applying應用 it in clinical臨床 care關心.
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並例行地運用在臨床照顧中。
04:34
We are just not doing enough足夠.
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我們做得還是不夠。
04:38
So, I'm going to share分享 with you three examples例子
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因此我想和各位分享三個例子,
04:40
of where sex性別 differences分歧 have
impacted影響 the health健康 of women婦女,
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其中性別差異影響了女性的健康,
04:44
and where we need to do more.
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而我們應該要做得更多。
04:46
Let's start開始 with heart disease疾病.
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讓我們以心臟病開始。
04:48
It's the number one killer兇手 of women婦女
in the United聯合的 States狀態 today今天.
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心臟病是目前美國女性的頭號殺手。
04:54
This is the face面對 of heart disease疾病.
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這是心臟病的面容。
04:56
Linda琳達 is a middle-aged中年 woman女人,
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琳達是中年婦女,
04:59
who had a stent支架 placed放置 in one of the arteries動脈
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她在其中一條通往心臟的動脈內
05:01
going to her heart.
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植入支架。
05:03
When she had recurring經常性 symptoms症狀
she went back to her doctor醫生.
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當她有復發的症狀時,她回到醫院。
05:07
Her doctor醫生 did the gold standard標準 test測試:
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她的醫生做了黃金標準測試:
05:09
a cardiac心臟的 catheterization導尿.
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心導管。
05:12
It showed顯示 no blockages堵塞.
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但是沒顯示出阻塞。
05:14
Linda'sLinda的 symptoms症狀 continued繼續.
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琳達的症狀持續,
05:16
She had to stop working加工.
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她必須停止工作。
05:19
And that's when she found發現 us.
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那時她找上我們。
05:21
When Linda琳達 came來了 to us, we did
another另一個 cardiac心臟的 catheterization導尿
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當琳達向我們求助,
我們做了另一次心導管,
05:25
and this time, we found發現 clues線索.
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而這次我們找到了線索。
05:29
But we needed需要 another另一個 test測試
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但是我們需要另一項測試
05:31
to make the diagnosis診斷.
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來做出診斷。
05:34
So we did a test測試 called an intracoronary冠狀動脈 ultrasound超聲,
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我們做了冠狀動脈內超音波,
05:39
where you use soundwaves聲波 to look at the artery動脈
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你可以運用音波檢視動脈,
05:41
from the inside out.
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從裡到外。
05:44
And what we found發現
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我們發現
05:46
was that Linda'sLinda的 disease疾病 didn't look like
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琳達的病看起來不像
05:48
the typical典型 male disease疾病.
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典型的男性疾病。
05:51
The typical典型 male disease疾病 looks容貌 like this.
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典型的男性疾病看起來像這樣。
05:54
There's a discrete離散的 blockage阻止 or stenosis狹窄.
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有不連續的阻塞或狹窄。
05:58
Linda'sLinda的 disease疾病, like the disease疾病 of so many許多 women婦女,
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琳達的病就和許多女性的一樣,
06:02
looks容貌 like this.
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看起來像這樣。
06:04
The plaque牌匾 is laid鋪設 down more evenly, more diffusely廣泛地
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血小板沿著動脈分布更平均、更擴散,
也更難看得出來。
06:07
along沿 the artery動脈, and it's harder更難 to see.
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06:11
So for Linda琳達, and for so many許多 women婦女,
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因此對琳達和許多女性來說,
06:15
the gold standard標準 test測試 wasn't gold.
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這黃金標準測試並非黃金。
06:18
Now, Linda琳達 received收到 the right treatment治療.
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現在琳達獲得正確的治療。
06:21
She went back to her life and, fortunately幸好, today今天
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她恢復生活,而且幸運的是
06:23
she is doing well.
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至今她的狀況依然良好。
06:25
But Linda琳達 was lucky幸運.
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但那是琳達幸運。
06:27
She found發現 us, we found發現 her disease疾病.
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她找到我們,我們找出她的疾病。
06:29
But for too many許多 women婦女, that's not the case案件.
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但是對太多女性來說,
可不是那麼一回事。
06:32
We have the tools工具.
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我們有工具。
06:35
We have the technology技術 to make the diagnosis診斷.
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我們有科技能做出診斷。
06:38
But it's all too often經常 that these sex性別 diffferencesdiffferences
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但是這些性別差異
06:42
are overlooked忽視.
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都太常被忽視了。
06:44
So what about treatment治療?
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那治療呢?
06:46
A landmark里程碑 study研究 that was published發表 two years年份 ago
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兩年前有一項重大的研究發表,
06:49
asked the very important重要 question:
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其中提出一個非常重要的問題:
06:51
What are the most effective有效 treatments治療
for heart disease疾病 in women婦女?
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對女性心臟病患者最有效的治療是什麼?
06:56
The authors作者 looked看著 at papers文件
written書面 over a 10-year-年 period,
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作者研究這十年來發表的論文,
07:00
and hundreds數以百計 had to be thrown拋出 out.
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有上百篇應該被扔掉。
07:03
And what they found發現 out was that
of those that were tossed out,
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他們發現其中被丟棄的
07:07
65 percent百分 were excluded排除
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有 65% 不應列入考慮的原因是
07:11
because even though雖然 women婦女
were included包括 in the studies學習,
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雖然女性在這些研究中被列入考量,
07:15
the analysis分析 didn't differentiate區分
between之間 women婦女 and men男人.
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但是分析並未區分出
男性與女性的差別。
07:22
What a lost丟失 opportunity機會.
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多可惜啊!
07:25
The money had been spent花費
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花了這麼多錢,
07:27
and we didn't learn學習 how women婦女 fared表現.
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我們卻沒能學到女性遭遇的情況。
07:29
And these studies學習 could not contribute有助於 one iota絲毫
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這些研究可能無法
對那非常重要的問題
07:32
to the very, very important重要 question,
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做出任何一絲回應,
07:34
what are the most effective有效 treatments治療
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對女性心臟病患者
07:37
for heart disease疾病 in women婦女?
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最有效的治療是什麼?
07:40
I want to introduce介紹 you to
Hortense霍滕斯, my godmother教母,
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我想介紹我的教母荷頓斯,
07:45
Hung Wei, a relative相對的 of a colleague同事,
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一位同事的親戚 ── 洪瑋(音譯),
07:49
and somebody you may可能 recognize認識 --
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以及你可能知道的──
07:51
Dana達納, Christopher克里斯托弗 Reeve's里夫的 wife妻子.
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黛娜,克里斯多福.李維的妻子。
07:54
All three women婦女 have something
very important重要 in common共同.
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這三位女性有極重要的相似處。
07:59
All three were diagnosed確診 with lung cancer癌症,
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她們都被診斷出肺癌,
08:02
the number one cancer癌症 killer兇手 of women婦女
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而肺癌是現今美國女性
08:05
in the United聯合的 States狀態 today今天.
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頭號癌症殺手。
08:08
All three were nonsmokers不吸煙者.
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她們三位都不吸煙。
08:12
Sadly可悲的是, Dana達納 and Hung Wei died死亡 of their disease疾病.
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讓人難過的是,黛娜和洪瑋都因病去逝。
08:17
Today今天, what we know is that women婦女 who are
nonsmokers不吸煙者 are three times more likely容易
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現在,我們知道不抽煙的女性
08:23
to be diagnosed確診 with lung cancer癌症 than are men男人
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被診斷罹患肺癌的機率
08:26
who are nonsmokers不吸煙者.
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是不抽煙男性的三倍。
08:28
Now interestingly有趣, when women婦女 are
diagnosed確診 with lung cancer癌症,
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有趣的是當女性被診斷出肺癌,
08:32
their survival生存 tends趨向 to be better than that of men男人.
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她們的存活率通常較男性高。
08:35
Now, here are some clues線索.
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這裡有一些線索。
08:37
Our investigators調查 have found發現 that there are
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我們的研究員發現
08:39
certain某些 genes基因 in the lung tumor
cells細胞 of both women婦女 and men男人.
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兩性的肺腫瘤細胞都有某種基因。
08:44
And these genes基因 are activated活性
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這些基因主要
08:46
mainly主要 by estrogen雌激素.
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被雌激素活化。
08:48
And when these genes基因 are over-expressed過表達,
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這些基因過度表現時,
08:51
it's associated相關 with improved改善 survival生存
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只會和改善年輕女性的
08:53
only in young年輕 women婦女.
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存活率有關。
08:56
Now this is a very early finding發現
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這是很新的發現,
08:58
and we don't yet然而 know whether是否 it has relevance關聯
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我們還不知道它是否
09:01
to clinical臨床 care關心.
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和臨床照護有關。
09:04
But it's findings發現 like this that may可能 provide提供 hope希望
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但是就是像這樣的發現能帶來希望,
09:08
and may可能 provide提供 an opportunity機會 to save保存 lives生活
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並且能提供一個救命的機會,
09:11
of both women婦女 and men男人.
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不論是男是女。
09:13
Now, let me share分享 with you an example
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讓我和大家分享關於
09:14
of when we do consider考慮 sex性別 differences分歧,
it can drive駕駛 the science科學.
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當我們考慮性別差異時,
就能帶動科學的例子。
09:18
Several一些 years年份 ago a new lung cancer癌症 drug藥物
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幾年前,有一種新的肺癌藥
09:21
was being存在 evaluated評價,
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被拿來評估,
09:22
and when the authors作者 looked看著
at whose誰的 tumors腫瘤 shrank萎縮,
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當研究者檢視看誰的腫瘤變小了,
09:27
they found發現 that 82 percent百分 were women婦女.
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他們發現其中 82% 都是女性。
09:30
This led them to ask the question: Well, why?
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這讓他們想問:為什麼?
09:33
And what they found發現
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他們發現
09:35
was that the genetic遺傳 mutations突變
that the drug藥物 targeted針對
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藥物標靶的基因突變
09:38
were far more common共同 in women婦女.
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在女性中更常見。
09:41
And what this has led to
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這讓肺癌的治療方式
09:43
is a more personalized個性化 approach途徑
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更能符合個人需求,
09:45
to the treatment治療 of lung cancer癌症
that also includes包括 sex性別.
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也能將性別列入考量。
09:49
This is what we can accomplish完成
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這是我們能做到的,
09:51
when we don't leave離開 women's女士的 health健康 to chance機會.
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我們讓女性的健康不是只能碰運氣。
09:55
We know that when you invest投資 in research研究,
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我們知道當你投資研究
09:58
you get results結果.
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就會得到結果。
10:00
Take a look at the death死亡 rate
from breast乳房 cancer癌症 over time.
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看看歷年來乳癌死亡率的改變。
10:04
And now take a look at the death死亡 rates利率
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再看看歷年來女性肺癌死亡率的改變。
10:06
from lung cancer癌症 in women婦女 over time.
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10:09
Now let's look at the dollars美元
invested投資 in breast乳房 cancer癌症 --
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看看投資在乳癌研究的金額
10:13
these are the dollars美元 invested投資 per death死亡 --
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──這是對每一位死亡病患的投資金額──
10:16
and the dollars美元 invested投資 in lung cancer癌症.
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以及投資在肺癌的金額。
10:20
Now, it's clear明確 that our investment投資 in breast乳房 cancer癌症
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顯然我們在乳癌的投資
10:25
has produced生成 results結果.
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證明了這一點。
10:27
They may可能 not be fast快速 enough足夠,
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雖然不見得夠快,
10:29
but it has produced生成 results結果.
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但還是帶來成果。
10:31
We can do the same相同
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我們也可以同樣投資
10:33
for lung cancer癌症 and for every一切 other disease疾病.
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肺癌和每一種癌症。
10:38
So let's go back to depression蕭條.
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讓我們回到憂鬱症。
10:42
Depression蕭條 is the number one cause原因
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憂鬱症是全球女性
10:44
of disability失能 in women婦女 in the world世界 today今天.
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造成身心障礙最主要的因素。
10:49
Our investigators調查 have found發現
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我們的研究員發現
10:51
that there are differences分歧 in the brains大腦
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男性與女性的腦部
10:52
of women婦女 and men男人
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在與情緒相關的區塊有差異。
10:54
in the areas that are connected連接的 with mood心情.
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10:57
And when you put men男人 and women婦女
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如果你把男性和女性
10:59
in a functional實用 MRIMRI scanner掃描器 --
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放入功能性磁振造影裝置
11:01
that's the kind of scanner掃描器 that shows節目 how the brain is functioning功能 when it's activated活性 --
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──這種裝置能在腦部被活化時
讓你看出它如何運作──
11:06
so you put them in the scanner掃描器
and you expose暴露 them to stress強調.
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因此當你把他們放入裝置,對他們施加壓力,
11:10
You can actually其實 see the difference區別.
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就能明顯地看出差異。
11:13
And it's findings發現 like this
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就是像這樣的研究
11:16
that we believe hold保持 some of the clues線索
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讓我們相信掌握了些許線索,
11:19
for why we see these very significant重大 sex性別 differences分歧
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了解為什麼我們會看到
這些顯著的性別差異
11:23
in depression蕭條.
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出現在憂鬱症中。
11:25
But even though雖然 we know
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但是即使我們知道
11:27
that these differences分歧 occur發生,
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這些差異會發生,
11:29
66 percent百分
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有 66% 的動物腦部研究
11:32
of the brain research研究 that begins開始 in animals動物
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11:36
is doneDONE in either male animals動物
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不是針對雄性動物,
11:38
or animals動物 in whom the sex性別 is not identified確定.
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就是針對未驗明性別的動物。
11:43
So, I think we have to ask again the question:
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因此,我認為我們應該再次提問:
11:46
Why leave離開 women's女士的 health健康 to chance機會?
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為什麼要讓女性的健康碰運氣?
11:51
And this is a question that haunts出沒 those of us
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這個問題在科學與醫學界的我們心中
11:54
in science科學 and medicine醫學
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徘徊不去,
11:56
who believe that we are on the verge邊緣
of being存在 able能夠 to dramatically顯著 improve提高
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我們相信我們即將為女性的健康
帶來卓越的進展。
12:02
the health健康 of women婦女.
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12:04
We know that every一切 cell細胞 has a sex性別.
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我們知道每個細胞都有性別。
12:06
We know that these differences分歧
are often經常 overlooked忽視.
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我們知道這些差異常被忽略。
12:09
And therefore因此 we know that women婦女
are not getting得到 the full充分 benefit效益
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因此我們知道女性在現代科學與醫學中,
12:14
of modern現代 science科學 and medicine醫學 today今天.
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未能完全受惠。
12:17
We have the tools工具
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我們有工具,
12:19
but we lack缺乏 the collective集體 will and momentum動量.
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卻缺乏集體意願和動力。
12:23
Women's女士的 health健康 is an equal等於 rights權利 issue問題
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女性健康是一項平權的議題,
12:26
as important重要 as equal等於 pay工資.
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就和同工同酬一樣重要。
12:29
And it's an issue問題 of the quality質量
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而這項議題攸關
12:31
and the integrity廉正 of science科學 and medicine醫學.
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科學和醫學的品質與廉正。
12:35
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
12:42
So imagine想像 the momentum動量 we could achieve實現
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想像我們為了改善女性健康
12:47
in advancing前進 the health健康 of women婦女
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能激發的動力,
12:49
if we considered考慮 whether是否 these
sex性別 differences分歧 were present當下
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只要我們能多考量,不管是
在精心設計的研究之初
12:52
at the very beginning開始 of designing設計 research研究.
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呈現這些性別差異;
12:55
Or if we analyzed分析 our data數據 by sex性別.
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還是我們用性別來分析資料。
12:59
So, people often經常 ask me:
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大家常問我:
13:01
What can I do?
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我可以做什麼?
13:03
And here's這裡的 what I suggest建議:
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我建議你:
13:05
First, I suggest建議 that you think about women's女士的 health健康
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首先,我建議你把女性健康的重要性
13:09
in the same相同 way
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看得和其它你所重視、關心的事物
13:11
that you think and care關心 about other
causes原因 that are important重要 to you.
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一樣重要。
13:17
And second第二, and equally一樣 as important重要,
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第二點,同樣重要的是
13:20
that as a woman女人,
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身為一名女性,
13:22
you have to ask your doctor醫生
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你應該要問你的醫生,
13:25
and the doctors醫生 who are caring愛心
for those who you love:
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以及那些照顧你所愛的人的醫生:
13:30
Is this disease疾病 or treatment治療 different不同 in women婦女?
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這個疾病或治療方式
是否因女性而不同?
13:34
Now, this is a profound深刻 question
because the answer回答 is likely容易 yes,
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這是個深奧的問題,
因為答案很可能是肯定的,
13:38
but your doctor醫生 may可能 not know
the answer回答, at least最小 not yet然而.
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但是你的醫生可能不知道
是如此,至少還不知道。
13:42
But if you ask the question,
your doctor醫生 will very likely容易
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然而如果你問了這個問題,
你的醫生很可能
13:46
go looking for the answer回答.
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會去找答案。
13:48
And this is so important重要,
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而這很重要,
13:51
not only for ourselves我們自己,
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不只是對我們自己,
13:53
but for all of those whom we love.
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也是對所有我們所愛的人。
13:55
Whether是否 it be a mother母親, a daughter女兒, a sister妹妹,
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不論是母親、女兒、姊妹、
14:00
a friend朋友 or a grandmother祖母.
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朋友,或是祖母。
14:04
It was my grandmother's祖母 suffering痛苦
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是我祖母的苦痛
14:06
that inspired啟發 my work
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激勵我努力
14:08
to improve提高 the health健康 of women婦女.
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改善女性健康。
14:11
That's her legacy遺產.
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這是她所留下來的東西。
14:13
Our legacy遺產 can be to improve提高 the health健康 of women婦女
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我們留給後人的東西
可以是改善女性健康,
14:18
for this generation
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為這個世代
14:20
and for generations to come.
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也為未來的世代。
14:23
Thank you.
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謝謝!
14:25
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Marssi Draw
Reviewed by Jessie Lee

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paula Johnson - Women's-health expert
Dr. Paula Johnson is a pioneer in looking at health from a woman's perspective.

Why you should listen

Ever think you were having a heart attack? It turns out that many of the well-known early symptoms, such as chest pain and pressure from left arm to jaw, are more typically experienced by men. Women are more likely to experience shortness of breath, unusual perspiration and abdominal discomfort. Dr. Paula Johnson was one of the first to ask big questions about women's experience of cardiac care -- and their access to care that meets their needs.

Johnson and her team at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston focus on mentoring, measuring and bringing together expertise from practicing clinicians and academics to improve women's health. She says: "One of our core responsibilities will be to address critical questions ... such as, 'How do sex and gender impact health and health outcomes?' and 'How can health disparities among different groups of women be eliminated?'"

More profile about the speaker
Paula Johnson | Speaker | TED.com