TEDxYouth@Manchester
Ben Ambridge: 9 myths about psychology, debunked
Ben Ambridge: 揭露心理学10个错误观念
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你对人类大脑的理解有多少是错的？在这个刻不容缓的假科学演讲中，Ben Ambridge讲述了10个被证明是错误的心理学说；他还揭露了一些关于我们大脑的运作方法的令人惊讶的事实。
Ben Ambridge - Psychologist
Ben Ambridge is the author of "Psy-Q," a sparkling book debunking what we think we know about psychology. Full bio
Ben Ambridge is the author of "Psy-Q," a sparkling book debunking what we think we know about psychology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
You've heard of your I.Q.,
your general intelligence,
your general intelligence,
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你一定听说过智商，
也就是你的普通智力，
也就是你的普通智力，
00:15
but what's your Psy-Q?
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但什么是你的心理商？
00:17
How much do you know
about what makes you tick,
about what makes you tick,
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你对自己的行为和性格了解多少，
00:19
and how good are you
at predicting other people's behavior
at predicting other people's behavior
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你能准确地预测他人行为
00:22
or even your own?
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或你自己的行为吗？
00:23
And how much of what you think you know
about psychology is wrong?
about psychology is wrong?
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你对心理学的认知
有多少是错的？
有多少是错的？
00:27
Let's find out by counting down
the top 10 myths of psychology.
the top 10 myths of psychology.
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让我们来倒数心理学的
前十个错误观念。
前十个错误观念。
00:30
You've probably heard it said
that when it comes to their psychology,
that when it comes to their psychology,
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你可能听过这本书，
描述心理学时
描述心理学时
男人仿佛来自火星，
女人来自金星。
女人来自金星。
00:34
it's almost as if men are from Mars
and women are from Venus.
and women are from Venus.
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但男人和女人间
究竟有多大的差异？
究竟有多大的差异？
00:37
But how different
are men and women really?
are men and women really?
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为了找到答案，
00:39
To find out, let's start
by looking at something
by looking at something
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让我们看看男女在
哪些方面存在明显的差别，
哪些方面存在明显的差别，
00:41
on which men and women really do differ
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00:43
and plotting some psychological
gender differences on the same scale.
gender differences on the same scale.
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然后再把这些心理学上的性别差异
在同一张图上表现出来。
在同一张图上表现出来。
00:46
One thing men and women
do really differ on
do really differ on
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那么男女差异的其中一项是
00:49
is how far they can throw a ball.
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扔球距离的远近。
00:50
So if we look at the data for men here,
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当我们看男性的数据。
00:52
we see what is called
a normal distribution curve.
a normal distribution curve.
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我们看到一条所谓的
标准分布曲线。
标准分布曲线。
00:55
A few men can throw a ball really far,
and a few men not far at all,
and a few men not far at all,
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有些男性可以把球扔很远，
有些男性却稍逊一点，
有些男性却稍逊一点，
00:58
but most a kind of average distance.
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但大多数都在平均距离附近。
01:00
And women share
the same distribution as well,
the same distribution as well,
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女性的表现也呈现了
相同的分布曲线，
相同的分布曲线，
01:02
but actually there's
quite a big difference.
quite a big difference.
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但实际上却存在相当大的差异。
事实上，男性平均来说
可以把球扔得更远，
可以把球扔得更远，
01:04
In fact, the average man
can throw a ball further
can throw a ball further
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01:06
than about 98 percent of all women.
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超过了98％的女性。
01:08
So now let's look at what
some psychological gender differences
some psychological gender differences
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那么现在我们来看看
男女在心理上的一些差别，
男女在心理上的一些差别，
01:11
look like on the same standardized scale.
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还是以同样的标准来比较。
01:14
Any psychologist will tell you
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任何心理学家都会告诉你
01:16
that men are better
at spatial awareness than women --
at spatial awareness than women --
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男人比女人的空间感更好——
01:18
so things like map-reading,
for example -- and it's true,
for example -- and it's true,
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例如， 像阅读地图这样的事
——这的确是事实，
——这的确是事实，
01:21
but let's have a look
at the size of this difference.
at the size of this difference.
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不过让我们看看这种差异到底有多大。
01:23
It's tiny; the lines are so close
together they almost overlap.
together they almost overlap.
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差异非常小, 线条如此接近，
近乎重叠。
近乎重叠。
01:27
In fact, the average woman is better
than 33 percent of all men,
than 33 percent of all men,
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事实上，女性平均来说比
33％的男性的表现要好，
33％的男性的表现要好，
01:31
and of course, if that was 50 percent,
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当然，如果这百分比是50％，
01:33
then the two genders
would be exactly equal.
would be exactly equal.
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那么，男性和女性将是完全相同。
01:35
It's worth bearing in mind that this
difference and the next one I'll show you
difference and the next one I'll show you
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请记住这种差异，
我马上要说的下一个例子
我马上要说的下一个例子
01:38
are pretty much the biggest
psychological gender differences
psychological gender differences
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几乎是心理学迄今为止发现的
01:41
ever discovered in psychology.
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男女心理上的最大差异。
01:43
So here's the next one.
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那么就是这个。
01:44
Any psychologist will tell you
that women are better
that women are better
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任何心理学家都会告诉你
01:46
with language and grammar than men.
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女性在语言和语法方面比男性更好。
01:48
So here's performance
on the standardized grammar test.
on the standardized grammar test.
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这表现在标准化语法测试上。
01:50
There go the women. There go the men.
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这是女性曲线（紫色），
这是男性曲线（青色）。
这是男性曲线（青色）。
01:52
Again, yes, women are better on average,
but the lines are so close
but the lines are so close
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没错，女性在平均水平上更好，
但线条很接近，
但线条很接近，
01:56
that 33 percent of men
are better than the average woman,
are better than the average woman,
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33％的男性表现超过了女性平均值，
02:00
and again, if it was 50 percent,
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同样，如果这百分比是50％
这将代表完全的性别无差异。
02:01
that would represent
complete gender equality.
complete gender equality.
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02:04
So it's not really
a case of Mars and Venus.
a case of Mars and Venus.
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因此，这不是火星和金星的对比，
02:06
It's more a case of, if anything,
Mars and Snickers:
Mars and Snickers:
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它更像巧克力棒Mars和Snickers的差别，
02:09
basically the same, but one's maybe
slightly nuttier than the other.
slightly nuttier than the other.
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基本相同，但一种可能比另一种稍甜。
02:13
I won't say which.
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我不会说到底哪种更甜。
02:15
Now we've got you warmed up.
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现在，你们大概有所了解了，
02:17
Let's psychoanalyze you using
the famous Rorschach inkblot test.
the famous Rorschach inkblot test.
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让我们用著名的Rorschach
墨迹测试法对你进行心理分析。
墨迹测试法对你进行心理分析。
02:20
So you can probably see two, I dunno,
two bears or two people or something.
two bears or two people or something.
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也许你看到两个，我说不好，
两只熊，两个人或者别的什么。
两只熊，两个人或者别的什么。
02:24
But what do you think they're doing?
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你觉得他们在做什么？
02:25
Put your hand up if you think
they're saying hello.
they're saying hello.
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认为他们在打招呼的请举手。
02:29
Not many people. Okay.
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没多少人，好的。
02:30
Put your hands up if you think
they are high-fiving.
they are high-fiving.
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认为他们在击掌的请举手。
02:33
Okay. What if you think they're fighting?
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好的，认为他们在打斗的呢？
02:35
Only a few people there.
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不是很多。
02:36
Okay, so if you think they're
saying hello or high-fiving,
saying hello or high-fiving,
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那么如果你认为他们是在打招呼或击掌，
02:39
then that means you're a friendly person.
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这意味着你是一个友善的人。
02:41
If you think they're fighting,
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如果你认为他们在打斗，
说明你不是很受欢迎，带点攻击性。
02:43
you're a bit more of a
nasty, aggressive person.
nasty, aggressive person.
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基本可以判断你很友善
还是不太好相处。
还是不太好相处。
02:45
Are you a lover or a fighter, basically.
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那么这个呢？
02:47
What about this one?
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这回我们不需要举手表决，
数3个数，每个人喊出你所看到的。
数3个数，每个人喊出你所看到的。
02:48
This isn't really a voting one, so on
three everyone shout out what you see.
three everyone shout out what you see.
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1，2，3。
（观众喊）
（观众喊）
02:52
One, two, three.
(Audience shouting)
(Audience shouting)
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02:55
I heard hamster. Who said hamster?
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我听到了仓鼠，谁说的仓鼠？
02:57
That was very worrying.
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这就有点让人不安了。
02:58
A guy there said hamster.
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那里一个家伙说仓鼠。
03:00
Well, you should see
some kind of two-legged animal here,
some kind of two-legged animal here,
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你们应该看到某种两足动物，
03:03
and then the mirror image of them there.
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以及对称的镜像。
03:05
If you didn't, then this means
that you have difficulty
that you have difficulty
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如果你看不出来，
这意味着你在处理复杂形势，
这意味着你在处理复杂形势，
03:09
processing complex situations
where there's a lot going on.
where there's a lot going on.
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同时处理很多信息的时候
会感到很困难。
会感到很困难。
03:13
Except, of course,
it doesn't mean that at all.
it doesn't mean that at all.
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当然，结果并没有那么绝对。
03:15
Rorschach inkblot tests
have basically no validity
have basically no validity
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Rorschach墨迹测试
在判断人的性格时
在判断人的性格时
03:18
when it comes to diagnosing
people's personality
people's personality
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并不是很可靠，
03:20
and are not used
by modern-day psychologists.
by modern-day psychologists.
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也并没有被现代心理学家采纳。
03:23
In fact, one recent study found
that when you do try
that when you do try
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事实上，最近一项研究发现，
当你尝试
当你尝试
03:26
to diagnose people's personalities
using Rorschach inkblot tests,
using Rorschach inkblot tests,
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使用Rorschach墨迹测试法
来判断人的性格，
来判断人的性格，
03:29
schizophrenia was diagnosed
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有六分之一的表现完全正常的
03:31
in about one sixth of apparently
perfectly normal participants.
perfectly normal participants.
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参与者就会被诊断出患有精神分裂症。
03:35
So if you didn't do that well on this,
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因此，如果这个测试结果不理想，
03:38
maybe you are not
a very visual type of person.
a very visual type of person.
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只说明你可能不属于视觉型的人。
03:40
So let's do another
quick quiz to find out.
quick quiz to find out.
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我们再做另一个快速小测验试试看。
03:43
When making a cake, do you prefer to --
so hands up for each one again --
so hands up for each one again --
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当你做蛋糕的时候，
还是请大家举手示意，
还是请大家举手示意，
03:46
do you prefer to use
a recipe book with pictures?
a recipe book with pictures?
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你更习惯使用带图片的食谱书吗？
03:49
Yeah, a few people.
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好的，有一些人举手了。
03:51
Have a friend talk you through?
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需要一个朋友在这个过程中指导你吗？
03:54
Or have a go, making it up
as you go along?
as you go along?
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还是你会自己尝试去凑合做一个？
03:57
Quite a few people there.
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还有不少人举手了。
03:58
Okay, so if you said A,
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好的，如果你选了A，
04:00
then this means that you
are a visual learner
are a visual learner
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这意味着你是一个视觉学习者，
04:02
and you learn best when information
is presented in a visual style.
is presented in a visual style.
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当信息以视觉的形式表现出来的时候，
你的学习效果最好。
你的学习效果最好。
04:05
If you said B, it means
you're an auditory learner,
you're an auditory learner,
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如果你选B，
说明你是一个听觉学习者，
说明你是一个听觉学习者，
04:08
that you learn best when information
is presented to you in an auditory format.
is presented to you in an auditory format.
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通过听觉信息可以达到
最好的学习效果。
最好的学习效果。
04:12
And if you said C, it means
that you're a kinesthetic learner,
that you're a kinesthetic learner,
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如果你选C，
这意味你是一个动觉学习者，
这意味你是一个动觉学习者，
04:15
that you learn best when you get stuck in
and do things with your hands.
and do things with your hands.
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用双手亲自实践会学得最快。
当然你可能已经猜到，
这样的结论不太可靠，
这样的结论不太可靠，
04:18
Except, of course,
as you've probably guessed,
as you've probably guessed,
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因为整个学习过程要比这复杂得多。
04:20
that it doesn't, because
the whole thing is a complete myth.
the whole thing is a complete myth.
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这种学习方式只是人为定义的，
并没有科学证据的支持。
并没有科学证据的支持。
04:23
Learning styles are made up and are
not supported by scientific evidence.
not supported by scientific evidence.
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04:27
So we know this because in
tightly controlled experimental studies,
tightly controlled experimental studies,
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我们了解到这些，
是因为在严格对照的实验研究里，
是因为在严格对照的实验研究里，
04:31
when learners are given material to learn
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给学习者提供的学习资料
04:33
either in their preferred style
or an opposite style,
or an opposite style,
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要么是他们喜欢的学习方式，
要么就是他们不喜欢的，
要么就是他们不喜欢的，
04:35
it makes no difference at all to the
amount of information that they retain.
amount of information that they retain.
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事实证明他们所掌握的信息数量
完全没有区别。
完全没有区别。
04:39
And if you think about it
for just a second,
for just a second,
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如果你仔细思考一下，
04:41
it's just obvious
that this has to be true.
that this has to be true.
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很明显，这是真实的。
04:43
It's obvious that
the best presentation format
the best presentation format
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最好的呈现方式
04:46
depends not on you,
but on what you're trying to learn.
but on what you're trying to learn.
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不取决于你，
而取决于你尝试学习的东西。
而取决于你尝试学习的东西。
04:49
Could you learn to drive a car,
for example,
for example,
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例如，你学开车的时候，
04:51
just by listening to someone
telling you what to do
telling you what to do
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只是通过听别人口头传授，
而不需要任何动觉的经验吗？
04:53
with no kinesthetic experience?
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04:55
Could you solve simultaneous equations
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你在解联立方程的时候，
04:57
by talking them through in your head
and without writing them down?
and without writing them down?
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只是通过单纯的大脑思考，
而不用把它们写下来吗？
而不用把它们写下来吗？
05:00
Could you revise
for your architecture exams
for your architecture exams
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如果你是一个动觉学习者，
在复习建筑学考试的时候
在复习建筑学考试的时候
05:02
using interpretive dance
if you're a kinesthetic learner?
if you're a kinesthetic learner?
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能使用诠释性的舞蹈吗？
当然不行，你需要做的
是要将需要学习的材料
是要将需要学习的材料
05:05
No. What you need to do
is match the material to be learned
is match the material to be learned
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05:08
to the presentation format, not you.
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与它表现的形式相匹配，
而不是与你习惯的方式。
而不是与你习惯的方式。
05:11
I know many of you are A-level students
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我知道许多在座的人是优等生，
05:14
that will have recently gotten
your GCSE results.
your GCSE results.
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最近刚拿到你的GCSE
（中等教育普通证书）的结果。
（中等教育普通证书）的结果。
如果你没有完全
得到你预期的成绩，
得到你预期的成绩，
05:16
And if you didn't quite get
what you were hoping for,
what you were hoping for,
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05:18
then you can't really blame
your learning style,
your learning style,
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你真的不能责怪
你的学习方式，
你的学习方式，
05:21
but one thing that you might want
to think about blaming is your genes.
to think about blaming is your genes.
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但你也许可以考虑责怪的
事情之一就是你的基因。
事情之一就是你的基因。
05:24
So what this is all about is a
recent study at University College London
recent study at University College London
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这里有伦敦大学学院
最近做的一项研究，
最近做的一项研究，
05:28
found that 58 percent of the variation
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发现在不同学生
05:31
between different students
and their GCSE results
and their GCSE results
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和他们的GCSE成绩之间
05:34
was down to genetic factors.
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有58%的差异来自遗传因素。
05:36
That sounds like a very precise figure,
so how can we tell?
so how can we tell?
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这听起来是一个精确的数字，
我们是怎么确定它的？
我们是怎么确定它的？
05:39
Well, when we want to unpack
the relative contributions
the relative contributions
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当我们想解开关于基因和环境
05:42
of genes and the environment,
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相互作用的问题，
05:44
what we can do is do a twin study.
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我们可以做双胞胎研究。
05:47
So identical twins share
100 percent of their environment
100 percent of their environment
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同卵双胞胎有100%相同的环境
05:50
and 100 percent of their genes,
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以及100%相同的基因，
05:52
whereas non-identical twins
share 100 percent of their environment,
share 100 percent of their environment,
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然而，异卵双胞胎
有100％相同的环境，
有100％相同的环境，
05:55
but just like any brother and sister,
share only 50 percent of their genes.
share only 50 percent of their genes.
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但像任何兄弟姐妹一样，
只有一半相同的基因。
只有一半相同的基因。
05:59
So by comparing how similar
GCSE results are in identical twins
GCSE results are in identical twins
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因此，通过比较同卵双胞胎
与异卵双胞胎的
与异卵双胞胎的
06:03
versus non-identical twins,
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GCSE的成绩，
06:06
and doing some clever math,
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做一些巧妙的计算后，
06:07
we can an idea of how much variation
and performance is due to the environment
and performance is due to the environment
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我们就可以知道有多少
表现和差异来自环境，
表现和差异来自环境，
06:11
and how much is due to genes.
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有多少是受基因的影响。
06:13
And it turns out that it's
about 58 percent due to genes.
about 58 percent due to genes.
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而结果证明，
约58％的差异是基因导致的。
约58％的差异是基因导致的。
06:17
So this isn't to undermine the hard work
that you and your teachers here put in.
that you and your teachers here put in.
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所以，并不是说你和你老师们的
辛苦付出没起到什么作用。
辛苦付出没起到什么作用。
06:20
If you didn't quite get the GCSE results
that you were hoping for,
that you were hoping for,
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如果你没有得到你预期的
GCSE成绩，
GCSE成绩，
06:24
then you can always try blaming
your parents, or at least their genes.
your parents, or at least their genes.
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那么你可以尝试去埋怨
你的父母，或至少他们的基因。
你的父母，或至少他们的基因。
06:28
One thing that you shouldn't blame
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有一件你不应该去埋怨的事情，
是关于左脑学习者
或右脑学习者，
或右脑学习者，
06:30
is being a left-brained
or right-brained learner,
or right-brained learner,
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因为，这同样也是个错误观念。
06:33
because again, this is a myth.
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06:34
So the myth here is that
the left brain is logical,
the left brain is logical,
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它描述的是
左脑是主管逻辑，
左脑是主管逻辑，
06:37
it's good with equations like this,
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它擅于解方程式，
06:39
and the right brain is more creative,
so the right brain is better at music.
so the right brain is better at music.
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而右脑更富有创意，
在音乐方面表现更佳。
在音乐方面表现更佳。
06:43
But again, this is a myth
because nearly everything that you do
because nearly everything that you do
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但同样，这是一个错误观念，
因为几乎你所做的每件事情
因为几乎你所做的每件事情
06:46
involves nearly all parts
of your brain talking together,
of your brain talking together,
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都牵涉你大脑所有
部位的相互沟通联系，
部位的相互沟通联系，
06:49
even just the most mundane thing
like having a normal conversation.
like having a normal conversation.
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就算是最平凡的日常对话都如此。
06:52
However, perhaps one reason
why this myth has survived
why this myth has survived
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然而，这个错误观念至今仍然存在的
一个原因可能是
一个原因可能是
06:55
is that there is
a slight grain of truth to it.
a slight grain of truth to it.
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这里包含着小部分事实。
06:58
So a related version of the myth
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它的另一个说法
06:59
is that left-handed people are
more creative than right-handed people,
more creative than right-handed people,
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是说左撇子比右撇子更有创造力，
07:03
which kind of makes sense because
your brain controls the opposite hands,
your brain controls the opposite hands,
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这种说法有点道理，
因为你的大脑控制相反的手，
因为你的大脑控制相反的手，
07:06
so left-handed people,
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因此，左撇子的人，
07:07
the right side of the brain
is slightly more active
is slightly more active
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他的右脑比右撇子的人
07:10
than the left-hand side of the brain,
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更加活跃一点，
而共识恰恰是右脑更有创造力。
07:12
and the idea is the right-hand side
is more creative.
is more creative.
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07:14
Now, it isn't true per se
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但这个左撇子比右撇子
07:16
that left-handed people are more creative
than right-handed people.
than right-handed people.
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更有创造力的观念
本身并不太站得住脚。
本身并不太站得住脚。
07:19
What is true that ambidextrous people,
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事实上，双手灵巧的人
07:21
or people who use both hands
for different tasks,
for different tasks,
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或两手可以处理不同事情的人，
07:24
are more creative thinkers
than one-handed people,
than one-handed people,
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比单手使用者更富有创意，
07:28
because being ambidextrous involves
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因为双手使用者需要
07:29
having both sides of the brain
talk to each other a lot,
talk to each other a lot,
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让大脑两侧进行
大量的互动和沟通，
大量的互动和沟通，
07:32
which seems to be involved
in creating flexible thinking.
in creating flexible thinking.
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这似乎与创造灵活的思维相关。
07:36
The myth of the creative left-hander
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左撇子更有创意的错误观念
07:38
arises from the fact
that being ambidextrous
that being ambidextrous
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源自善用双手者
07:40
is more common amongst
left-handers than right-handers,
left-handers than right-handers,
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在左撇子中比右撇子中
更常见这一事实，
更常见这一事实，
07:43
so a grain of truth in the idea
of the creative left-hander,
of the creative left-hander,
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所以说，左撇子更有创意
这个说法有些道理，
这个说法有些道理，
07:46
but not much.
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但并不完全正确。
07:47
A related myth that you've
probably heard of
probably heard of
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另一个相关的错误观念，
你或许听过，
你或许听过，
07:50
is that we only use
10 percent of our brains.
10 percent of our brains.
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我们只用到了我们大脑的10％。
07:52
This is, again, a complete myth.
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这也是一个完全错误的观念。
07:54
Nearly everything that we do,
even the most mundane thing,
even the most mundane thing,
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我们所做的每件事情，
即使是最平凡的小事，
即使是最平凡的小事，
07:56
uses nearly all of our brains.
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都会使用到几乎整个大脑。
07:58
That said, it is of course true
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我们大多数人不能
08:02
that most of us don't use our brainpower
quite as well as we could.
quite as well as we could.
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有效地运用我们的大脑，
这种说法当然是真的。
这种说法当然是真的。
08:07
So what could we do
to boost our brainpower?
to boost our brainpower?
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那么我们要怎样充分调动
我们大脑的潜能呢？
我们大脑的潜能呢？
或许我们可以听一段莫扎特的音乐。
08:10
Maybe we could listen
to a nice bit of Mozart.
to a nice bit of Mozart.
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08:12
Have you heard of the idea
of the Mozart effect?
of the Mozart effect?
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你们听说过莫扎特效应吗？
08:15
So the idea is that listening
to Mozart makes you smarter
to Mozart makes you smarter
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它说的是听莫扎特的音乐
会使你更聪明，
会使你更聪明，
08:18
and improves your
performance on I.Q. tests.
performance on I.Q. tests.
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并能提升你在智商测验中的表现。
08:20
Now again, what's interesting
about this myth
about this myth
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它的有趣之处在于
08:22
is that although it's basically a myth,
there is a grain of truth to it.
there is a grain of truth to it.
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虽然这基本上也是个错误观念，
但也并不是完全错误。
但也并不是完全错误。
08:25
So the original study found that
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最初的研究发现
08:27
participants who were played
Mozart music for a few minutes
Mozart music for a few minutes
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听过几分钟莫扎特音乐的参与者
08:31
did better on a subsequent I.Q. test
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在随后的智商测验中的表现
08:33
than participants who simply
sat in silence.
sat in silence.
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比只是静静坐着的参与者要好。
08:37
But a follow-up study recruited
some people who liked Mozart music
some people who liked Mozart music
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但一项后续研究，招募了
一些喜欢莫扎特音乐的人
一些喜欢莫扎特音乐的人
08:40
and then another group of people
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以及另外一组人，
他们喜欢Stephen King的恐怖故事。
08:42
who were fans of
the horror stories of Stephen King.
the horror stories of Stephen King.
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08:45
And they played the people
the music or the stories.
the music or the stories.
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参与者都需要听音乐或听故事。
08:48
The people who preferred
Mozart music to the stories
Mozart music to the stories
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更喜欢听莫扎特音乐的人
比爱听故事的人
比爱听故事的人
08:51
got a bigger I.Q. boost
from the Mozart than the stories,
from the Mozart than the stories,
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在听过莫扎特音乐后
表现出了更高的智商，
表现出了更高的智商，
08:54
but the people who preferred
the stories to the Mozart music
the stories to the Mozart music
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但对于更喜欢听故事的人来说，
08:56
got a bigger I.Q. boost
from listening to the Stephen King stories
from listening to the Stephen King stories
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听Stephen King的故事，
相比听莫扎特的音乐，会让他们的智商
相比听莫扎特的音乐，会让他们的智商
08:59
than the Mozart music.
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呈现更显著的增长。
09:01
So the truth is that listening
to something that you enjoy
to something that you enjoy
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那么事实就是，
当你在听喜欢的东西时，
当你在听喜欢的东西时，
09:03
perks you up a bit
and gives you a temporary I.Q. boost
and gives you a temporary I.Q. boost
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会使你振作一点，
让你在有限的工作中
让你在有限的工作中
09:07
on a narrow range of tasks.
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会表现出暂时的智商增长。
09:09
There's no suggestion that
listening to Mozart,
listening to Mozart,
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不过并没有证据表明听莫扎特音乐，
09:11
or indeed Stephen King stories,
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或听Stephen King的故事
09:13
is going to make you any smarter
in the long run.
in the long run.
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会让你彻底变得更聪明。
09:16
Another version of the Mozart myth
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另一个关于莫扎特的错误观念
09:19
is that listening to Mozart can make you
not only cleverer but healthier, too.
not only cleverer but healthier, too.
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是听莫扎特音乐，不仅让你变聪明，
而且会更健康。
而且会更健康。
09:24
Unfortunately, this doesn't
seem to be true
seem to be true
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可惜的是，这对于几乎每天听
09:26
of someone who listened
to the music of Mozart almost every day,
to the music of Mozart almost every day,
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莫扎特音乐的人来说，
并不是那么回事儿。
并不是那么回事儿。
09:29
Mozart himself,
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莫扎特本身就曾饱受疾病的折磨，
09:31
who suffered from gonorrhea,
smallpox, arthritis,
smallpox, arthritis,
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淋病，天花，关节炎，
09:34
and, what most people think eventually
killed him in the end, syphilis.
killed him in the end, syphilis.
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不过人们认为最终
导致他死亡的是梅毒。
导致他死亡的是梅毒。
09:38
This suggests that Mozart
should have bit more careful, perhaps,
should have bit more careful, perhaps,
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这表示，也许莫扎特在
选择他的性伴侣时
选择他的性伴侣时
09:42
when choosing his sexual partners.
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应该要更小心。
09:44
But how do we choose a partner?
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但是，我们该如何选择另一半呢？
09:46
So a myth that I have to say
is sometimes spread a bit by sociologists
is sometimes spread a bit by sociologists
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还有一个时常被社会学家提到的观念，
09:51
is that our preferences in a romantic
partner are a product of our culture,
partner are a product of our culture,
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那就是我们对于恋爱对象的偏好
是一种文化下的产物，
是一种文化下的产物，
09:55
that they're very culturally specific.
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具有文化特定性。
09:57
But in fact, the data don't back this up.
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但实际上，数据分析的结果
并不支持这种看法。
并不支持这种看法。
09:59
A famous study surveyed people from
[37] different cultures across the globe,
[37] different cultures across the globe,
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有一项知名的研究，对来自全球37个
不同文化背景的人进行了调查，
不同文化背景的人进行了调查，
10:03
from Americans to Zulus,
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从美洲人到南非祖鲁部落人，
10:05
on what they look for in a partner.
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关于他们如何择偶。
10:07
And in every single culture
across the globe,
across the globe,
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而在全世界任何一个文化中，
10:09
men placed more value
on physical attractiveness in a partner
on physical attractiveness in a partner
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男性都会比女性更多的注重
10:13
than did women,
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另一半的外表，
10:14
and in every single culture, too,
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同样在任何一个文化中，
女性都比男性更重视另一半的
事业心和经济能力。
事业心和经济能力。
10:16
women placed more importance than did men
on ambition and high earning power.
on ambition and high earning power.
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10:21
In every culture, too,
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另外，在任何一个文化中，
10:22
men preferred women
who were younger than themselves,
who were younger than themselves,
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男性更喜欢比自己年轻的女性，
10:25
an average of, I think it was 2.66 years,
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我记得平均要年轻2.66岁，
10:27
and in every culture, too,
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同样在任何文化中，
10:29
women preferred men
who were older than them,
who were older than them,
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女性都更喜欢比她们年纪大的男性，
10:32
so an average of 3.42 years,
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平均年长3.42岁，
10:34
which is why we've got here
"Everybody needs a Sugar Daddy."
"Everybody needs a Sugar Daddy."
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这就是为什么人们常说
“每个人（女性）都需要傍大款。“
“每个人（女性）都需要傍大款。“
10:38
So moving on from trying
to score with a partner
to score with a partner
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那么，把话题从找到理想伴侣转到
10:41
to trying to score in basketball
or football or whatever your sport is.
or football or whatever your sport is.
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如何在篮球或足球等运动中得分吧。
10:45
The myth here is that sportsmen go through
hot-hand streaks, Americans call them,
hot-hand streaks, Americans call them,
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这个说法是，运动员会经历
美国人称为的热手时期，
美国人称为的热手时期，
10:49
or purple patches,
we sometimes say in England,
we sometimes say in England,
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或英国人说的紫色时期，
10:51
where they just can't miss,
like this guy here.
like this guy here.
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像这家伙一样，
在球场上他们绝对不会丢分。
在球场上他们绝对不会丢分。
10:54
But in fact, what happens is that
if you analyze the pattern
if you analyze the pattern
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但事实上，如果你对这些得分和丢分
10:58
of hits and misses statistically,
242
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1788
进行统计分析，
10:59
it turns out that it's
nearly always at random.
nearly always at random.
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你会发现这几乎都是随机的。
11:02
Your brain creates patterns
from the randomness.
from the randomness.
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你的大脑会从随机事件中
创建出某种模式。
创建出某种模式。
11:04
If you toss a coin,
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比如你抛硬币，
11:05
a streak of heads or tails is going
to come out somewhere in the randomness,
to come out somewhere in the randomness,
246
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3636
会随机出现正面或反面两种可能，
11:09
and because the brain likes to see
patterns where there are none,
patterns where there are none,
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因为大脑喜欢从随机中找出模式来，
11:12
we look at these streaks
and attribute meanings to them
and attribute meanings to them
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我们会为这些随机事件
人为加上某种意义，
人为加上某种意义，
说：“是啊，他今天状态很好。”
11:15
and say, "Yeah he's really on form today,"
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但如果你只是随机的得分和丢分，
11:17
whereas actually you would
get the same pattern
get the same pattern
250
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实际上还是会获得相同的
数据分布模式。
数据分布模式。
11:19
if you were just getting
hits and misses at random.
hits and misses at random.
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11:23
So an exception to this, however,
is penalty shootouts.
is penalty shootouts.
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但是罚球是一个例外。
11:26
A recent study looking
at penalty shootouts in football
at penalty shootouts in football
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最近一项关于足球运动中
罚点球的研究发现，
罚点球的研究发现，
11:29
shows that players who represent countries
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2020
那些罚点球记录很糟糕的
11:31
with a very bad record
in penalty shootouts,
in penalty shootouts,
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国家队中的球员，
11:34
like, for example, England,
256
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例如，在英国队，
11:36
tend to be quicker to take their shots
than countries with a better record,
than countries with a better record,
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相比罚球记录较好国家的球员
更急于射门得分，
更急于射门得分，
11:40
and presumably as a result,
they're more likely to miss.
they're more likely to miss.
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结果看起来就好像
他们比较容易罚球失误。
他们比较容易罚球失误。
11:43
Which raises the question
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这又带出了一个问题，
11:45
of if there's any way that we
could improve people's performance.
could improve people's performance.
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有什么方法可以改善人们的表现。
11:48
And one thing you might think about doing
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696949
1998
你可能会想做这样一件事，
11:50
is punishing people for their misses
and seeing if that improves them.
and seeing if that improves them.
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惩罚有失误的人，看这样
是否能提高他们表现。
是否能提高他们表现。
11:54
This idea, the effect that punishment
can improve performance,
can improve performance,
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这个关于惩罚可以提升表现的看法，
11:57
is what participants
thought they were testing
thought they were testing
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正是Milgram著名的
学习和惩罚实验中的
学习和惩罚实验中的
12:00
in Milgram's famous learning
and punishment experiment
and punishment experiment
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708204
2532
参与者认为他们所测试的对象，
12:02
that you've probably heard about
if you're a psychology student.
if you're a psychology student.
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如果你是一个心理学系的学生，
你可能听说过这个实验。
你可能听说过这个实验。
12:05
The story goes that participants
were prepared to give
were prepared to give
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具体是这样，
当一部分参与者答错了问题时，
当一部分参与者答错了问题时，
另一部分参与者就要对他们实施
12:08
what they believed to be fatal
electric shocks to a fellow participant
electric shocks to a fellow participant
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3301
12:11
when they got a question wrong,
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2021
提前被告知会致命的电击，
12:13
just because someone
in a white coat told them to.
in a white coat told them to.
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就因为某个穿着白大褂的人
告诉他们这样做。
告诉他们这样做。
12:16
But this story is a myth
for three reasons.
for three reasons.
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2415
但这个故事疑点重重，原因有三个。
12:19
Firstly and most crucially, the lab coat
wasn't white, it was in fact grey.
wasn't white, it was in fact grey.
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第一个，也是最关键的，
实验外套不是白色，而是灰色。
实验外套不是白色，而是灰色。
12:24
Secondly, the participants
were told before the study
were told before the study
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其次，在研究进行之前，
参与者会被告知
参与者会被告知
12:28
and reminded any time
they raised a concern,
they raised a concern,
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2507
并在实验中一直被提醒，
12:30
that although the shocks were painful,
they were not fatal
they were not fatal
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虽然电击会引起疼痛，
但并不是致命的，
但并不是致命的，
12:33
and indeed caused
no permanent damage whatsoever.
no permanent damage whatsoever.
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也不会引起永久的伤害，等等。
12:36
And thirdly, participants
didn't give the shocks
didn't give the shocks
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第三，参与者没有因为穿实验服的人
12:38
just because someone
in the coat told them to.
in the coat told them to.
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让他们实施电击，就真的这样做了。
12:41
When they were interviewed
after the study,
after the study,
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在实验结束后的采访中，
12:43
all the participants said
that they firmly believed
that they firmly believed
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2508
所有参与者都说，他们坚定地认为
12:46
that the learning and punishment study
served a worthy scientific purpose
served a worthy scientific purpose
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3784
学习和惩罚的研究很有科学价值，
12:49
which would have
enduring gains for science
enduring gains for science
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2438
虽然会给予参与者短暂的，
非致命的不适感，
非致命的不适感，
12:52
as opposed to the momentary nonfatal
discomfort caused to the participants.
discomfort caused to the participants.
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但能让科学领域获得长远的收获。
12:59
Okay, so I've been talking
for about 12 minutes now,
for about 12 minutes now,
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2578
好了，目前我已经讲了约12分钟，
13:01
and you've probably been
sitting there listening to me,
sitting there listening to me,
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2686
你们可能一直在那里听我讲，
13:04
analyzing my speech patterns
and body language
and body language
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2220
分析我讲话的模式和身体语言，
13:06
and trying to work out if you should
take any notice of what I'm saying,
take any notice of what I'm saying,
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3607
并试图记住我说过的一些话，
13:10
whether I'm telling the truth
or whether I'm lying,
or whether I'm lying,
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2461
并分辨它们究竟是事实，
还是我在撒谎，
还是我在撒谎，
13:12
but if so you've
probably completely failed,
probably completely failed,
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2182
如果你这样做的话，
你大概没得出什么正确结论，
你大概没得出什么正确结论，
13:14
because although we all think
we can catch a liar
we can catch a liar
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2345
因为，虽然我们认为，
我们能够通过身体语言和说话方式
我们能够通过身体语言和说话方式
13:17
from their body language
and speech patterns,
and speech patterns,
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2093
来判断一个人是不是在说谎，
13:19
hundreds of psychological tests
over the years have shown
over the years have shown
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2673
但是多年来的数百个心理学研究却发现
13:21
that all of us, including
police officers and detectives,
police officers and detectives,
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2691
我们所有的人，包括警察和侦探，
13:24
are basically at chance when it comes
to detecting lies from body language
to detecting lies from body language
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3500
当想要透过说话者的身体语言和
说话方式来测谎时，
说话方式来测谎时，
13:28
and verbal patterns.
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1581
其实都是在碰运气。
13:29
Interestingly, there is one exception:
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2044
有趣的是，有一个例外：
13:31
TV appeals for missing relatives.
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2252
当电视上有人呼吁寻找失踪的亲人，
13:33
It's quite easy to predict
when the relatives are missing
when the relatives are missing
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2985
我们很容易就能判断
亲人是真的失踪了，
亲人是真的失踪了，
13:36
and when the appealers have in fact
murdered the relatives themselves.
murdered the relatives themselves.
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804923
3331
还是发出呼吁的人
已经谋杀了自己的亲人。
已经谋杀了自己的亲人。
13:40
So hoax appealers are more likely
to shake their heads, to look away,
to shake their heads, to look away,
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808254
3515
说谎的呼吁者更可能会摇头，
目光游移不定，
目光游移不定，
13:43
and to make errors in their speech,
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1714
而且他们的言辞中错误频频，
13:45
whereas genuine appealers are more likely
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2015
相反，真正的呼吁人通常
13:47
to express hope that the person
will return safely
will return safely
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2345
更会表达对失踪者安全归来的期待，
13:49
and to avoid brutal language.
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1741
并避免使用极端的语言。
13:51
So, for example, they might say
"taken from us" rather than "killed."
"taken from us" rather than "killed."
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819584
4603
例如，他们可能会说
“离开了我们”，而不是“被杀害了”。
“离开了我们”，而不是“被杀害了”。
13:56
Speaking of which,
it's about time I killed this talk,
it's about time I killed this talk,
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2657
说到这里，
差不多该结束这次演讲了，
差不多该结束这次演讲了，
13:58
but before I do, I just want
to give you in 30 seconds
to give you in 30 seconds
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3208
不过在结束以前，
我想用30秒来总结一下
我想用30秒来总结一下
14:02
the overarching myth of psychology.
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3371
关于心理学总体的一个错误观念。
14:05
So the myth is that psychology is just
a collection of interesting theories,
a collection of interesting theories,
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833423
4297
这个观念是，心理学
只是对有趣理论的收集，
只是对有趣理论的收集，
14:09
all of which say something useful
and all of which have something to offer.
and all of which have something to offer.
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3521
只是提供一些实用的，
指导性的理论而已。
指导性的理论而已。
14:13
What I hope to have shown you
in the past few minutes
in the past few minutes
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在刚才的演讲中
我希望已经让你们知道了，
我希望已经让你们知道了，
14:15
is that this isn't true.
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1585
这种说法并不正确。
14:17
What we need to do is assess
psychological theories
psychological theories
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我们需要做的是，
通过心理学所做的预测
通过心理学所做的预测
14:20
by seeing what predictions they make,
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848584
1884
来评估这些心理学理论，
14:22
whether that is that listening to Mozart
makes you smarter,
makes you smarter,
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2821
无论是听莫扎特音乐能让你更聪明，
14:25
that you learn better when information is
presented in your preferred learning style
presented in your preferred learning style
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853289
4767
或当信息以你较喜欢的学习模式
呈现出来，你会学得更好，
呈现出来，你会学得更好，
14:30
or whatever it is, all of these
are testable empirical predictions,
are testable empirical predictions,
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858056
3465
无论它是什么，所有这些
都是可检验的以经验为依据的预测，
都是可检验的以经验为依据的预测，
14:33
and the only way we can make progress
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1785
我们唯一能取得进展的方式就是
14:35
is to test these predictions
against the data
against the data
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在严格的对照实验研究中
14:37
in tightly controlled
experimental studies.
experimental studies.
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2329
用数据去检验这些预测。
14:39
And it's only by doing so
that we can hope to discover
that we can hope to discover
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3134
只有这样，我们才能期待去发现
14:42
which of these theories
are well supported,
are well supported,
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哪些理论有充分的证据支持，
14:45
and which, like all the ones
I've told you about today, are myths.
I've told you about today, are myths.
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而哪些，就像我今天介绍过的，
是错误的观念。
是错误的观念。
14:48
Thank you.
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谢谢。
14:50
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
Reviewed by Jingyao Xue
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ben Ambridge - PsychologistBen Ambridge is the author of "Psy-Q," a sparkling book debunking what we think we know about psychology.
Why you should listen
Ben Ambridge is a senior lecturer in psychology at the University of Liverpool, where he researches children’s language development. He is the author of Psy-Q, which introduces readers to some of the major findings in psychology via interactive puzzles, games, quizzes and tests.
He also writes great newsy stories connecting psychology to current events. His article "Why Can't We Talk to the Animals?" was shortlisted for the 2012 Guardian-Wellcome Science Writing Prize. Psy-Q is his first book for a general audience.
Ben Ambridge | Speaker | TED.com