ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christien Meindertsma - Artist
Christien Meindertsma uses art (and craft) to expose the hidden processes and connections of our modern life.

Why you should listen

Dutch artist Christien Meindertsma explores raw materials in thoughtful ways, making simple books and products that lay bare complex and once-hidden processes. For her first book, Checked Baggage, she purchased a container filled with a week's worth of objects confiscated at security checkpoints at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport after 9/11. She meticulously categorized all 3,267 items and photographed them on a white seamless background. Her second book, PIG 05049, documents the astounding array of products that different parts of a pig named 05049 could support -- revealing the lines that link raw materials with producers, products and consumers that have become so invisible in an increasingly globalized world. PIG 05049 was acquired by New York's Museum of Modern Art this winter.

With her product designs, Meindertsma plays with ancient, natural materials and processes. In a project for the Nature Conservancy last year, she made the sensuous Idaho rug, knitted from inch-thick felted wool yarn from the fleece of sheep at Lava Lake Ranch in Idaho. Each panel of the massive rug was knitted (on giant wooden needles) from the fleece of one sheep, using a different stitch per animal to display the personalities that make up a flock.

More profile about the speaker
Christien Meindertsma | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2010

Christien Meindertsma: How pig parts make the world turn

克莉丝汀·梅因德斯玛(Christien Meindertsma): 世界如何因猪而转

Filmed:
1,301,838 views

《Pig 05049》的作者,荷兰设计师克莉丝汀·梅因德斯玛诠释了一头普普通通的猪被宰杀之后,它的全身各处是如何被加工成多达185种非猪肉产品的,这些产品从子弹到人造心脏,可谓包罗万象。
- Artist
Christien Meindertsma uses art (and craft) to expose the hidden processes and connections of our modern life. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
Hello你好. I would like to start开始 my talk
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你们好。我想先问大家
00:18
with actually其实 two questions问题, and the first one is:
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两个问题,第一:
00:20
How many许多 people here actually其实 eat pig meat?
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在座有多少人吃猪肉?
00:23
Please raise提高 your hand --
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请举手。
00:25
oh, that's a lot.
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噢,真不少啊。
00:27
And how many许多 people have actually其实 seen看到
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那么,有多少人
00:29
a live生活 pig producing生产 this meat?
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见过一头活的肉猪?
00:31
In the last year?
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是在最近一年以内。
00:34
In the Netherlands荷兰 -- where I come from --
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在荷兰,我的家乡,
00:36
you actually其实 never see a pig, which哪一个 is really strange奇怪,
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你根本见不到活猪,这很奇怪,
00:39
because, on a population人口 of 16 million百万 people,
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因为,我们人口有一千六百万,
00:41
we have 12 million百万 pigs.
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而全国却有一千二百万头猪。
00:44
And well, of course课程, the Dutch荷兰人 can't eat all these pigs.
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当然,荷兰人不可能吃完那么多头猪。
00:46
They eat about one-third三分之一, and the rest休息 is exported出口
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他们大概只能消耗三分之一的猪,
00:49
to all kinds of countries国家 in Europe欧洲 and the rest休息 of the world世界.
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余下的出口到欧洲及世界其他国家。
00:52
A lot goes to the U.K., Germany德国.
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相当一部分出口到英国,德国。
00:54
And what I was curious好奇 about --
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让我感到好奇的是--
00:56
because historically历史, the whole整个 pig would be used up until直到 the last bit
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由于在过去,人们会让猪的全身上下各个部分都派上用场,
00:59
so nothing would be wasted浪费 --
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这样就不会产生浪费......
01:01
and I was curious好奇 to find out
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我很想知道
01:03
if this was actually其实 still the case案件.
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现在的情况是否跟以前一样。
01:05
And I spent花费 about three years年份 researching研究.
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于是,我用了三年时间来调查。
01:07
And I followed其次 this one pig
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我跟踪调查了一头
01:09
with number "05049,"
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代号为05049的猪。
01:11
all the way up until直到 the end结束
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一路追踪到底
01:13
and to what products制品 it's made制作 of.
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并找到它最终被加工成哪些产品。
01:15
And in these years年份, I met会见 all kinds people
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这几年,我见过了各种人,
01:17
like, for instance, farmers农民 and butchers屠夫, which哪一个 seems似乎 logical合乎逻辑.
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比如说,农民和屠夫,这没什么奇怪的。
01:20
But I also met会见 aluminum mold模子 makers制造商,
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但是,我还见到了铝制模具的工人,
01:23
ammunition弹药 producers生产商
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军火制造商
01:25
and all kinds of people.
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和其他各行各业的人。
01:27
And what was striking引人注目 to me
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最让我吃惊的是,
01:29
is that the farmers农民 actually其实 had no clue线索
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那些养猪户对于猪的用途
01:31
what was made制作 of their pigs,
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一无所知,
01:33
but the consumers消费者 -- as in us --
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而对于消费者 -- 也就是我们 --
01:36
had also no idea理念
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也不知道
01:38
of the pigs being存在 in all these products制品.
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猪被用于制造这些产品。
01:40
So what I did is,
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于是,
01:42
I took all this research研究
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我把整个调查
01:44
and I made制作 it into a -- well, basically基本上 it's a product产品 catalog目录 of this one pig,
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做成一本书 -- 列出了这头猪被制成的各类产品,
01:47
and it carries携带 a duplicate重复 of his ear tag标签
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书上还把它的耳标
01:50
on the back.
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挂在背面。
01:52
And it consists of seven chapters --
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本书共有七章。
01:55
the chapters are skin皮肤, bones骨头, meat, internal内部 organs器官,
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包括猪皮、骨头、猪肉、内脏、
01:57
blood血液, fat脂肪 and miscellaneous.
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猪血、肥肉及猪杂碎。
02:00
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:02
In total,
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这些全加起来,
02:04
they weigh称重 103.7 kilograms公斤.
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共重103.7公斤。
02:06
And to show显示 you how often经常 you actually其实
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为了让大家看到
02:09
meet遇到 part部分 of this pig in a regular定期 day,
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一天内你们与这头猪的接触有多频繁,
02:11
I want to show显示 you some images图片 of the book.
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我想展示一下书中的几幅插图。
02:15
You probably大概 start开始 the day with a shower淋浴.
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你可能起床之后会洗个澡。
02:17
So, in soap肥皂, fatty脂肪 acids
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那么,肥皂里的脂肪酸
02:19
made制作 from boiling沸腾 pork猪肉 bone fat脂肪
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就是由高温煮沸的猪骨脂
02:21
are used as a hardening硬化 agent代理人,
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所提炼出的,可用作硬化剂
02:23
but also for giving it a pearl-like珍珠般的 effect影响.
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还能打造出肥皂的珠光效果。
02:26
Then if you look around you in the bathroom浴室,
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接着,如果你环顾一下浴室,
02:28
you see lots more products制品
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就能看到更多类似的用品,
02:30
like shampoo洗头, conditioner调节器,
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如洗发水、护发素、
02:32
anti-wrinkle抗皱纹 cream奶油, body身体 lotion洗剂,
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抗皱霜、护肤乳
02:35
but also toothpaste牙膏.
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还有牙膏。
02:37
Then, so, before breakfast早餐,
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在用早餐之前,
02:39
you've already已经 met会见 the pig so many许多 times.
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你就已经跟这头猪亲密接触好几次了。
02:42
Then, at breakfast早餐, the pig that I followed其次,
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到了早餐时间,
02:44
the hairs off the pig or proteins蛋白质 from the hairs off the pig
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这头猪的毛,或者说从这头猪的毛里提取出的蛋白质
02:47
were used as an improver改良剂 of dough面团.
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被用作面团的优化剂。
02:50
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:52
Well, that's what the producer制片人 says: it's "improving提高 the dough面团,
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生产商是这么说的:“它能让面团更美味。”
02:54
of course课程."
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当然啦。
02:57
In low-fat低脂 butter牛油, or actually其实 in many许多 low-fat低脂 products制品,
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在低脂黄油,实际上,在许多低脂产品中,
02:59
when you take the fat脂肪 out, you actually其实 take the taste味道 and the texture质地 out.
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当其中的脂肪被去掉之后,实际上产品的味道和质感也就丧失了。
03:02
So what they do is they put gelatin明胶 back in,
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为此,生产商会加入明胶
03:05
in order订购 to retain保留 the texture质地.
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以保持产品的质感。
03:09
Well, when you're off to work, under the road or under the buildings房屋 that you see,
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当你下了班,你看到的路面底下,或建筑物下面,
03:12
there might威力 very well be cellular细胞的 concrete具体,
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很可能铺有微孔混凝土,
03:14
which哪一个 is a very light kind of concrete具体
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这种混凝土很轻,
03:16
that's actually其实 got proteins蛋白质 from bones骨头 inside
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其中就有从猪骨头中获取的蛋白质。
03:19
and it's also fully充分 reusable可重复使用.
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它还能被重复利用。
03:22
In the train培养 brakes刹车 -- at least最小 in the German德语 train培养 brakes刹车 --
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在火车的制动器里,至少在德国产的火车制动器里,
03:24
there's this part部分 of the brake制动
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有一个零件
03:26
that's made制作 of bone ash.
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是由猪的骨灰制成的。
03:28
And in cheesecake乳酪蛋糕 and all kinds of desserts甜点,
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在起司蛋糕和各种各样的甜点
03:31
like chocolate巧克力 mousse摩丝, tiramisu提拉米苏, vanilla香草 pudding布丁,
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比如巧克力慕斯,提拉米苏,香草布丁,
03:33
everything that's cooled冷却 in the supermarket超级市场,
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以及超市所有冷藏的食物里,
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there's gelatin明胶 to make it look good.
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都添加了明胶来保持食物美观。
03:38
Fine bone china中国 -- this is a real真实 classic经典.
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骨瓷--这个很经典。
03:40
Of course课程, the bone in fine-bone细骨 china中国
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当然,骨瓷中的骨粉
03:42
gives it its translucency半透明
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给瓷器增添了一层蒙胧感
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and also its strength强度,
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同时让瓷器更坚固,
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in order订购 to make these really fine shapes形状,
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这样才能制作出这些精美的造型,
03:48
like this deer鹿.
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就像这头小鹿。
03:51
In interior室内 decorating装潢, the pig's actually其实 quite相当 there.
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在室内装修方面,这头猪的贡献尤为显著。
03:54
It's used in paint涂料 for the texture质地,
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它被用来控制颜料质感,
03:57
but also for the glossiness光泽度.
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和光泽度。
03:59
In sandpaper砂纸, bone glue
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砂纸中把砂和纸粘在一起的胶水
04:01
is actually其实 the glue between之间 the sand and the paper.
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实际上就是骨胶。
04:05
And then in paintbrushes油画刷,
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再来就是猪毛做成的刷子,
04:07
hairs are used because, apparently显然地, they're very suitable适当 for making制造 paintbrushes油画刷
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很显然,猪毛是非常适合用来制作刷子的,
04:10
because of their hard-wearing耐磨 nature性质.
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因为它很耐磨。
04:13
I was not planning规划 on showing展示 you any meat
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我不打算给你们看关于猪肉的图片,
04:15
because, of course课程, half the book's图书 meat
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因为,当然啦,这本书一半的篇幅都在讲猪肉,
04:17
and you probably大概 all know what meats肉类 they are.
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你们也都知道猪肉的用途。
04:19
But I didn't want you to miss小姐 out on this one,
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但是,我想让大家看看这张图,
04:21
because this, well, it's called "portion-controlled部控制的 meat cuts削减."
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因为......这叫做“控量切割肉”。
04:24
And this is actually其实 sold出售
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这实际上是在超市的
04:26
in the frozen冻结的 area of the supermarket超级市场.
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冷鲜区出售的肉。
04:28
And what it is -- it's actually其实 steak牛扒.
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这是牛排。
04:30
So, this is sold出售 as cow,
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在牛肉区出售,
04:32
but what happens发生 when you slaughter屠宰 a cow --
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然而,事实上,当一头牛被宰杀之后 --
04:34
at least最小 in industrial产业 factory farming农业 --
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至少在屠宰场里是这样的情况 --
04:37
they have all these little bits of steak牛扒 left
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会剩下零碎的牛排肉
04:39
that they can't actually其实 sell as steak牛扒,
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但是这些碎肉又不能作为牛排出售,
04:41
so what they do is they glue them all together一起
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于是,屠宰场就用猪血中提取的纤维蛋白
04:44
with fibrin纤维蛋白 from pig blood血液
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把这些碎肉粘在一起
04:46
into this really large sausage香肠,
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制成一个硕大的肉肠,
04:48
then freeze冻结 the sausage香肠, cut it in little slices
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把它冷冻,再切成小片
04:51
and sell those as steak牛扒 again.
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最后把这些肉片作为牛排出售。
04:54
And this also actually其实 happens发生 with tuna金枪鱼 and scallops扇贝.
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一些金枪鱼和扇贝也经过这样的处理。
05:00
So, with the steak牛扒, you might威力 drink a beer啤酒.
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吃着牛排,你可能还会来点啤酒。
05:02
In the brewing酿造 process处理, there's lots of cloudy多云的 elements分子 in the beer啤酒,
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啤酒在酿造的过程中,会产生大量浑浊物,
05:05
so to get rid摆脱 of these cloudy多云的 elements分子,
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为了除去这些浑浊物,
05:07
what some companies公司 do
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一些酿酒公司
05:09
is they pour the beer啤酒 through通过 a sort分类 of gelatin明胶 sieve
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会把啤酒倒入一种明胶过滤网
05:11
in order订购 to get rid摆脱 of that cloudiness云量.
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来把浑浊物去掉。
05:14
This actually其实 also goes for wine红酒 as well as fruit水果 juice果汁.
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红酒和果汁的酿造过程中也有这道工序。
05:19
There's actually其实 a company公司 in Greece希腊
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希腊有一家公司
05:21
that produces产生 these cigarettes香烟
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生产这种香烟。
05:23
that actually其实 contain包含 hemoglobin血红蛋白 from pigs in the filter过滤.
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它的过滤嘴中含有猪的血红蛋白。
05:26
And according根据 to them,
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这家公司称,
05:28
this creates创建 an artificial人造 lung in the filter过滤.
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他们在过滤嘴中植入了一个人造肺。
05:30
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:32
So, this is actually其实 a healthier健康 cigarette香烟.
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因此,这是一种更有益健康的香烟。
05:35
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:37
Injectable注射 collagen胶原 -- or, since以来 the '70s, collagen胶原 from pigs --
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注射用胶原质 -- 十九世纪七十年代以后,猪的胶原质 --
05:40
has been used for injecting注射 into wrinkles皱纹.
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被用来防止皱纹的产生。
05:42
And the reason原因 for this is that pigs are actually其实 quite相当 close to human人的 beings众生,
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这是因为猪和人类实际上很相似,
05:45
so the collagen胶原 is as well.
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我们的胶原质也很相似。
05:49
Well, this must必须 be the strangest奇怪 thing I found发现.
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这是我最奇特的发现。
05:52
This is a bullet子弹 coming未来 from
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这颗子弹
05:54
a very large ammunition弹药 company公司 in the United联合的 States状态.
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是美国一家规模很大的军火公司生产的。
05:57
And while I was making制造 the book,
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当我写这本书的时候,
05:59
I contacted联系 all the producers生产商 of products制品
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我联系了所有产品的制造商,
06:01
because I wanted them to send发送 me the real真实 samples样本
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让他们给我送一些实物样品
06:03
and the real真实 specimens标本.
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和实物标本。
06:06
So I sent发送 this company公司 an email电子邮件
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于是我给这家公司发了封邮件
06:08
saying, "Hello你好. I'm ChristienChristien. I'm doing this research研究.
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我说:“您好,我是克莉丝汀。我在做这项研究。
06:10
And can you send发送 me a bullet子弹?"
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您可以给我寄来一颗子弹吗?”
06:12
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
06:14
And well, I didn't expect期望 them to even answer回答 my email电子邮件.
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我可没指望他们会给我回音。
06:16
But they answered回答
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结果他们回复了我,
06:18
and they said, "Why, thank you for your email电子邮件. What an interesting有趣 story故事.
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说:“感谢您的邮件。您的故事很有意思。
06:21
Are you in anyway无论如何 related有关 to the Dutch荷兰人 government政府?"
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请问您跟荷兰政府有什么关系吗?”
06:24
I thought that was really weird奇怪的,
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我觉得很奇怪,
06:26
as if the Dutch荷兰人 government政府 sends发送 emails电子邮件 to anyone任何人.
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好像荷兰政府经常乱给人发邮件似的。
06:28
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
06:33
So, the most beautiful美丽 thing I found发现 --
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我发现的最美的产品,
06:36
at least最小 what I think is the most beautiful美丽 -- in the book, is this heart valve.
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至少我个人认为是本书里最美的,是这个心脏瓣膜。
06:39
It's actually其实 a very low-tech技术含量低
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它有技术含量低的一面
06:41
and very high-tech高科技 product产品 at the same相同 time.
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同时又是个高科技产品。
06:43
The low-tech技术含量低 bit is that it's literally按照字面 a pig's heart valve
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说它技术含量低,是因为,它实际上就是把一个高科技的
06:46
mounted安装 in the high-tech高科技 bit,
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带有记忆功能的金属网
06:48
which哪一个 is a memory记忆 metal金属 casing套管.
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套在一个猪的心脏瓣膜上。
06:50
And what happens发生 is this can be implanted植入 into a human人的 heart
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这个瓣膜无须开心手术,
06:53
without open打开 heart surgery手术.
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就能被植入人的心脏里。
06:55
And once一旦 it's in the right spot,
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一旦进入正确的位置,
06:57
they remove去掉 the outer shell贝壳,
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金属网便被移除,
06:59
and the heart valve, well, it gets得到 this shape形状
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这样,心脏瓣膜,就变成了这个形状,
07:01
and at that moment时刻 it starts启动 beating跳动, instantly即刻.
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这时,它立即就开始跳动。
07:04
It's really a sort分类 of magical神奇 moment时刻.
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这真是非常神奇的一刻。
07:07
So this is actually其实 a Dutch荷兰人 company公司,
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这是一家荷兰公司。
07:09
so I called them up, and I asked,
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我给他们打电话,我问:
07:11
"Can I borrow a heart valve from you?"
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“我能向你们借一片心脏瓣膜吗?”
07:14
And the makers制造商 of this thing were really enthusiastic热情.
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这个产品的制造商非常热心。
07:16
So they were like, "Okay, we'll put it in a jar for you with formalin福尔马林,
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他们说:“好的,我们会把它放在一瓶福尔马林里面,
07:19
and you can borrow it."
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这样可以借给你了。”
07:21
Great -- and then I didn't hear from them for weeks,
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太好了。但是,过了好几周,一直没有他们的音信,
07:24
so I called,
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所以我又给他们打电话,
07:26
and I asked, "What's going on with the heart valve?"
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我问:“请问那个心脏瓣膜什么时候到啊?”
07:28
And they said, "Well the director导向器 of the company公司
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他们回答说:“公司的主管
07:31
decided决定 not to let you borrow this heart valve,
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决定不把它借给你了,
07:33
because want his product产品
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因为他不想让别人把这个产品
07:35
to be associated相关 with pigs."
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跟猪联系起来。”
07:38
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
07:41
Well, the last product产品 from the book that I'm showing展示 you is renewable可再生 energy能源 --
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最后,我准备向大家介绍书中的一个产品是可再生能源 --
07:44
actually其实, to show显示 that my first question,
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这其实回答了我的第一个问题,
07:46
if pigs are still used up until直到 the last bit, was still true真正.
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猪的各个部位是否都派上了用场,
07:49
Well it is, because everything that can't be used for anything else其他
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答案是肯定的,因为余下不能再做它用的部分
07:52
is made制作 into a fuel汽油
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全被制成了一种燃料
07:54
that can be used as renewable可再生 energy能源 source资源.
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可以用来做可再生能源。
07:58
In total, I found发现 185 products制品.
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我总共在猪身上找出了185中产品。
08:01
And what they showed显示 me
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从这些产品中我有一些感触
08:03
is that, well, firstly首先,
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首先,
08:05
it's at least最小 to say odd
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我们没有把猪
08:07
that we don't treat对待 these pigs
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当成宝贝
08:09
as absolute绝对 kings国王 and queens皇后.
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那就太奇怪了。
08:12
And the second第二, is that we actually其实 don't have a clue线索
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第二,我们根本不知道身边各种产品
08:15
of what all these products制品 that surround环绕 us are made制作 of.
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是由什么制成的。
08:18
And you might威力 think I'm very fond喜欢 of pigs,
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你可能以为我对猪很感兴趣,
08:21
but actually其实 -- well, I am a little bit --
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但是 -- 可能有一点吧 --
08:23
but I'm more fond喜欢
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我更感兴趣的是
08:25
of raw生的 materials物料 in general一般.
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各种产品的原材料。
08:27
And I think that, in order订购 to take better care关心
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我认为,想要更好地利用
08:30
of what's behind背后 our products制品 --
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制造产品所需的资源 --
08:32
so, the livestock家畜, the crops作物, the plants植物,
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牲畜,庄稼,植物,
08:35
the non-renewable不可再生 materials物料,
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不可再生资源,
08:37
but also the people that produce生产 these products制品 --
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还有生产者 --
08:40
the first step would actually其实 be to know that they are there.
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我们首先必须意识到他们的存在。
08:43
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢大家。
08:45
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Lili Liang
Reviewed by Chaoran Yu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christien Meindertsma - Artist
Christien Meindertsma uses art (and craft) to expose the hidden processes and connections of our modern life.

Why you should listen

Dutch artist Christien Meindertsma explores raw materials in thoughtful ways, making simple books and products that lay bare complex and once-hidden processes. For her first book, Checked Baggage, she purchased a container filled with a week's worth of objects confiscated at security checkpoints at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport after 9/11. She meticulously categorized all 3,267 items and photographed them on a white seamless background. Her second book, PIG 05049, documents the astounding array of products that different parts of a pig named 05049 could support -- revealing the lines that link raw materials with producers, products and consumers that have become so invisible in an increasingly globalized world. PIG 05049 was acquired by New York's Museum of Modern Art this winter.

With her product designs, Meindertsma plays with ancient, natural materials and processes. In a project for the Nature Conservancy last year, she made the sensuous Idaho rug, knitted from inch-thick felted wool yarn from the fleece of sheep at Lava Lake Ranch in Idaho. Each panel of the massive rug was knitted (on giant wooden needles) from the fleece of one sheep, using a different stitch per animal to display the personalities that make up a flock.

More profile about the speaker
Christien Meindertsma | Speaker | TED.com

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