TED2014
Marc Kushner: Why the buildings of the future will be shaped by ... you
馬克·庫什納: 你…...為何會是未來建築的塑造者
Filmed:
Readability: 3.9
3,735,933 views
「建築無關乎數學或都市規劃──建築關乎內心的情感」，這是由馬克·庫什納所說。在一個發人深省─常常是好笑的─的談話中，他穿越過去 30 年的建築，來說明曾被忽略的群眾，如何變成設計程序中不可或缺的一部份。透過社群媒體的協助，人群的回應在建築被創造前好幾年就傳到建築師耳中。結果是？建築可以替我們做的遠比以往來得多。
Marc Kushner - Architect
With Architizer, an online hub for architecture, Marc Kushner is breaking architecture out of its insular echo chamber and reconnecting the public with buildings. Full bio
With Architizer, an online hub for architecture, Marc Kushner is breaking architecture out of its insular echo chamber and reconnecting the public with buildings. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
今天我要告訴你
00:13
Today I'm going to speak to you
0
1828
1620
00:15
about the last 30 years
of architectural history.
of architectural history.
1
3472
3030
關於近３０年來建築學的歷史
00:19
That's a lot to pack into 18 minutes.
2
7685
2458
要把很多內容放進１８分鐘裡
00:22
It's a complex topic,
3
10167
1687
這是個複雜的議題
00:23
so we're just going to dive right in
at a complex place:
at a complex place:
4
11878
4374
所以我們就深入一個複雜的地方
00:28
New Jersey.
5
16276
1206
紐澤西
00:29
Because 30 years ago, I'm from Jersey,
6
17506
3190
因為３０年前 －我從紐澤西來－
00:32
and I was six, and I lived there
in my parents' house
in my parents' house
7
20720
3842
我六歲時，我住在父母的房子裡
00:36
in a town called Livingston,
8
24586
1624
在一個名為利文斯頓的小鎮
00:38
and this was my childhood bedroom.
9
26234
2931
這是我童年的臥房
00:41
Around the corner from my bedroom
10
29689
2435
就在臥房的角落
00:44
was the bathroom
that I used to share with my sister.
that I used to share with my sister.
11
32148
2862
是姐姐跟我共用的浴室
00:47
And in between my bedroom and the bathroom
12
35225
2913
在我的臥房和浴室中間
00:50
was a balcony that overlooked
the family room.
the family room.
13
38162
2801
是可以看到客廳的陽台
00:53
And that's where everyone
would hang out and watch TV,
would hang out and watch TV,
14
41413
3682
那是大家閒聊和看電視的地方
00:57
so that every time that I walked
from my bedroom to the bathroom,
from my bedroom to the bathroom,
15
45119
4163
每當我從臥房走到浴室
01:01
everyone would see me,
16
49306
1336
大家都看得到我
01:02
and every time I took a shower
and would come back in a towel,
and would come back in a towel,
17
50666
3754
每當我沖完澡，批著浴巾走回臥室
01:06
everyone would see me.
18
54444
1377
大家都看得到我
01:08
And I looked like this.
19
56162
1381
而我看起還像這樣
01:10
I was awkward,
20
58718
3023
好尷尬
01:13
insecure, and I hated it.
21
61765
2091
沒安全感，我討厭這樣
01:15
I hated that walk, I hated that balcony,
22
63880
3039
我討厭這段路，我討厭這個陽台
01:18
I hated that room, and I hated that house.
23
66943
3024
我討厭那個房間，我討厭那間房子
01:22
And that's architecture.
24
70769
1688
而，那就是建築
01:24
(Laughter)
25
72917
1317
（笑聲）
01:26
Done.
26
74258
1318
好
01:28
That feeling, those emotions that I felt,
27
76088
3374
我感覺到
01:31
that's the power of architecture,
28
79486
2693
建築的力量
01:34
because architecture is not about math
and it's not about zoning,
and it's not about zoning,
29
82203
3538
因為建築無關數學，無關空間
01:37
it's about those visceral,
emotional connections
emotional connections
30
85765
3358
這關乎內心與情緒的連結
01:41
that we feel to the places that we occupy.
31
89147
2756
我們對於自身所處空間的感受
01:44
And it's no surprise
that we feel that way,
that we feel that way,
32
92653
2876
我們的感受不令人意外
01:47
because according to the EPA,
33
95553
2208
因為根據環保署
01:49
Americans spend 90 percent
of their time indoors.
of their time indoors.
34
97785
4619
美國人有９０％的時間在室內
01:54
That's 90 percent of our time
surrounded by architecture.
surrounded by architecture.
35
102428
4736
有９０％的時間被建築物圍繞
01:59
That's huge.
36
107188
1508
很可觀
02:00
That means that architecture is shaping us
in ways that we didn't even realize.
in ways that we didn't even realize.
37
108720
4493
那代表建築正以我們沒有察覺的方式
形塑我們
形塑我們
02:05
That makes us a little bit gullible
and very, very predictable.
and very, very predictable.
38
113922
5374
那使我們有些僵化，
非常非常容易預測
非常非常容易預測
02:11
It means that when I show you
a building like this,
a building like this,
39
119464
2629
這意味著，當我展示這樣的建物時
02:14
I know what you think:
40
122117
1382
我知道你們的想法
02:15
You think "power"
and "stability" and "democracy."
and "stability" and "democracy."
41
123523
3347
你們想到力量，穩定，和民主
02:19
And I know you think that
because it's based on a building
because it's based on a building
42
127239
3633
我知道你們這麼想是因為這個建築物
２５００年前由希臘人所建築的
02:22
that was build 2,500 years ago
by the Greeks.
by the Greeks.
43
130896
2794
02:26
This is a trick.
44
134272
1322
這是個技巧
02:27
This is a trigger that architects use
45
135912
2168
這是建築用來刺激你
02:30
to get you to create
an emotional connection
an emotional connection
46
138104
3889
創造一種情緒的連結
02:34
to the forms that we build
our buildings out of.
our buildings out of.
47
142017
2641
連結到我們建築的形式
02:37
It's a predictable emotional connection,
48
145237
2640
這是個可預期的情緒連結
02:39
and we've been using this trick
for a long, long time.
for a long, long time.
49
147901
3220
而我們以使用這個技巧，很久很久了
02:43
We used it [200] years ago to build banks.
50
151629
3273
我們用這個技巧在２００年前蓋了銀行
02:46
We used it in the 19th century
to build art museums.
to build art museums.
51
154926
3157
在１９世紀蓋了博物館
02:50
And in the 20th century in America,
52
158107
2205
而在２０世紀的美國
02:52
we used it to build houses.
53
160336
1835
我們用它來蓋房屋
02:54
And look at these solid,
stable little soldiers
stable little soldiers
54
162195
2738
看看這些穩固的小戰士們
02:56
facing the ocean
and keeping away the elements.
and keeping away the elements.
55
164957
2571
面對大海，遠離基本要素
03:00
This is really, really useful,
56
168265
2635
這真的很有用
03:02
because building things is terrifying.
57
170924
2987
因為蓋東西是很可怕的
03:06
It's expensive, it takes a long time,
and it's very complicated.
and it's very complicated.
58
174331
4136
昂貴，耗時，又很複雜
03:10
And the people that build things --
59
178996
2158
蓋東西的人 －
03:13
developers and governments --
60
181178
2205
開發者和政府 －
03:15
they're naturally afraid of innovation,
61
183407
2853
他們在本質上害怕創新
03:18
and they'd rather just use those forms
that they know you'll respond to.
that they know you'll respond to.
62
186284
3980
他們寧願用這些
他們知道你會如何回應的形式
他們知道你會如何回應的形式
03:23
That's how we end up
with buildings like this.
with buildings like this.
63
191125
2189
結果是我們造出這類房子
03:26
This is a nice building.
64
194096
1670
這是一個好的建築物
03:27
This is the Livingston Public Library
65
195790
2291
這是利文斯頓圖書館
03:30
that was completed in 2004 in my hometown,
66
198105
3110
２００４年在我的家鄉完工
03:33
and, you know, it's got a dome
67
201239
1625
它有個圓頂
03:34
and it's got this round thing
and columns, red brick,
and columns, red brick,
68
202888
3607
圓弧狀、圓柱和紅磚
03:38
and you can kind of guess what Livingston
is trying to say with this building:
is trying to say with this building:
69
206495
4990
你可以猜想到立文斯頓
試著透過它說話
試著透過它說話
03:43
children, property values and history.
70
211509
3526
孩童、財富價值以及歷史
03:47
But it doesn't have much to do
with what a library actually does today.
with what a library actually does today.
71
215751
3535
但它跟現在的圖書館沒甚麼關聯
03:52
That same year, in 2004,
on the other side of the country,
on the other side of the country,
72
220209
4064
同樣一年，２００４，
在這個國家的另一邊
在這個國家的另一邊
03:56
another library was completed,
73
224297
1995
另一個圖書館完工了
03:58
and it looks like this.
74
226316
1473
看起來像這樣
03:59
It's in Seattle.
75
227998
1333
這在西雅圖
04:02
This library is about how
we consume media in a digital age.
we consume media in a digital age.
76
230140
5554
這圖書館是關於
我們如何在數位時代消化媒體
我們如何在數位時代消化媒體
04:07
It's about a new kind
of public amenity for the city,
of public amenity for the city,
77
235718
3570
它是這個城市公共設施的新型態
04:11
a place to gather and read and share.
78
239312
2605
一個可以累積、閱讀和分享的地方
04:15
So how is it possible
79
243244
1623
這如何做得到？
04:16
that in the same year,
in the same country,
in the same country,
80
244891
3413
在同一年，同一個國家
04:20
two buildings, both called libraries,
81
248328
2623
兩棟都被稱為圖書館的建築物
04:22
look so completely different?
82
250975
1632
看起來卻完全不同？
04:25
And the answer is that architecture works
on the principle of a pendulum.
on the principle of a pendulum.
83
253576
5533
答案是建築學是依照鐘擺理論運作的
一邊是創新
04:31
On the one side is innovation,
84
259501
2868
04:34
and architects are constantly pushing,
pushing for new technologies,
pushing for new technologies,
85
262393
3617
建築師持續推動新科技
04:38
new typologies, new solutions
for the way that we live today.
for the way that we live today.
86
266034
3682
新類型學、新方案用於今日的居住形式
04:41
And we push and we push and we push
87
269886
2394
我們不斷地推動、推動、再推動
04:44
until we completely alienate all of you.
88
272304
2599
直到我們完全與世隔絕
04:46
We wear all black, we get very depressed,
89
274927
2226
我們身著華服
04:49
you think we're adorable,
90
277177
2161
你們認為我們是值得尊敬的
04:51
we're dead inside because
we've got no choice.
we've got no choice.
91
279362
3459
我們內心是一片死寂，
因為我們別無選擇
因為我們別無選擇
04:54
We have to go to the other side
92
282845
1752
我們必須去到另一邊
04:56
and reengage those symbols
that we know you love.
that we know you love.
93
284621
3115
再次琢磨那些你們所愛的經典
05:00
So we do that, and you're happy,
94
288394
2159
我們這麼做，而你們會開心
05:02
we feel like sellouts,
95
290577
1810
我們自覺像叫賣
05:04
so we start experimenting again
96
292411
1650
所以我們又再次開始實驗
05:06
and we push the pendulum back
and back and forth and back and forth
and back and forth and back and forth
97
294085
3194
我們把鐘擺推向後方，
後方、前方、後方、前方
後方、前方、後方、前方
05:09
we've gone for the last 300 years,
98
297303
2375
我們已經這麼做了，在最近３００年
05:11
and certainly for the last 30 years.
99
299702
2113
當然也包括最近３０年
05:14
Okay, 30 years ago
we were coming out of the '70s.
we were coming out of the '70s.
100
302926
3592
３０年前，正是７０年代
05:18
Architects had been busy experimenting
with something called brutalism.
with something called brutalism.
101
306542
3659
建築師正忙著試驗
一種稱為粗獷主義的東西
一種稱為粗獷主義的東西
05:22
It's about concrete.
102
310519
1246
就是混凝土
05:23
(Laughter)
103
311789
1472
（笑聲）
05:25
You can guess this.
104
313285
1144
你可以猜猜看
05:26
Small windows, dehumanizing scale.
105
314453
3330
小窗戶，不合乎人體尺寸的比例尺
05:29
This is really tough stuff.
106
317807
2763
這真是很粗野的東西
05:32
So as we get closer to the '80s,
107
320594
2763
所以當我們靠近８０年代
05:35
we start to reengage those symbols.
108
323381
2343
我們開始鑽研那些經典
05:37
We push the pendulum
back into the other direction.
back into the other direction.
109
325748
2948
我們把鐘擺拉回到另一個方向
05:40
We take these forms that we know you love
110
328720
2809
我們採用你們會喜歡的形式
05:43
and we update them.
111
331553
1565
作一些更新
05:45
We add neon
112
333142
2009
我們增加了氖燈
05:47
and we add pastels
113
335175
2264
增加些粉嫩的顏色
05:49
and we use new materials.
114
337463
1654
使用些新材料
05:51
And you love it.
115
339141
1438
然後你們就會愛上它
05:52
And we can't give you enough of it.
116
340603
1949
我們不能夠給你們足夠的東西時
05:54
We take Chippendale armoires
117
342576
2164
我們拿了齊本德爾式櫥櫃
05:56
and we turned those into skyscrapers,
118
344764
2372
把它轉化為摩天大樓
05:59
and skyscrapers can be
medieval castles made out of glass.
medieval castles made out of glass.
119
347160
4706
而摩天大樓可以是
玻璃做的中世紀城堡
玻璃做的中世紀城堡
06:04
Forms got big,
120
352409
1552
形式巨大化
06:05
forms got bold and colorful.
121
353985
2527
形式凸顯、又富有色彩
06:08
Dwarves became columns.
122
356536
2844
小矮人變梁柱
06:11
(Laughter)
123
359404
1039
（笑聲）
06:12
Swans grew to the size of buildings.
124
360467
2106
天鵝長得像房子一樣大
06:14
It was crazy.
125
362597
1337
真瘋狂！
06:16
But it's the '80s, it's cool.
126
364640
3873
但那是８０年代，那很酷！
06:20
(Laughter)
127
368537
1178
（笑聲）
06:21
We're all hanging out in malls
128
369739
1994
我們都在購物中心逛街
06:23
and we're all moving to the suburbs,
129
371757
2381
我們向郊區遷徙
06:26
and out there, out in the suburbs,
130
374162
2574
就在郊區
06:28
we can create our own
architectural fantasies.
architectural fantasies.
131
376760
3332
我們可以創造自我的建築夢幻作品
06:32
And those fantasies,
132
380116
1754
那些夢幻作品
06:33
they can be Mediterranean
133
381894
2063
可以是地中海風格
06:35
or French
134
383981
1925
法國風格
06:37
or Italian.
135
385930
1200
或是義大利風格
06:39
(Laughter)
136
387154
1643
（笑聲）
06:40
Possibly with endless breadsticks.
137
388821
1893
也許帶著數不盡的長棍麵包
06:42
This is the thing about postmodernism.
138
390738
2026
這是後現代主義
06:44
This is the thing about symbols.
139
392788
1814
這關乎經典
06:46
They're easy, they're cheap,
140
394908
2980
簡單又便宜
06:49
because instead of making places,
141
397912
2505
因為無關建築
06:52
we're making memories of places.
142
400441
2052
我們在創造建築的回憶
06:55
Because I know,
and I know all of you know,
and I know all of you know,
143
403091
2856
因為我知道，
我知道你們都知道
我知道你們都知道
06:57
this isn't Tuscany.
144
405971
1315
這不是托斯卡尼
07:00
This is Ohio.
145
408182
1145
這是俄亥俄州
07:01
(Laughter)
146
409452
1518
（笑聲）
07:02
So architects get frustrated,
147
410994
1825
所以建築師很挫折
07:04
and we start pushing the pendulum
back into the other direction.
back into the other direction.
148
412843
3331
我們開始把鐘擺推向另一邊
07:08
In the late '80s and early '90s,
149
416559
2227
在８０年代後期、９０年代初期
07:10
we start experimenting with something
called deconstructivism.
called deconstructivism.
150
418810
3248
我們開始實驗某個稱為解構主義的玩意
07:14
We throw out historical symbols,
151
422727
2746
丟棄歷史的經典
07:17
we rely on new, computer-aided
design techniques,
design techniques,
152
425497
3846
我們仰賴新的、電腦輔助的設計技巧
07:21
and we come up with new compositions,
153
429367
1957
我們有了新的組成
07:23
forms crashing into forms.
154
431348
2856
從破壞中創造新的形式
07:26
This is academic and heady stuff,
155
434228
3023
這是學院派與新潮派的產物
07:29
it's super unpopular,
156
437275
1851
超級不普及
07:31
we totally alienate you.
157
439150
1663
我們完全與世隔絕
07:32
Ordinarily, the pendulum would just
swing back into the other direction.
swing back into the other direction.
158
440837
4187
一般來說，
鐘擺只會擺盪到另一個方向
鐘擺只會擺盪到另一個方向
07:37
And then, something amazing happened.
159
445048
2332
然後，令人驚喜的事情發生了
07:40
In 1997, this building opened.
160
448331
2891
在１９９７年，這棟建築物開幕了
07:43
This is the Guggenheim Bilbao,
by Frank Gehry.
by Frank Gehry.
161
451898
2755
這是畢爾包古根漢美術館，
出自法蘭克·蓋瑞之手
出自法蘭克·蓋瑞之手
07:48
And this building
162
456228
1404
而這個建築物
07:49
fundamentally changes
the world's relationship to architecture.
the world's relationship to architecture.
163
457656
4264
從根本上改變世界與建築的關係
07:54
Paul Goldberger said that Bilbao
was one of those rare moments
was one of those rare moments
164
462694
3900
保羅·戈德伯格說畢爾包是極少見的
07:58
when critics, academics,
and the general public
and the general public
165
466618
3303
能夠將話題、學術與普羅大眾
08:01
were completely united around a building.
166
469945
2766
完美結合在一起的建築
08:05
The New York Times
called this building a miracle.
called this building a miracle.
167
473401
3061
紐約時報稱之為奇蹟
08:09
Tourism in Bilbao increased 2,500 percent
168
477160
5682
畢爾包的遊客增加了２５００％
08:14
after this building was completed.
169
482866
1669
在這個建築物完工之後
08:16
So all of a sudden, everybody
wants one of these buildings:
wants one of these buildings:
170
484885
3449
轉瞬間，
所有人都想要一個這樣的建築物
所有人都想要一個這樣的建築物
08:21
L.A.,
171
489044
1339
洛杉磯
08:23
Seattle,
172
491633
1539
西雅圖
08:25
Chicago,
173
493196
1604
芝加哥
08:26
New York,
174
494824
1704
紐約
08:28
Cleveland,
175
496552
1894
克里夫蘭
08:30
Springfield.
176
498470
1243
斯普林菲爾德
08:31
(Laughter)
177
499737
1034
（笑聲）
08:32
Everybody wants one,
and Gehry is everywhere.
and Gehry is everywhere.
178
500795
3223
大家都想要一個，
蓋瑞的作品到處都有
蓋瑞的作品到處都有
08:36
He is our very first starchitect.
179
504042
3340
他是第一個超級明星建築師
08:39
Now, how is it possible
that these forms --
that these forms --
180
507989
4876
這些形式是如何能夠 －－
08:44
they're wild and radical --
181
512889
1905
狂野又前衛 －－
08:46
how is it possible that they become
so ubiquitous throughout the world?
so ubiquitous throughout the world?
182
514818
3839
它如何能夠在全世界變得普及呢？
08:51
And it happened because media
so successfully galvanized around them
so successfully galvanized around them
183
519270
5496
它的成功來自媒體成功的鍍金
08:56
that they quickly taught us
that these forms mean culture and tourism.
that these forms mean culture and tourism.
184
524790
5797
媒體很快地教會我們，
這些風格代表文化與觀光
這些風格代表文化與觀光
09:03
We created an emotional
reaction to these forms.
reaction to these forms.
185
531068
3398
我們創造了這種風格的情緒反應
09:06
So did every mayor in the world.
186
534490
2372
每個市長也如此
09:08
So every mayor knew
that if they had these forms,
that if they had these forms,
187
536967
2502
每個市長知道，如果他有擁有這些
09:11
they had culture and tourism.
188
539493
2990
他們就擁有文化和觀光
09:15
This phenomenon
at the turn of the new millennium
at the turn of the new millennium
189
543778
2332
這個現象在新的千禧年之際
09:18
happened to a few other starchitects.
190
546134
2130
發生在某些其他超級明星建築師身上
09:20
It happened to Zaha
191
548288
2383
發生在札哈身上（札哈·哈蒂，
伊拉克裔英國建築師）
伊拉克裔英國建築師）
09:22
and it happened to Libeskind,
192
550695
2399
發生在里伯斯金身上
（波蘭、猶太裔美國建築師）
（波蘭、猶太裔美國建築師）
09:25
and what happened
to these elite few architects
to these elite few architects
193
553118
4614
發生在這些菁英建築師的事
09:29
at the turn of the new millennium
194
557756
1756
在新千禧年來臨之際
09:31
could actually start to happen
to the entire field of architecture,
to the entire field of architecture,
195
559536
3677
可以開始發生在整個建築領域
09:35
as digital media starts
to increase the speed
to increase the speed
196
563237
3238
正當數位媒體
09:38
with which we consume information.
197
566499
1815
開始加速我們消化資訊的速度
09:41
Because think about
how you consume architecture.
how you consume architecture.
198
569096
2948
因為想想你如何消化建築
09:44
A thousand years ago,
199
572429
1215
千年以前
09:45
you would have had to have walked to
the village next door to see a building.
the village next door to see a building.
200
573668
3820
你必須要走過一個村莊
才能看到你要的建築
才能看到你要的建築
09:49
Transportation speeds up:
201
577488
1630
交通加速發展
09:51
You can take a boat, you can take a plane,
you can be a tourist.
you can be a tourist.
202
579142
3000
你可以搭船、搭飛機、
可以是個旅行者
可以是個旅行者
09:54
Technology speeds up:
You can see it in a newspaper, on TV,
You can see it in a newspaper, on TV,
203
582166
2897
科技加速發展，
你可以在報紙、電視看到
你可以在報紙、電視看到
09:57
until finally, we are all
architectural photographers,
architectural photographers,
204
585087
4863
最終，我們都是建築攝影師
10:01
and the building has become
disembodied from the site.
disembodied from the site.
205
589974
3900
而建築已從固定的地方解放出來
10:06
Architecture is everywhere now,
206
594768
3547
建築現在到處可見
10:10
and that means that
the speed of communication
the speed of communication
207
598339
3114
這意謂著，傳播的速度
10:13
has finally caught up
to the speed of architecture.
to the speed of architecture.
208
601477
3093
終於趕上建築的速度
10:17
Because architecture
actually moves quite quickly.
actually moves quite quickly.
209
605409
2470
因為建築事實上移動得相當快速
10:19
It doesn't take long
to think about a building.
to think about a building.
210
607903
2708
不需要花費太多時間
來構思一個建築物
來構思一個建築物
10:22
It takes a long time to build a building,
211
610635
2153
需要花很多時間建造一個建築物
10:24
three or four years,
212
612812
2294
三或四年
10:27
and in the interim, an architect
will design two or eight
will design two or eight
213
615130
3668
在這期間，建築師會設計２或８個
10:30
or a hundred other buildings
214
618822
2646
或是１００個其他建築物
10:33
before they know if that building
that they designed four years ago
that they designed four years ago
215
621492
3691
在他們知道
10:37
was a success or not.
216
625207
1878
４年前設計的作品成功與否之前
10:39
That's because there's never been
a good feedback loop in architecture.
a good feedback loop in architecture.
217
627690
3549
那是因為未曾有好的回饋
圍繞在建築旁
圍繞在建築旁
10:44
That's how we end up
with buildings like this.
with buildings like this.
218
632416
2892
那就是我們呈現這類建物的方式
10:47
Brutalism wasn't a two-year movement,
219
635332
2940
粗獷主義不是兩年期的活動
10:50
it was a 20-year movement.
220
638296
1871
它是２０年期的活動
10:52
For 20 years, we were producing
buildings like this
buildings like this
221
640383
3818
２０年來，我們持續蓋出這樣的建築
10:56
because we had no idea
how much you hated it.
how much you hated it.
222
644225
2868
因為我們不知道你們多討厭它。
11:00
It's never going to happen again,
223
648284
2800
這將不再發生
11:03
I think,
224
651108
2130
就我的認知而言；
11:05
because we are living on the verge
of the greatest revolution in architecture
of the greatest revolution in architecture
225
653262
6100
因為我們正處於
最偉大建築革命的邊緣
最偉大建築革命的邊緣
11:11
since the invention of concrete,
226
659386
2369
自混凝土、
11:13
of steel, or of the elevator,
227
661779
2454
鋼結構或電梯問世以來
11:16
and it's a media revolution.
228
664257
1682
而現在是媒體革命
11:19
So my theory is that when
you apply media to this pendulum,
you apply media to this pendulum,
229
667072
4660
我的理論是：在鐘擺上應用媒體時
11:23
it starts swinging faster and faster,
230
671756
2861
它開始擺盪的越來越快
11:26
until it's at both extremes
nearly simultaneously,
nearly simultaneously,
231
674641
3738
直到幾乎同時到達兩個極端
11:30
and that effectively blurs the difference
between innovation and symbol,
between innovation and symbol,
232
678403
4968
這有效地模糊了前衛與經典的差異
11:35
between us, the architects,
and you, the public.
and you, the public.
233
683395
3375
就在我們、建築師、你們與群眾之間
11:39
Now we can make nearly instantaneous,
emotionally charged symbols
emotionally charged symbols
234
687342
6060
現在我們可以幾乎一瞬間
創造富有情感的經典
創造富有情感的經典
11:45
out of something that's brand new.
235
693426
1689
從全新的事物上
11:48
Let me show you how this plays out
236
696453
1733
讓我來說明這如何運作
11:50
in a project that my firm
recently completed.
recently completed.
237
698210
2166
就在我公司最近完成的一個專案中
11:52
We were hired to replace this building,
which burned down.
which burned down.
238
700829
3475
我們受聘換掉這棟失火過的建築
11:56
This is the center of a town
called the Pines
called the Pines
239
704304
2469
這是稱作派恩斯的小鎮的中心
11:58
in Fire Island in New York State.
240
706797
1746
在紐約州的火島
12:00
It's a vacation community.
241
708567
1413
它是個度假勝地
12:02
We proposed a building that was audacious,
242
710729
3753
我們提議了一個大膽的建築
12:06
that was different than any of the forms
that the community was used to,
that the community was used to,
243
714506
3651
那是當地未曾出現過的形式
12:10
and we were scared
and our client was scared
and our client was scared
244
718181
4521
我們很害怕，客戶也很害怕
12:14
and the community was scared,
245
722726
1763
當地社區也很害怕
12:16
so we created a series
of photorealistic renderings
of photorealistic renderings
246
724513
4156
所以我們創造了一系列的圖像式呈現
12:20
that we put onto Facebook
247
728693
1378
放上Facebook
12:22
and we put onto Instagram,
248
730095
2126
放上Instagram
12:24
and we let people start
to do what they do:
to do what they do:
249
732245
2321
我們讓人們開始動作
12:26
share it, comment, like it, hate it.
250
734590
2701
分享、評論、喜歡、討厭
12:30
But that meant that two years
before the building was complete,
before the building was complete,
251
738232
4330
但那代表在完工前的兩年，
12:34
it was already a part of the community,
252
742586
3328
該建築已經是當地社區的一部分
12:37
so that when the renderings
looked exactly like the finished product,
looked exactly like the finished product,
253
745938
6266
所以當呈現的圖像
跟完工後看起來一模一樣時
跟完工後看起來一模一樣時
12:44
there were no surprises.
254
752228
1960
沒有驚喜
12:46
This building was already a part
of this community,
of this community,
255
754212
3888
該建物已經是社區的一份子了
12:50
and then that first summer,
256
758124
2285
接著的第一個夏天
12:52
when people started arriving
and sharing the building on social media,
and sharing the building on social media,
257
760433
3918
當人們開始抵達，
開始分享該建築在社群媒體時
開始分享該建築在社群媒體時
12:56
the building ceased to be just an edifice
and it became media,
and it became media,
258
764375
5487
它不只是個建築，它變成媒體
13:01
because these, these are not
just pictures of a building,
just pictures of a building,
259
769886
3783
因為這些不只是建築的照片
13:05
they're your pictures of a building.
260
773693
2387
這些是屬於你的建築物的照片
13:08
And as you use them to tell your story,
261
776527
3287
當你用它們來說故事
13:11
they become part
of your personal narrative,
of your personal narrative,
262
779838
2708
它們變成的你個人故事的一部分
13:14
and what you're doing
is you're short-circuiting
is you're short-circuiting
263
782570
3548
你正在做的，就是短暫回顧
13:18
all of our collective memory,
264
786142
2250
我們共同的記憶
13:20
and you're making these charged symbols
for us to understand.
for us to understand.
265
788416
3855
你們正在創造這些富有情感的符號，
讓我們能夠理解
讓我們能夠理解
13:25
That means we don't need
the Greeks anymore
the Greeks anymore
266
793187
2289
那代表我們再也不需要希臘風格
13:27
to tell us what to think
about architecture.
about architecture.
267
795500
2618
來告訴我們用甚麼去思考建築
13:30
We can tell each other
what we think about architecture,
what we think about architecture,
268
798142
4025
我們可以彼此分享關於建築的想法
13:34
because digital media hasn't just changed
the relationship between all of us,
the relationship between all of us,
269
802191
5771
因為數位媒體
不僅改變我們彼此的關係
不僅改變我們彼此的關係
13:39
it's changed the relationship
between us and buildings.
between us and buildings.
270
807986
3529
也改變了我們跟建築的關係
13:44
Think for a second about
those librarians back in Livingston.
those librarians back in Livingston.
271
812614
3118
用一秒鐘回想利文斯頓的圖書館
13:48
If that building was going
to be built today,
to be built today,
272
816390
2415
如果圖書館是在今日被建造
13:50
the first thing they would do is go online
and search "new libraries."
and search "new libraries."
273
818829
4644
它們會做的第一件事是上網，
然後搜尋"新圖書館"
然後搜尋"新圖書館"
13:55
They would be bombarded by examples
of experimentation, of innovation,
of experimentation, of innovation,
274
823705
5270
他們會受到範例的衝擊，
實驗性的、創新的
實驗性的、創新的
14:00
of pushing at the envelope
of what a library can be.
of what a library can be.
275
828999
3188
嘗試突破常規的圖書館範例
14:04
That's ammunition.
276
832998
1343
那都是有力的資訊
14:06
That's ammunition
that they can take with them
that they can take with them
277
834846
2335
那都是可以帶給其他人的有力資訊
14:09
to the mayor of Livingston,
to the people of Livingston,
to the people of Livingston,
278
837205
3125
給利文斯頓的市長、利文斯頓的群眾
14:12
and say, there's no one answer
to what a library is today.
to what a library is today.
279
840354
3959
然後說：沒有一個答案可以說明
今日的圖書館應該是甚麼
今日的圖書館應該是甚麼
14:16
Let's be a part of this.
280
844337
1485
讓我們共同參與
14:18
This abundance of experimentation
281
846287
2866
這個豐富的實驗過程
14:21
gives them the freedom
to run their own experiment.
to run their own experiment.
282
849177
3059
給他們彈性去嘗試自己的實驗
14:26
Everything is different now.
283
854452
2212
一切從今不同
14:28
Architects are no longer
these mysterious creatures
these mysterious creatures
284
856664
3355
建築師從此不再是神祕的生物
14:32
that use big words
and complicated drawings,
and complicated drawings,
285
860043
2495
使用高深文字與複雜圖表的生物
14:34
and you aren't the hapless public,
286
862562
2960
你們不是不幸運的群眾
14:37
the consumer that won't accept
anything that they haven't seen anymore.
anything that they haven't seen anymore.
287
865546
3535
消費者不再接受從未看過的任何東西
14:42
Architects can hear you,
288
870980
1733
建築師可以聽見你的聲音
14:44
and you're not intimidated
by architecture.
by architecture.
289
872737
2104
而你不會再因建築感到不適
14:47
That means that that pendulum
swinging back and forth
swinging back and forth
290
875770
3382
這意謂鐘擺前後擺盪
14:51
from style to style,
from movement to movement,
from movement to movement,
291
879176
2978
從不同風格、不同行動
14:54
is irrelevant.
292
882178
1281
都沒有關連
14:55
We can actually move forward
293
883680
2600
我們可以真正地向前行
14:58
and find relevant solutions
to the problems that our society faces.
to the problems that our society faces.
294
886304
4366
找到社會面臨的問題的相關解決方案
15:03
This is the end of architectural history,
295
891757
3442
這是建築史的結束
15:07
and it means that
the buildings of tomorrow
the buildings of tomorrow
296
895223
2868
這代表明日的建築
15:10
are going to look a lot different
than the buildings of today.
than the buildings of today.
297
898115
3163
將與今日的建物大大不同
15:14
It means that a public space
in the ancient city of Seville
in the ancient city of Seville
298
902389
4408
代表塞維亞古城的公共空間
15:18
can be unique and tailored
to the way that a modern city works.
to the way that a modern city works.
299
906821
4184
可以是獨一且
迎合現代城市運作的方式
迎合現代城市運作的方式
15:23
It means that a stadium in Brooklyn
can be a stadium in Brooklyn,
can be a stadium in Brooklyn,
300
911992
4419
代表布魯克林的體育館就是
一座坐落於布魯克林的體育館
一座坐落於布魯克林的體育館
15:28
not some red-brick historical pastiche
301
916435
2762
不是紅磚的歷史拼貼風格
15:31
of what we think a stadium ought to be.
302
919221
2480
不是我們想像中體育館應該有的模樣
15:34
It means that robots are going
to build our buildings,
to build our buildings,
303
922540
2833
代表機器人將可以建造建築物
15:37
because we're finally ready for the forms
that they're going to produce.
that they're going to produce.
304
925397
3617
因為我們終於準備好
機器人可以投入建築的形式
機器人可以投入建築的形式
15:41
And it means that buildings
will twist to the whims of nature
will twist to the whims of nature
305
929842
3851
代表建築將會隨自然的律動而轉向
15:45
instead of the other way around.
306
933717
1803
而非其他方式
15:48
It means that a parking garage
in Miami Beach, Florida,
in Miami Beach, Florida,
307
936676
3604
代表佛羅里達邁阿密的車庫
15:52
can also be a place for sports
308
940304
2484
也可以是個運動的地方
15:54
and for yoga
309
942812
1379
瑜珈也可以
15:56
and you can even
get married there late at night.
get married there late at night.
310
944215
2579
甚至可以在那舉辦晚間婚禮
15:58
(Laughter)
311
946818
1024
（笑聲）
15:59
It means that three architects
can dream about swimming
can dream about swimming
312
947866
4163
代表三個建築師
可以做個游泳的白日夢
可以做個游泳的白日夢
16:04
in the East River of New York,
313
952053
1920
就在紐約的東河
16:05
and then raise nearly
half a million dollars
half a million dollars
314
953997
2490
然後募資５０萬
16:08
from a community
that gathered around their cause,
that gathered around their cause,
315
956511
3328
從圍繞在它們的構想的社群
16:11
no one client anymore.
316
959863
1730
而不再是單一客戶
16:14
It means that no building
is too small for innovation,
is too small for innovation,
317
962765
2901
代表沒有建物會因太小而無法創新
16:17
like this little reindeer pavilion
318
965690
2198
就像這個小小的馴鹿觀賞室
16:19
that's as muscly and sinewy
as the animals it's designed to observe.
as the animals it's designed to observe.
319
967912
5091
它就像被觀賞的動物一樣粗曠有勁
16:25
And it means that a building
doesn't have to be beautiful
doesn't have to be beautiful
320
973808
2738
代表建物不需要是美麗的
16:28
to be lovable,
321
976570
1293
可愛的
16:29
like this ugly little building in Spain,
322
977887
3015
就像西班牙這個醜醜的建築物
16:32
where the architects dug a hole,
323
980926
2481
建築師在那挖了個洞
16:35
packed it with hay,
324
983431
1382
填滿乾草
16:36
and then poured concrete around it,
325
984837
2333
然後在周遭澆鑄混凝土
16:39
and when the concrete dried,
326
987194
1640
當混凝土乾燥後
16:40
they invited someone to come
and clean that hay out
and clean that hay out
327
988858
3560
他們邀請某人過來，然後把乾草清掉
16:44
so that all that's left when it's done
328
992442
2931
這就是完工後的樣子
16:47
is this hideous little room
329
995397
2675
這是個醜陋的小房間
16:50
that's filled with the imprints
and scratches of how that place was made,
and scratches of how that place was made,
330
998096
5954
充滿了印記、痕跡，
關於這房間是如何被建造的
關於這房間是如何被建造的
16:56
and that becomes the most sublime place
to watch a Spanish sunset.
to watch a Spanish sunset.
331
1004074
4484
最終，變成最觸動心弦的
西班牙風格夕陽景觀房
西班牙風格夕陽景觀房
17:01
Because it doesn't matter
if a cow builds our buildings
if a cow builds our buildings
332
1009658
3355
因為這無關乎是否是一頭牛蓋房子
17:05
or a robot builds our buildings.
333
1013037
1810
或是機器人蓋房子
17:06
It doesn't matter how we build,
it matters what we build.
it matters what we build.
334
1014871
3348
這無關乎如何蓋房子，
只關乎我們蓋了甚麼
只關乎我們蓋了甚麼
17:10
Architects already know how
to make buildings that are greener
to make buildings that are greener
335
1018899
3425
建築師已經知道如何蓋出更綠的房子
17:14
and smarter and friendlier.
336
1022348
2158
更智慧化、更友善
17:16
We've just been waiting
for all of you to want them.
for all of you to want them.
337
1024530
2574
我們一直都在等待你們的渴望
而最終，我們不再站在相反的那一邊
17:20
And finally, we're not
on opposite sides anymore.
on opposite sides anymore.
338
1028022
3328
17:23
Find an architect, hire an architect,
339
1031957
2972
找一位建築師，聘請一位建築師
17:26
work with us to design better buildings,
better cities, and a better world,
better cities, and a better world,
340
1034953
5817
跟我們一起工作，設計更好的建築、
更好的城市、更好的世界
更好的城市、更好的世界
17:32
because the stakes are high.
341
1040794
2240
因為這賭注很高
17:35
Buildings don't just reflect our society,
they shape our society
they shape our society
342
1043635
5190
建築不只反射出我們的社會，
也塑造我們的社會
也塑造我們的社會
17:40
down to the smallest spaces:
343
1048849
2052
直到每個最渺小的地方
17:42
the local libraries,
344
1050925
2004
當地的圖書館
17:44
the homes where we raise our children,
345
1052953
2429
我們養育孩子的家
17:47
and the walk that they take
from the bedroom to the bathroom.
from the bedroom to the bathroom.
346
1055406
3193
還有他們所走過的
從房間到浴室的這段路
從房間到浴室的這段路
17:51
Thank you.
347
1059288
1100
謝謝！
17:52
(Applause)
348
1060412
3000
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marc Kushner - ArchitectWith Architizer, an online hub for architecture, Marc Kushner is breaking architecture out of its insular echo chamber and reconnecting the public with buildings.
Why you should listen
Marc Kushner is a practicing architect who splits his time between designing buildings at HWKN, the architecture firm he cofounded, and amassing the world’s architecture on the website he runs, Architizer.com. Both have the same mission: to reconnect the public with architecture.
Kushner’s core belief is that architecture touches everyone -- and everyone is a fan of architecture, even if they don’t know it yet. New forms of media empower people to shape the built environment, and that means better buildings, which make better cities, which make a better world. To that end he wrote the TED Book The Future of Architecture in 100 Buildings, published in March 2015, to challenge the public to help shape tomorrow's designs.
More profile about the speakerKushner’s core belief is that architecture touches everyone -- and everyone is a fan of architecture, even if they don’t know it yet. New forms of media empower people to shape the built environment, and that means better buildings, which make better cities, which make a better world. To that end he wrote the TED Book The Future of Architecture in 100 Buildings, published in March 2015, to challenge the public to help shape tomorrow's designs.
Marc Kushner | Speaker | TED.com