ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lee Smolin - Physicist
Lee Smolin is a theoretical physicist, working mainly in the field of quantum gravity. He's a founding member of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Canada, and the author of The Trouble With Physics.

Why you should listen

Lee Smolin's bachelor's degree was in physics and philosophy -- twin passions that have complemented one another throughout his blazing career as a theoretical physicist. As his website bio is careful to state, "His main contributions to research so far are to the field of quantum gravity." He's made contributions in many other fields, including cosmology, quantum mechanics, elementary particle physics and theoretical biology, and is the author of (among other books) The Trouble With Physics, a work that questions the very basis of the prevailing string theory.

Taking a step back from work on specific problems in physics, Smolin's work examines the scientific process itself and its place in the world. In all of his three books, Life of the CosmosThree Roads to Quantum Gravity and The Trouble with Physics, he wrestles with the philosophical implications of what contemporary physics has shown us to be true. As we come to understand more about how the world works, he asks, how will our worldview change?

Smolin is a founding member of and a researcher at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, in Ontario, Canada (whose Executive Director is 2008 TED Prize winner Neil Turok).

More profile about the speaker
Lee Smolin | Speaker | TED.com
TED2003

Lee Smolin: Science and democracy

李·斯莫林:科學和民主的相似之處

Filmed:
309,290 views

物理學家李·斯莫林談論科學界是如何運作。如他所講:「我們會盡全力據理力爭」,但是每個人都接受是下一代的科學家會決定誰是正確的。同時,他說這也是民主主義如何運作。
- Physicist
Lee Smolin is a theoretical physicist, working mainly in the field of quantum gravity. He's a founding member of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Canada, and the author of The Trouble With Physics. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
So, about three years年份 ago I was in London倫敦,
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大約三年前我在倫敦的時候,
00:16
and somebody called Howard霍華德 Burton伯頓 came來了 to me and said,
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一位叫霍華德•伯頓的人來訪,並對我說
00:21
I represent代表 a group of people,
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我代表一個群體,
00:23
and we want to start開始 an institute研究所 in theoretical理論 physics物理.
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我們這個群體想成立一個理論物研究所。
00:27
We have about 120 million百萬 dollars美元, and we want to do it well.
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我們擁有一億兩千萬美金的資金,我們想把這個研究所做好。
00:32
We want to be in the forefront第一線 fields領域,
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我們想在該領域中出類拔萃,
00:34
and we want to do it differently不同.
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而且我們想要有所創新。
00:36
We want to get out of this thing
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我們想脫離這種現狀,
00:38
where the young年輕 people have all the ideas思路, and the old people have all the power功率
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就是現在年輕學子擁有想法點子,而權力卻掌握在老一輩人的人手中
00:41
and decide決定 what science科學 gets得到 doneDONE.
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並且由他們決定科學的走向。
00:44
It took me about 25 seconds to decide決定 that that was a good idea理念.
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在思量了二十五秒之後,我認為這是個絕妙的想法。
00:47
Three years年份 later後來, we have the Perimeter周長 Institute研究所 for Theoretical理論 Physics物理
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三年之後,我們在安大略省滑鐵盧市成立了〈周長理論物理研究所〉。
00:52
in Waterloo滑鐵盧, Ontario安大略. It’s the most exciting扣人心弦 job工作 I’ve已經 ever had.
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這是我有生以來擁有過最讓人興奮的工作。
00:57
And it’s the first time I’ve已經 had a job工作 where I’m afraid害怕 to go away
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而這也是我第一次擁有一份會讓我不敢離開半步的工作,
01:01
because of everything that’s going to happen發生 in this week when I’m here.
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這都是因為這週在研究所裡發生一切之際,我卻在這裡和你們一起。
01:05
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:07
But in any case案件, what I’m going to do in my little bit of time
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但不管怎樣,我所將要做的是在我有限的時間內,
01:11
is take you on a quick tour遊覽 of some of the things
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讓你們快速的了解
01:14
that we talk about and we think about.
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我們所談論及思考的事情。
01:17
So, we think a lot about what really makes品牌 science科學 work?
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我們常常思考到底是什麽使科學產生影響?
01:20
The first thing that anybody任何人 who knows知道 science科學,
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第一件事就是任何一位了解科學
01:23
and has been around science科學,
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和與科學為伍的人
01:24
is that the stuff東東 you learn學習 in school學校 as a scientific科學 method方法
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都在學校所習得的科學方法是錯誤的。
01:26
is wrong錯誤. There is no method方法.
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因為根本沒有任何方法。
01:29
On the other hand, somehow不知何故 we manage管理 to reason原因 together一起
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另一方面,我們不知何故地根據不完整的線索
01:33
as a community社區, from incomplete殘缺 evidence證據
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共同討論,又以某種方法得出原因
01:36
to conclusions結論 that we all agree同意 about.
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來總結出我們大家都同意的結論。
01:39
And this is, by the way, something that a democratic民主的 society社會 also has to do.
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順帶一提,這也是在民主社會必須達成的一個步驟。
01:43
So how does it work?
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那麼,這項做法如何運作?
01:45
Well, my belief信仰 is that it works作品
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嗯,我認為它能得以運作
01:48
because scientists科學家們 are a community社區 bound together一起 by an ethics倫理.
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是因為科學家們是被某種共同理念緊密連結在一起的團體。
01:52
And here are some of the ethical合乎道德的 principles原則.
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這裡列舉了一些行道德理念。
01:54
I’m not going to read them all to you because I’m not in teacher老師 mode模式.
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我不會將它們逐字逐句的念給你們聽,
01:57
I’m in entertain招待, amaze驚奇 mode模式.
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因為我現在不是來教書,而是來娛樂的。
02:00
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:03
But one of the principles原則 is that everybody每個人
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但其中一項理念是團體中的每一位科學家
02:07
who is part部分 of the community社區 gets得到 to fight鬥爭 and argue爭論
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要為他們所相信的事物
02:10
as hard as they can for what they believe.
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竭盡所能的去據理力爭。
02:13
But we’re回覆 all disciplined紀律 by the understanding理解
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但是我們都達成一種共識
02:16
that the only people who are going to decide決定, you know,
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那就是在未來能夠決定
02:18
whether是否 I’m right or somebody else其他 is right,
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我們或他人對錯與否的人,
02:21
are the people in our community社區 in the next下一個 generation,
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是我們這個團體中的下一代,
02:24
in 30 and 50 years年份.
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三十至五十年之後的科學家。
02:26
So it’s this combination組合 of respect尊重
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這是我們對科學界的傳統和這個團體的
02:29
for the tradition傳統 and community社區 we’re回覆 in,
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敬意的結合,
02:31
and rebellion暴動 that the community社區 requires要求 to get anywhere隨地,
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也是使科學繼續運作的,讓科學界前進的
02:34
that makes品牌 science科學 work.
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叛逆精神。
02:37
And being存在 in this process處理 of being存在 in a community社區
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身為科學界的一份子,參與以及供享的證明來推論到定下結論的
02:42
that reasons原因 from shared共享 evidence證據 to conclusions結論,
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這個過程中
02:46
I believe, teaches us about democracy民主.
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我相信,我們可以從中學到民主。
02:50
Not only is there a relationship關係 between之間 the ethics倫理 of science科學
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不單單是因為科學的理念和身為民主社會中的公民
02:53
and the ethics倫理 of being存在 a citizen公民 in democracy民主,
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理念相關聯,
02:56
but there has been, historically歷史, a relationship關係
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而是自古以來
02:59
between之間 how people think about space空間 and time, and what the cosmos宇宙 is,
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人們對於空間,時間,宇宙的想法
03:05
and how people think about the society社會 that they live生活 in.
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和人們如何在社會中相處是有所關聯。
03:09
And I want to talk about three stages階段 in that evolution演化.
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接著, 我要討論在這個演變中的三個階段。
03:14
The first science科學 of cosmology宇宙學 that was anything like science科學
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第一階段的宇宙科學
03:18
was Aristotelian亞里士多德 science科學, and that was hierarchical分級.
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是亞里斯多德科學, 而那是有等級觀念的。
03:22
The earth地球 is in the center中央, then there are these crystal水晶 spheres,
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地球是宇宙的中心, 接著便是其它的水晶球體,
03:26
the sun太陽, the moon月亮, the planets行星 and finally最後 the celestial天上 sphere領域,
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太陽,月亮,行星群,最後是恆星所在的天體,
03:30
where the stars明星 are. And everything in this universe宇宙 has a place地點.
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在宇宙的中所有的事物都有其位置。
03:34
And Aristotle亞里士多德’s law of motion運動 was that everything
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根據亞里斯多德的動力定律,
03:37
goes to its natural自然 place地點, which哪一個 was of course課程,
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每一樣事物都有其歸屬,當然這也是在當時,亞里斯多德
03:39
the rule規則 of the society社會 that Aristotle亞里士多德 lived生活 in,
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所處的社會中的法則,
03:43
and more importantly重要的, the medieval中世紀 society社會 that, through通過 Christianity基督教,
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更重要的是,以基督教為主要信仰的中古世紀社會
03:46
embraced擁抱 Aristotle亞里士多德 and blessed幸福 it.
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推崇亞里斯多德,支持這樣的社會法則。
03:50
And the idea理念 is that everything is defined定義.
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而這個想法是相對於最後一層天體。
03:53
Where something is, is defined定義 with respect尊重 to this last sphere領域,
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所有的事物都可以被定義,一切的事物都是可以被確定的,
03:58
the celestial天上 sphere領域, outside of which哪一個 is this eternal永恆,
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在天體之外
04:00
perfect完善 realm領域, where lives生活 God,
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是上帝所居住的完美天國,
04:03
who is the ultimate最終 judge法官 of everything.
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祂對一切的事物做最終的審判。
04:06
So that is both Aristotelian亞里士多德 cosmology宇宙學,
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這就是亞里斯多德宇宙論,
04:08
and in a certain某些 sense, medieval中世紀 society社會.
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就某種程度上來說也是中古社會。
04:11
Now, in the 17th century世紀 there was a revolution革命 in thinking思維 about
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到了十七世紀,牛頓提出有關於空間,時間,及動力
04:16
space空間 and time and motion運動 and so forth向前 of Newton牛頓.
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的思想革命,
04:20
And at the same相同 time there was a revolution革命 in social社會 thought
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在同一時期,約翰•洛克和他的合作夥伴
04:24
of John約翰 Locke洛克 and his collaborators合作者.
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也正在引發社會思想中的變革。
04:27
And they were very closely密切 associated相關.
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這兩個變革是有緊密的關聯。
04:28
In fact事實, Newton牛頓 and Locke洛克 were friends朋友.
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事實上,牛頓和洛克是朋友
04:31
Their way of thinking思維 about space空間 and time and motion運動 on the one hand,
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一方面,他們對空間,時間,動力進行思考,
04:36
and a society社會 on the other hand, were closely密切 related有關.
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另一方面,他們對社會進行考量。
04:40
And let me show顯示 you.
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讓我向你說明。
04:41
In a Newtonian牛頓 universe宇宙, there’s no center中央 -- thank you.
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在牛頓的宇宙中沒有中心---謝謝。
04:46
There are particles粒子 and they move移動 around
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相動於固定且絕對的空間和時間框架中,
04:49
with respect尊重 to a fixed固定, absolute絕對 framework骨架 of space空間 and time.
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有一群粒子在其中運轉。
04:54
It’s meaningful富有意義的 to say absolutely絕對 where something is in space空間,
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在這個空間中,物體有其絕對位置的說法是有意義的,
04:58
because that’s defined定義, not with respect尊重 to say, where other things are,
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因為這並不是說,它定義其他事物的存在,
05:02
but with respect尊重 to this absolute絕對 notion概念 of space空間,
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而是定義了宇宙空間絕對存在的這個看法,
05:04
which哪一個 for Newton牛頓 was God.
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這對牛頓來說就是相對於上帝。
05:06
Now, similarly同樣, in Locke洛克’s society社會 there are individuals個人
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同樣的,在洛克的社會中,
05:11
who have certain某些 rights權利, properties性能 in a formal正式 sense,
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每一個個體在某種形式上都有特定的權益,財產,
05:14
and those are defined定義 with respect尊重 to some absolute絕對,
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而另一群人擁有
05:18
abstract抽象 notions概念 of rights權利 and justice正義, and so forth向前,
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絕對的權益,正義等等抽象想法,
05:22
which哪一個 are independent獨立 of what else其他 has happened發生 in the society社會.
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這些獨立存在,
05:27
Of who else其他 there is, of the history歷史 and so forth向前.
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不受社會所發生的一切,人類,及歷史所規範。
05:30
There is also an omniscient無所不知 observer觀察者
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亦有一位全知全能的觀察者,
05:33
who knows知道 everything, who is God,
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祂知道所有的事情,祂就是上帝,
05:35
who is in a certain某些 sense outside the universe宇宙,
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在某種意義上來說,祂不處於這個宇宙當中,
05:38
because he has no role角色 in anything that happens發生,
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因為在這個世界上所有事物中,祂沒有扮演任何一個角色,
05:40
but is in a certain某些 sense everywhere到處,
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但在某種意義上來說,祂又無所不在,
05:42
because space空間 is just the way that God knows知道
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因為通過空間,上帝知曉一切,
05:45
where everything is, according根據 to Newton牛頓, OK?
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這是根據牛頓的理論所得出,明嗎?
05:49
So this is the foundations基金會 of what’s called, traditionally傳統,
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這就是傳統民主政治理論
05:53
liberal自由主義的 political政治 theory理論 and Newtonian牛頓 physics物理.
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和牛頓物理學的基礎。
05:57
Now, in the 20th century世紀 we had a revolution革命
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到了二十世紀,我們曾有一場革命,
06:01
that was initiated啟動 at the beginning開始 of the 20th century世紀,
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它是在二十世紀初開始
06:04
and which哪一個 is still going on.
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持續到現在。
06:07
It was begun開始 with the invention發明
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相對論和量子物理
06:08
of relativity相對論 theory理論 and quantum量子 theory理論.
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的誕生,引發了這場革命。
06:11
And merging合併 them together一起 to make the final最後 quantum量子 theory理論
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接著兩者結合,創造出時空量子理論,
06:14
of space空間 and time and gravity重力, is the culmination大成 of that,
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萬有引力是這一理論的頂峰,
06:19
something that’s going on right now.
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直到今天也是如此。
06:21
And in this universe宇宙 there’s nothing fixed固定 and absolute絕對. Zilch小人物, OK.
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在宇宙當中沒有事物是絕對和固定的,完全沒有。
06:26
This universe宇宙 is described描述 by being存在 a network網絡 of relationships關係.
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宇宙被描述為一張聯繫網。
06:31
Space空間 is just one aspect方面, so there’s no meaning含義 to say
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太空太是其中一方面,
06:34
absolutely絕對 where something is.
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因此說某種事物的絕對位置是沒有意義的。
06:36
There’s only where it is relative相對的 to everything else其他 that is.
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事物的存在只有相對位置,
06:39
And this network網絡 of relations關係 is ever-evolving不斷發展.
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而這張聯繫網仍在不斷進化中。
06:43
So we call it a relational相關的 universe宇宙.
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因此我們稱它為關聯宇宙。
06:45
All properties性能 of things are about these kinds of relationships關係.
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事物所有的本質都在這關聯之中。
06:49
And also, if you’re回覆 embedded嵌入式 in such這樣 a network網絡 of relationships關係,
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假如你也身在這連繫網當中,
06:52
your view視圖 of the world世界 has to do with what information信息
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而你從中所取得資訊,
06:56
comes to you through通過 the network網絡 of relations關係.
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亦左右你對這個世界的看法。
06:58
And there’s no place地點 for an omniscient無所不知 observer觀察者
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而通曉一切的造物主或是無所不知的旁觀者
07:01
or an outside intelligence情報 knowing會心 everything and making製造 everything.
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並不存在其中。
07:06
So this is general一般 relativity相對論, this is quantum量子 theory理論.
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所以這是廣義相對論, 這是量子理論。
07:09
This is also, if you talk to legal法律 scholars學者,
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如果你去問法律專家,
07:12
the foundations基金會 of new ideas思路 in legal法律 thought.
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這也會是新法律學理論的基礎。
07:16
They’re回覆 thinking思維 about the same相同 things.
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他們所思量的是同樣的事。
07:17
And not only that, they make the analogy比喻
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不僅如此 他們常常會用
07:20
to relativity相對論 theory理論 and cosmology宇宙學 often經常.
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相對論和宇宙論作譬如。
07:23
So there’s an interesting有趣 discussion討論 going on there.
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因此一個有趣的討論就此誕生。
07:26
This last view視圖 of cosmology宇宙學 is called the relational相關的 view視圖.
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我們剛剛提到的宇宙學的觀點便是關聯的觀點。
07:31
So the main主要 slogan口號 here is that there’s nothing outside the universe宇宙,
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主要的口號就是處在這個宇宙之外沒有任何事物存在,
07:34
which哪一個 means手段 that there’s no place地點
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這意味著處在宇宙之外的一切
07:36
to put an explanation說明 for something outside.
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是沒有解釋的。
07:40
So in such這樣 a relational相關的 universe宇宙,
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因此在這個關聯的宇宙中,
07:42
if you come upon something that’s ordered有序 and structured結構化的,
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如果你遇見某件有秩序,組織的事物,
07:46
like this device設備 here, or that device設備 there,
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像是這個儀器,或是那個儀器,
07:48
or something beautiful美麗, like all the living活的 things,
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或是某種美麗的事物,例如所有生物,
07:50
all of you guys in the room房間 --
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在座所有的傢伙們--
07:53
"guys" in physics物理, by the way, is a generic通用 term術語: men男人 and women婦女.
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順帶一提 「傢伙們」 在物理學當中是男人和女人通稱。
07:58
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
08:01
Then you want to know, you’re回覆 a person,
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接著,你想知道,身為一個人類,
08:04
you want to know how is it made製作.
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你想知道它是怎麼形成的。
08:06
And in a relational相關的 universe宇宙 the only possible可能 explanation說明 was, somehow不知何故 it made製作 itself本身.
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在關聯宇宙中,唯一可能的解釋是,經過某種形式,它們創造了自己。
08:11
There must必須 be mechanisms機制 of self-organization自組織
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在這宇宙一定有一種自我組織機制
08:14
inside the universe宇宙 that make things.
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來創造萬物。
08:16
Because there’s no place地點 to put a maker製作者 outside,
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因為造物主不存在於宇宙之外,
08:19
as there was in the Aristotelian亞里士多德 and the Newtonian牛頓 universe宇宙.
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這點不同於亞里斯多德和牛頓的宇宙。
08:23
So in a relational相關的 universe宇宙 we must必須 have processes流程 of self-organization自組織.
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因此在關聯宇宙當中,一定有自我組織過程的存在。
08:27
Now, Darwin達爾文 taught us that there are processes流程 of self-organization自組織
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達爾文教導自我組織的過程是存在的,
08:33
that suffice滿足 to explain說明 all of us and everything we see.
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那過程之豐富足以解釋我們本身和所有我們所看見的事物。
08:37
So it works作品. But not only that,
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因此它行得通,但是不僅如此,
08:39
if you think about how natural自然 selection選擇 works作品,
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當你在思考天擇如何運作,
08:43
then it turns out that natural自然 selection選擇
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你會發現自然選擇只在關聯宇宙當中
08:45
would only make sense in such這樣 a relational相關的 universe宇宙.
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會有其意義。
08:49
That is, natural自然 selection選擇 works作品 on properties性能,
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自然選擇作用於事物的固有屬性,
08:53
like fitness身體素質, which哪一個 are about relationships關係
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例如:適性,
08:56
of some species種類 to some other species種類.
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是物種和物種之間的關係。
08:59
Darwin達爾文 wouldn止跌’t make sense in an Aristotelian亞里士多德 universe宇宙,
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在亞里斯多德的宇宙中,達爾文的理論沒有意義,
09:03
and wouldn止跌’t really make sense in a Newtonian牛頓 universe宇宙.
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在牛頓的宇宙當中也沒有意義。
09:07
So a theory理論 of biology生物學 based基於 on natural自然 selection選擇
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因此以自然選擇為基礎的生物學理論
09:12
requires要求 a relational相關的 notion概念 of
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要知道生物系統的
09:15
what are the properties性能 of biological生物 systems系統.
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固有屬性。
09:18
And if you push that all the way down, really,
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如果繼續進行下去,
09:21
it makes品牌 the best最好 sense in a relational相關的 universe宇宙
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自然選擇在關聯宇宙當能體現其中的意義,
09:24
where all properties性能 are relational相關的.
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在這樣的宇宙中,事物的屬性都是相關聯的。
09:27
Now, not only that, but Einstein愛因斯坦 taught us
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不僅如此,愛因斯坦告訴我們
09:30
that gravity重力 is the result結果 of the world世界 being存在 relational相關的.
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地心引力是讓這個世界相互有關聯的原因。
09:36
If it wasnWASN’t for gravity重力, there wouldn止跌’t be life,
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沒有地心引力,就沒有生命,
09:39
because gravity重力 causes原因 stars明星 to form形成 and live生活 for a very long time,
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因為地心引力讓星星得已形成並存活了非常長的一段時間,
09:45
keeping保持 pieces of the world世界, like the surface表面 of the Earth地球,
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保留世界上的片段,例如像地球的表面,
09:48
out of thermal equilibrium平衡 for billions數十億 of years年份 so life can evolve發展.
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歷經數十億年的熱平衡,生命因此得以演化。
09:52
In the 20th century世紀,
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在二十一世紀,
09:54
we saw the independent獨立 development發展 of two big themes主題 in science科學.
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我們目睹了科學界當中兩大主題各自獨立的發展。
09:59
In the biological生物 sciences科學, they explored探討
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在生物科學當中,他們探索
10:03
the implications啟示 of the notion概念 that order訂購 and complexity複雜
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在自我組織過程中,所呈現的次序性,複雜性,
10:06
and structure結構體 arise出現 in a self-organized自組織 way.
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和結構性所蘊含的意義。
10:10
That was the triumph勝利 of Neo-Darwinism新達爾文主義 and so forth向前.
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這是新達爾文主義的成就。
10:14
And slowly慢慢地, that idea理念 is leaking洩漏 out to the cognitive認知 sciences科學,
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漸漸地,這個想法擴散到認知科學,
10:19
the human人的 sciences科學, economics經濟學, et cetera等等.
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人文科學,經濟學等等各種領域。
10:23
At the same相同 time, we physicists物理學家
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在此同時,我們物理學家
10:25
have been busy trying to make sense of
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一直很努力去理解
10:28
and build建立 on and integrate整合 the discoveries發現
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整理,研究,整合
10:31
of quantum量子 theory理論 and relativity相對論.
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量子論和相對論的發現。
10:33
And what we’ve已經 been working加工 out is the implications啟示, really,
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根據我們的研究,發現其中所蘊含的意義,
10:37
of the idea理念 that the universe宇宙 is made製作 up of relations關係.
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的確,宇宙是由許多的關聯所構成的。
10:40
21st-centuryST-世紀 science科學 is going to be driven驅動
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二十一世紀的科學是由
10:43
by the integration積分 of these two ideas思路:
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兩大想法的整合所驅動:
10:46
the triumph勝利 of relational相關的 ways方法 of thinking思維
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一方面是以關聯的想法
10:49
about the world世界, on the one hand,
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去思考這個世界,
10:51
and self-organization自組織 or Darwinian達爾文 ways方法 of thinking思維 about the world世界,
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另一方面是自我組織
10:54
on the other hand.
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或是達爾文的方式去思考這個世界。
10:57
And also, is that in the 21stST century世紀
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在二十一世紀,
10:59
our thinking思維 about space空間 and time and cosmology宇宙學,
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我們對空間,時間,宇宙的看法
11:04
and our thinking思維 about society社會 are both going to continue繼續 to evolve發展.
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以及我們對社會的看法都持續在發展當中。
11:09
And what they’re回覆 evolving進化 towards is the union聯盟
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而它們發展的方向是朝
11:11
of these two big ideas思路, Darwinism達爾文主義 and relationalism關係主義.
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將達爾文主義和關聯主義整合的方向前進。
11:15
Now, if you think about democracy民主 from this perspective透視,
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如果從這個觀點去思考民主,
11:21
a new pluralistic多元化 notion概念 of democracy民主 would be one that recognizes識別
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民主的創新多元觀點將會是
11:26
that there are many許多 different不同 interests利益, many許多 different不同 agendas議程,
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承認許多各式各樣的利益,議題,
11:29
many許多 different不同 individuals個人, many許多 different不同 points of view視圖.
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個體,觀點的想法。
11:33
Each one is incomplete殘缺, because you’re回覆 embedded嵌入式
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每一個都是不完整的,因為我們置身於
11:37
in a network網絡 of relationships關係.
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聯繫網其中。
11:39
Any actor演員 in a democracy民主 is embedded嵌入式
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任何一位民主的參與者
11:41
in a network網絡 of relationships關係.
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都包含在聯繫網當中。
11:42
And you understand理解 some things better than other things,
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有些人對某些事物的了解比對其他事物的了解還要來得更深入,
11:45
and because of that there’s a continual持續 jostling擁擠
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因此不間斷有競爭,
11:49
and give and take, which哪一個 is politics政治.
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給予和索取,這就是政治。
11:54
And politics政治 is, in the ideal理想 sense,
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而政治就某種意義上來說
11:56
the way in which哪一個 we continually不斷 address地址
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便是我們持續討論的聯繫網。
12:00
our network網絡 of relations關係 in order訂購 to achieve實現
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為了創造更好的社會,
12:03
a better life and a better society社會.
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以及獲得更好的生活。
12:06
And I also think that science科學 will never go away and --
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我也相信科學會永遠在我們身邊,並且
12:12
I’m finishing精加工 on this line.
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我以一這句話做為總結。
12:14
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
12:18
In fact事實, I’m finished. Science科學 will never go away.
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事實上,我已經結束了,科學會永遠在我們身邊。
Translated by Zhiqing Zhang
Reviewed by Ana Choi

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lee Smolin - Physicist
Lee Smolin is a theoretical physicist, working mainly in the field of quantum gravity. He's a founding member of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Canada, and the author of The Trouble With Physics.

Why you should listen

Lee Smolin's bachelor's degree was in physics and philosophy -- twin passions that have complemented one another throughout his blazing career as a theoretical physicist. As his website bio is careful to state, "His main contributions to research so far are to the field of quantum gravity." He's made contributions in many other fields, including cosmology, quantum mechanics, elementary particle physics and theoretical biology, and is the author of (among other books) The Trouble With Physics, a work that questions the very basis of the prevailing string theory.

Taking a step back from work on specific problems in physics, Smolin's work examines the scientific process itself and its place in the world. In all of his three books, Life of the CosmosThree Roads to Quantum Gravity and The Trouble with Physics, he wrestles with the philosophical implications of what contemporary physics has shown us to be true. As we come to understand more about how the world works, he asks, how will our worldview change?

Smolin is a founding member of and a researcher at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, in Ontario, Canada (whose Executive Director is 2008 TED Prize winner Neil Turok).

More profile about the speaker
Lee Smolin | Speaker | TED.com