ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Johnson - Writer
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience.

Why you should listen

Steven Johnson is a leading light of today's interdisciplinary and collaborative approach to innovation. His writings have influenced everything from cutting-edge ideas in urban planning to the battle against 21st-century terrorism. Johnson was chosen by Prospect magazine as one of the top ten brains of the digital future, and The Wall Street Journal calls him "one of the most persuasive advocates for the role of collaboration in innovation."

Johnson's work on the history of innovation inspired the Emmy-nominated six-part series on PBS, "How We Got To Now with Steven Johnson," which aired in the fall of 2014. The book version of How We Got To Now was a finalist for the PEN/E.O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award. His new book, Wonderland: How Play Made the Modern World, revolves around the creative power of play and delight: ideas and innovations that set into motion many momentous changes in science, technology, politics and society. 

Johnson is also the author of the bestselling Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation, one of his many books celebrating progress and innovation. Others include The Invention of Air and The Ghost Map. Everything Bad Is Good For You, one of the most discussed books of 2005, argued that the increasing complexity of modern media is training us to think in more complex ways. Emergence and Future Perfect explore the power of bottom-up intelligence in both nature and contemporary society.

An innovator himself, Johnson has co-created three influential sites: the pioneering online magazine FEED, the Webby-Award-winning community site, Plastic.com, and the hyperlocal media site outside.in, which was acquired by AOL in 2011.

Johnson is a regular contributor to WIRED magazine, as well as the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and many other periodicals. He has appeared on many high-profile television programs, including "The Charlie Rose Show," "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" and "The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer."


More profile about the speaker
Steven Johnson | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2010

Steven Johnson: Where good ideas come from

Steven Johnson: 偉大創新的誕生

Filmed:
4,960,715 views

人們往往相信是個人的智慧造就歷史上的偉大發現。但 Steven Johnson 在此說明歷史中不同的故事。他迷人的導遊帶領我們從倫敦咖啡館中醞釀的「液態網路」開始,穿過達爾文天擇論之中漫長的思維,直至現代的高速網路科技。
- Writer
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
Just a few少數 minutes分鐘 ago, I took this picture圖片
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在幾分鐘之前,我照了這張相片
00:18
about 10 blocks from here.
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距離這裡有十個街區。
00:20
This is the Grand盛大 Cafe咖啡店 here in Oxford牛津.
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這是牛津的「偉人咖啡館」。
00:23
I took this picture圖片 because this turns out to be
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我為它照相的原因是那裡原本
00:26
the first coffeehouse咖啡屋 to open打開
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是全英格蘭第一家咖啡館,
00:28
in England英國 in 1650.
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開幕於 1650 年。
00:30
That's its great claim要求 to fame名譽,
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這造就了它的廣大名氣。
00:32
and I wanted to show顯示 it to you,
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而我要說它的故事,
00:34
not because I want to give you the kind of Starbucks星巴克 tour遊覽
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不是因為要帶你們進行一場老英格蘭的
00:36
of historic歷史性 England英國,
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星巴克之旅,
00:38
but rather because
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而是因為
00:40
the English英語 coffeehouse咖啡屋 was crucial關鍵
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英國的咖啡館是
00:42
to the development發展 and spread傳播
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知識發展的重要關鍵,
00:45
of one of the great intellectual知識分子 flowerings春花怒放 of the last 500 years年份,
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過去五百年間,偉大知識在此茁壯,
00:48
what we now call the Enlightenment啟示.
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今日我們稱此為「啟蒙時代」。
00:51
And the coffeehouse咖啡屋 played發揮 such這樣 a big role角色
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而咖啡館就在啟蒙運動萌芽期間
00:53
in the birth分娩 of the Enlightenment啟示,
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扮演一個非常重要的角色,
00:55
in part部分, because of what people were drinking there.
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有部份是因為人們都會聚集在這裡用餐飲。
00:57
Because, before the spread傳播
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因為在咖啡與茶
01:00
of coffee咖啡 and tea through通過 British英國的 culture文化,
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普遍英國文化之前,
01:03
what people drank -- both elite原種 and mass folks鄉親 drank --
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人們 —— 不論精英還是平民 ——
01:06
day-in日式 and day-out一天出, from dawn黎明 until直到 dusk黃昏
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從早晨到黃昏,從日出到日落,
01:08
was alcohol.
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都是喝酒的。
01:10
Alcohol was the daytime白天 beverage飲料 of choice選擇.
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酒精是屬於白天的飲品。
01:12
You would drink a little beer啤酒 with breakfast早餐 and have a little wine紅酒 at lunch午餐,
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你會以一點啤酒配早餐,紅酒配午餐,
01:15
a little gin杜松子酒 -- particularly尤其 around 1650 --
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而少量琴酒 —— 特別在 1650 年代,
01:18
and top最佳 it off with a little beer啤酒 and wine紅酒 at the end結束 of the day.
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將此混合一點啤酒及紅酒是一天結束時的飲品。
01:20
That was the healthy健康 choice選擇 -- right --
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在那個時候算是個健康的選擇,沒錯,
01:22
because the water wasn't safe安全 to drink.
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因為當時的水質太差而不適飲用。
01:24
And so, effectively有效 until直到 the rise上升 of the coffeehouse咖啡屋,
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而實際上,咖啡館興起的時候,
01:27
you had an entire整個 population人口
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幾乎所有人
01:29
that was effectively有效 drunk all day.
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都願意整天在那裡灌咖啡。
01:32
And you can imagine想像 what that would be like, right, in your own擁有 life --
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而你能想像那是什麼樣子,對,在你的生活中 ——
01:34
and I know this is true真正 of some of you --
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我知道你們有些人真的就是這樣 ——
01:36
if you were drinking all day,
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如果你整天在咖啡館暢飲,
01:39
and then you switched交換的 from a depressant降凝劑 to a stimulant刺激物 in your life,
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你的日子會一直在沉靜和興奮之間轉換,
01:42
you would have better ideas思路.
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你就會有好靈感。
01:44
You would be sharper更清晰 and more alert警報.
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你的思考會更為清晰警覺。
01:46
And so it's not an accident事故 that a great flowering開花 of innovation革新 happened發生
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所以完全不意外地,思想的大綻放是基於
01:49
as England英國 switched交換的 to tea and coffee咖啡.
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茶和咖啡飲品開始盛行於英格蘭。
01:52
But the other thing that makes品牌 the coffeehouse咖啡屋 important重要
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而讓咖啡館佔有重要地位的要素還有
01:55
is the architecture建築 of the space空間.
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建築的空間。
01:57
It was a space空間 where people would get together一起
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咖啡館是個讓不同背景的人們
01:59
from different不同 backgrounds背景,
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聚集在一起的空間,
02:01
different不同 fields領域 of expertise專門知識, and share分享.
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大家會分享不同領域的知識。
02:03
It was a space空間, as Matt馬特 Ridley雷德利 talked about, where ideas思路 could have sex性別.
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這是一個空間,就像 Matt Ridley 說的那樣,思想交配的地方。
02:06
This was their conjugal夫妻 bed, in a sense --
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某方面來說,咖啡館就是思想的洞房。
02:08
ideas思路 would get together一起 there.
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各方的思想會在此交合。
02:10
And an astonishing驚人 number of innovations創新 from this period
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而這時期的創新達到一個驚人的數量,
02:13
have a coffeehouse咖啡屋 somewhere某處 in their story故事.
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正因為人們的生活有一家咖啡館。
02:16
I've been spending開支 a lot of time thinking思維 about coffeehouses咖啡館
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最近五年,我不斷思索關於咖啡館
02:19
for the last five years年份,
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的種種事聞,
02:21
because I've been kind of on this quest尋求
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因為我一直在探討
02:23
to investigate調查 this question
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這樣一個問題:
02:25
of where good ideas思路 come from.
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偉大思想是怎麼誕生的。
02:27
What are the environments環境
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什麼樣的環境
02:29
that lead to unusual異常 levels水平 of innovation革新,
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能引發革新及創造力
02:32
unusual異常 levels水平 of creativity創造力?
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至非凡的境界?
02:35
What's the kind of environmental環境的 --
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這樣的環境會有什麼要素 ——
02:37
what is the space空間 of creativity創造力?
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簡言之,什麼是有創造力的空間?
02:39
And what I've doneDONE is
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而我的作法是
02:41
I've looked看著 at both environments環境 like the coffeehouse咖啡屋;
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觀察像咖啡館那樣的環境;
02:43
I've looked看著 at media媒體 environments環境, like the world世界 wide web捲筒紙,
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有引發爆炸性革新的媒體環境,
02:45
that have been extraordinarily異常 innovative創新;
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像全球資訊網。
02:47
I've gone走了 back to the history歷史 of the first cities城市;
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我回到城市最初發展史;
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I've even gone走了 to biological生物 environments環境,
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我還去了生物的環境,
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like coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁 and rainforests熱帶雨林,
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如珊瑚礁及熱帶雨林,
02:54
that involve涉及 unusual異常 levels水平 of biological生物 innovation革新;
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它們在生物學的創新表現也相當不凡。
02:57
and what I've been looking for is shared共享 patterns模式,
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我一直尋找的是他們共同的模式,
03:00
kind of signature簽名 behavior行為 that shows節目 up
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這些環境重複顯現的,
03:02
again and again in all of these environments環境.
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標誌性的特徵。
03:05
Are there recurring經常性 patterns模式 that we can learn學習 from,
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是否有一種我們可以借鑒的模式
03:08
that we can take and kind of apply應用 to our own擁有 lives生活,
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讓我們採用來改善人類全體的生活,
03:10
or our own擁有 organizations組織,
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或是組織,
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or our own擁有 environments環境 to make them more creative創作的 and innovative創新?
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或是讓我們的環境更加創意及新穎?
03:14
And I think I've found發現 a few少數.
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我覺得我已經發現了幾個。
03:16
But what you have to do to make sense of this
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但你必須釐清這種創新模式,
03:19
and to really understand理解 these principles原則
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而且,如果要真正瞭解這些原則,
03:21
is you have to do away
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你得避免循著傳統模式走,
03:23
with a lot of the way in which哪一個 our conventional常規 metaphors隱喻 and language語言
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包括我們習慣的隱喻以及語言,
03:26
steers公牛 us towards
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傳統模式一直限制著
03:28
certain某些 concepts概念 of idea-creation想法創造.
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我們現今對於「創意」的概念。
03:30
We have this very rich豐富 vocabulary詞彙
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我們有非常多的詞彙
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to describe描述 moments瞬間 of inspiration靈感.
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來形容瞬間的靈感。
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We have the kind of the flash of insight眼光,
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例如「靈光一閃」、
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the stroke行程 of insight眼光,
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「當頭棒喝」,
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we have epiphanies頓悟, we have "eureka尤里卡!" moments瞬間,
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有「頓悟」,也有 "Eureka!" (大發現),
03:42
we have the lightbulb燈泡 moments瞬間, right?
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我們還會以發亮的燈泡形容靈感,對吧?
03:44
All of these concepts概念,
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這些概念,
03:46
as kind of rhetorically修辭 florid花語 as they are,
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戴著華麗修辭形式,
03:49
share分享 this basic基本 assumption假設,
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都表達出一個基本設想,
03:51
which哪一個 is that an idea理念 is a single thing,
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一個思想,是獨立的事物,
03:54
it's something that happens發生 often經常
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這種事總是會在
03:56
in a wonderful精彩 illuminating照明 moment時刻.
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神奇的啟蒙時刻來臨。
03:59
But in fact事實, what I would argue爭論 and what you really need to kind of begin開始 with
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但實際上,我會主張,而且是你應該先知道的 ——
04:02
is this idea理念 that an idea理念 is a network網絡
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一個思想就是一個網路,
04:05
on the most elemental元素 level水平.
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在最基本的概念上是如此。
04:07
I mean, this is what is happening事件 inside your brain.
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我的意思是,靈感是你大腦內發生的事。
04:09
An idea理念 -- a new idea理念 -- is a new network網絡 of neurons神經元
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一個新思想就是神經元建立的新網路,
04:12
firing射擊 in sync同步 with each other inside your brain.
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你大腦內的神經元會互相同步反應。
04:15
It's a new configuration組態 that has never formed形成 before.
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這是一個前所未有的新結構。
04:18
And the question is: how do you get your brain into environments環境
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而關鍵的問題是:如何讓你的大腦進入
04:21
where these new networks網絡 are going to be more likely容易 to form形成?
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更容易形成新網路的環境?
04:24
And it turns out that, in fact事實, the kind of network網絡 patterns模式 of the outside world世界
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而事實證明,這種對外網路的模式
04:27
mimic模仿者 a lot of the network網絡 patterns模式
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模仿很多
04:29
of the internal內部 world世界 of the human人的 brain.
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人類心智的網路模式。
04:32
So the metaphor隱喻 I'd like the use
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所以我想以此來比喻
04:34
I can take
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它是來自
04:36
from a story故事 of a great idea理念 that's quite相當 recent最近 --
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一個偉大想法的故事,相當現代 ——
04:39
a lot more recent最近 than the 1650s.
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比 1650 年代來講現代很多。
04:43
A wonderful精彩 guy named命名 Timothy蒂莫西 PresteroPrestero,
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有個超棒的夥伴叫 Timothy Prestero,
04:45
who has a company公司 called ... an organization組織 called Design設計 That Matters事項.
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有家公司,或是說組織,叫做 "Design that Matters" (切實的設計)。
04:48
They decided決定 to tackle滑車 this really pressing緊迫 problem問題
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他們決定解決一個迫切的問題,
04:53
of, you know, the terrible可怕 problems問題 we have with infant嬰兒 mortality死亡 rates利率
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像是開發中國家面對的糟糕問題:
04:55
in the developing發展 world世界.
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嬰兒死亡率。
04:57
One of the things that's very frustrating洩氣 about this is that we know,
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其中一件令人沮喪的事,我們知道
05:00
by getting得到 modern現代 neonatal新生兒 incubators孵化器
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透過現代的嬰兒保育器
05:03
into any context上下文,
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在任何情況下,
05:05
if we can keep premature過早 babies嬰兒 warm, basically基本上 -- it's very simple簡單 --
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基本上只要為早產兒做好保暖措施 —— 這很簡單 ——
05:08
we can halve對分 infant嬰兒 mortality死亡 rates利率 in those environments環境.
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我們就能在相同環境下,減少一半的嬰兒死亡率。
05:11
So, the technology技術 is there.
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所以,就是這個技術,
05:13
These are standard標準 in all the industrialized工業化 worlds世界.
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這個技術是已開發國家的標準設施。
05:16
The problem問題 is, if you buy購買 a $40,000 incubator恆溫箱,
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問題是,如果你買個四萬美元的保育器,
05:19
and you send發送 it off
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把它送到非洲
05:21
to a mid-sized中型 village in Africa非洲,
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的一個中等規模的村落,
05:23
it will work great for a year or two years年份,
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它會良好運作一至兩年
05:25
and then something will go wrong錯誤 and it will break打破,
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然後會故障、失修,
05:28
and it will remain broken破碎 forever永遠,
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再也不堪使用。
05:30
because you don't have a whole整個 system系統 of spare備用 parts部分,
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因為缺乏整個系統的備件,
05:33
and you don't have the on-the-ground在地上 expertise專門知識
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也沒有在地的專家
05:35
to fix固定 this $40,000 piece of equipment設備.
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來維修這四萬美元的設備。
05:37
And so you end結束 up having this problem問題 where you spend all this money
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所以最後會有這個問題:援助基金用來
05:39
getting得到 aid援助 and all these advanced高級 electronics電子產品 to these countries國家,
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資助這些先進電子產品到開發中國家,
05:42
and then it ends結束 up being存在 useless無用.
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到頭來完全派不上用場。
05:44
So what PresteroPrestero and his team球隊 decided決定 to do
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所以 Prestero 以及他的團隊決定這麼做,
05:46
is to look around and see: what are the abundant豐富 resources資源
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他們觀察周圍環境:在這些開發中國家
05:49
in these developing發展 world世界 contexts上下文?
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有什麼豐富的資源?
05:51
And what they noticed注意到 was they don't have a lot of DVRs硬盤錄像機,
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他們發現這些地方沒有什麼錄影機,
05:54
they don't have a lot of microwaves微波爐,
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也沒有微波爐,
05:56
but they seem似乎 to do a pretty漂亮 good job工作 of keeping保持 their cars汽車 on the road.
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但那裡的汽車,似乎運作得還不錯。
05:59
There's a Toyota豐田 Forerunner先行者
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豐田 "Forerunner" SUV 車
06:01
on the street in all these places地方.
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在這些地方很普遍。
06:03
They seem似乎 to have the expertise專門知識 to keep cars汽車 working加工.
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當地的人們看來是有一定水準的汽車保養知識。
06:06
So they started開始 to think,
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所以他們開始構想,
06:08
"Could we build建立 a neonatal新生兒 incubator恆溫箱
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「我們能做出一種完全
06:10
that's built內置 entirely完全 out of automobile汽車 parts部分?"
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由汽車零件所組成的保育器嗎?」
06:13
And this is what they ended結束 up coming未來 with.
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而這是他們最後的成品。
06:15
It's called a "neonurtureneonurture device設備."
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這叫「新型保育設備」。
06:17
From the outside, it looks容貌 like a normal正常 little thing
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外表看來像是你會在
06:19
you'd find in a modern現代, Western西 hospital醫院.
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歐美的現代醫院看到的設備。
06:21
In the inside, it's all car汽車 parts部分.
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而裡面全都是汽車零件。
06:23
It's got a fan風扇, it's got headlights頭燈 for warmth熱情,
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它有風扇、保暖用的頂燈,
06:25
it's got door chimes編鐘 for alarm報警 --
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還有開門警示鈴。
06:27
it runs運行 off a car汽車 battery電池.
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它的動力是汽車蓄電池。
06:29
And so all you need is the spare備用 parts部分 from your Toyota豐田
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因此你只需要豐田的備件
06:31
and the ability能力 to fix固定 a headlight車燈,
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就能夠修理它的頂燈
06:33
and you can repair修理 this thing.
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以及保養整個機器。
06:35
Now, that's a great idea理念, but what I'd like to say is that, in fact事實,
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對,這是個很棒的點子。但我要說,事實上,
06:38
this is a great metaphor隱喻 for the way that ideas思路 happen發生.
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這個點子本身也是一個很好的比方。
06:40
We like to think our breakthrough突破 ideas思路, you know,
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我們喜歡有突破性的想法,你知道,
06:42
are like that $40,000, brand new incubator恆溫箱,
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就像四萬美元的全新款保育器,
06:44
state-of-the-art最先進的 technology技術,
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全國最先進的技術,
06:46
but more often經常 than not, they're cobbled鵝卵石 together一起
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但更多的想法則是從周圍的事物
06:48
from whatever隨你 parts部分 that happen發生 to be around nearby附近.
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擷取一小部份後,拼湊起來的。
06:50
We take ideas思路 from other people,
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我們汲取他人的思想,
06:52
from people we've我們已經 learned學到了 from, from people we run into in the coffee咖啡 shop,
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從我們的老師,或是在咖啡店交談的朋友們,
06:55
and we stitch them together一起 into new forms形式 and we create創建 something new.
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而我們將這些小零件融合出一個新形式,創造新的事物。
06:58
That's really where innovation革新 happens發生.
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這就是創新的由來。
07:01
And that means手段 that we have to change更改 some of our models楷模
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這代表我們必須改變對「創新」的既定概念
07:03
of what innovation革新 and deep thinking思維 really looks容貌 like, right.
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以及深思創新的本質,沒錯。
07:06
I mean, this is one vision視力 of it.
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現在我們有一個例子。
07:08
Another另一個 is Newton牛頓 and the apple蘋果, when Newton牛頓 was at Cambridge劍橋.
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另一個是牛頓,以及在劍橋那棵蘋果樹。
07:11
This is a statue雕像 from Oxford牛津.
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這是位於牛津的牛頓像。
07:13
You know, you're sitting坐在 there thinking思維 a deep thought,
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你知道,你坐在那裡進行沉思,
07:15
and the apple蘋果 falls下降 from the tree, and you have the theory理論 of gravity重力.
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然後一顆蘋果從樹上掉下來,你就發現地心引力了。
07:18
In fact事實, the spaces空間 that have historically歷史 led to innovation革新
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事實上,這歷史性的創新發源地
07:21
tend趨向 to look like this, right.
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會看起來像這樣,沒錯。
07:23
This is Hogarth's霍加斯的 famous著名 painting繪畫 of a kind of political政治 dinner晚餐 at a tavern酒館,
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這是威廉·賀加斯的名畫,主題是酒館內的政治應酬,
07:26
but this is what the coffee咖啡 shops商店 looked看著 like back then.
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但這表現了當時咖啡館的樣貌。
07:29
This is the kind of chaotic混亂的 environment環境
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這是一種混雜的環境,
07:31
where ideas思路 were likely容易 to come together一起,
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讓各方想法聚集一堂,
07:33
where people were likely容易 to have
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在此聚集的人們會有
07:35
new, interesting有趣, unpredictable不可預料的 collisions碰撞 -- people from different不同 backgrounds背景.
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新穎、有趣、不可預測的交流 —— 來自不同背景。
07:38
So, if we're trying to build建立 organizations組織 that are more innovative創新,
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所以,如果我們試著建立具有創意的組織,
07:40
we have to build建立 spaces空間 that -- strangely奇怪 enough足夠 -- look a little bit more like this.
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我們需要多一點像這酒館一樣的空間,很怪沒錯。
07:43
This is what your office辦公室 should look like,
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你們的辦公室也該是這樣,
07:45
is part部分 of my message信息 here.
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這是我想表達的意思之一。
07:47
And one of the problems問題 with this is that
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而對於此,其中一個問題是
07:49
people are actually其實 -- when you research研究 this field領域 --
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人們實際上 —— 當你研究這個領域就會發現 ——
07:52
people are notoriously臭名昭著 unreliable靠不住,
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人是非常不可靠的,
07:54
when they actually其實 kind of self-report自我報告
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當他們自己表述
07:56
on where they have their own擁有 good ideas思路,
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在哪裡產生好點子,
07:58
or their history歷史 of their best最好 ideas思路.
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或是他們偉大思想的故事時,尤其是如此。
08:00
And a few少數 years年份 ago, a wonderful精彩 researcher研究員 named命名 Kevin凱文 Dunbar鄧巴
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而在幾年前,一個很優秀的研究者 Kevin Dunbar,
08:03
decided決定 to go around
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決定出去走走,
08:05
and basically基本上 do the Big Brother哥哥 approach途徑
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他決定用老大哥(小說《1984》中的獨裁人物)的方法
08:07
to figuring盤算 out where good ideas思路 come from.
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來找出最好的思想是如何誕生的。
08:09
He went to a bunch of science科學 labs實驗室 around the world世界
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他走訪世界各地的科學實驗室,
08:12
and videotaped錄像 everyone大家
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並且錄影實驗室成員
08:14
as they were doing every一切 little bit of their job工作.
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的工作細節。
08:16
So when they were sitting坐在 in front面前 of the microscope顯微鏡,
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所以,當實驗室成員使用顯微鏡時,
08:18
when they were talking to their colleague同事 at the water cooler冷卻器, and all these things.
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或是和同事談論水冷卻器時,以至於全部的工作,
08:20
And he recorded記錄 all of these conversations對話
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他都錄下了對話,
08:22
and tried試著 to figure數字 out where the most important重要 ideas思路,
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並試著找出最重要的想法
08:24
where they happened發生.
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發生的那一刻。
08:26
And when we think about the classic經典 image圖片 of the scientist科學家 in the lab實驗室,
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當我們想像實驗室科學家的傳統形象時,
08:29
we have this image圖片 -- you know, they're pouring澆注 over the microscope顯微鏡,
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我們就會想到,科學家守著顯微鏡,
08:32
and they see something in the tissue組織 sample樣品.
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並觀察組織樣本內的細節。
08:34
And "oh, eureka尤里卡," they've他們已經 got the idea理念.
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然後,「喔,我發現了!」靈光一現。
08:37
What happened發生 actually其實 when Dunbar鄧巴 kind of looked看著 at the tape膠帶
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實際上,Dunbar 在錄影帶中發現的
08:40
is that, in fact事實, almost幾乎 all of the important重要 breakthrough突破 ideas思路
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是這樣,幾乎所有重大突破的靈感
08:43
did not happen發生 alone單獨 in the lab實驗室, in front面前 of the microscope顯微鏡.
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並不是在實驗室中、顯微鏡前誕生的。
08:46
They happened發生 at the conference會議 table
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靈感都是誕生在
08:48
at the weekly每週 lab實驗室 meeting會議,
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實驗室每週的會議中,
08:50
when everybody每個人 got together一起 and shared共享 their kind of latest最新 data數據 and findings發現,
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當大家聚在一起,並分享他們最新的資料以及發現時,
08:53
oftentimes通常情況下 when people shared共享 the mistakes錯誤 they were having,
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時常也會有人報告他們的錯誤、
08:55
the error錯誤, the noise噪聲 in the signal信號 they were discovering發現.
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故障,他們發現的狀況。
08:58
And something about that environment環境 --
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還有一些和環境有關的事,
09:01
and I've started開始 calling調用 it the "liquid液體 network網絡,"
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而我稱它為「液態網路」,
09:03
where you have lots of different不同 ideas思路 that are together一起,
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聚集各方思想的網路,
09:06
different不同 backgrounds背景, different不同 interests利益,
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各色的背景,各色的志趣,
09:08
jostling擁擠 with each other, bouncing蹦蹦 off each other --
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互相衝撞,互相對映 ——
09:10
that environment環境 is, in fact事實,
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這種環境,事實上
09:12
the environment環境 that leads引線 to innovation革新.
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就是引發創新的最佳環境。
09:14
The other problem問題 that people have
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另外一個問題是,人們傾向於
09:16
is they like to condense凝結 their stories故事 of innovation革新 down
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將他們的創新故事濃縮到
09:18
to kind of shorter time frames.
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較短的時間範圍。
09:20
So they want to tell the story故事 of the "eureka尤里卡!" moment時刻.
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所以他們要說明自己的發現時,
09:23
They want to say, "There I was, I was standing常設 there
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他們會想說「我只是在站在那裡,
09:25
and I had it all suddenly突然 clear明確 in my head."
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然後我就瞭解了。」
09:27
But in fact事實, if you go back and look at the historical歷史的 record記錄,
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但實際上,如果你回朔過往的紀錄,
09:30
it turns out that a lot of important重要 ideas思路
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會發現,許多重要的思想
09:33
have very long incubation孵化 periods --
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都是潛藏很久之後才誕生的。
09:36
I call this the "slow hunch直覺."
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我稱之為「慢預感」。
09:38
We've我們已經 heard聽說 a lot recently最近
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我們已經知道最近有很多
09:40
about hunch直覺 and instinct直覺
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關於預感和直覺
09:42
and blink-like眨眼般 sudden突然 moments瞬間 of clarity明晰,
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在眨眼間突然清晰的例子。
09:45
but in fact事實, a lot of great ideas思路
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但實際上,大多偉大思想
09:47
linger縈繞 on, sometimes有時 for decades幾十年,
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都輾轉在人們的心智中,
09:49
in the back of people's人們 minds頭腦.
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有時會長達數十年。
09:51
They have a feeling感覺 that there's an interesting有趣 problem問題,
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當有趣的問題產生時,人們會有感覺,
09:53
but they don't quite相當 have the tools工具 yet然而 to discover發現 them.
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但他們沒有多少探索這個有趣問題的方法。
09:56
They spend all this time working加工 on certain某些 problems問題,
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他們花所有的時間解決現有的問題,
09:59
but there's another另一個 thing lingering纏綿 there
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但還有一個揮之不去的東西
10:01
that they're interested有興趣 in, but they can't quite相當 solve解決.
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他們對此非常感興趣,但不知道如何解決。
10:03
Darwin達爾文 is a great example of this.
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達爾文是一個好範例。
10:05
Darwin達爾文 himself他自己, in his autobiography自傳,
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達爾文在自傳中
10:07
tells告訴 the story故事 of coming未來 up with the idea理念
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述說他發現天擇論
10:09
for natural自然 selection選擇
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的故事,
10:11
as a classic經典 "eureka尤里卡!" moment時刻.
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說得就像標準的「靈光一現」一般。
10:13
He's in his study研究,
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他開始研究於
10:15
it's October十月 of 1838,
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1838 年十月,
10:17
and he's reading Malthus馬爾薩斯, actually其實, on population人口.
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那時他在閱讀馬爾薩斯的人口學原理。
10:19
And all of a sudden突然,
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突然地,
10:21
the basic基本 algorithm算法 of natural自然 selection選擇 kind of pops持久性有機污染物 into his head
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天擇論的簡單公式閃現在他的腦海裡,
10:24
and he says, "Ah, at last, I had a theory理論 with which哪一個 to work."
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然後他說,「啊,終究我發現一個實用的理論了」。
10:27
That's in his autobiography自傳.
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這是他在自傳中的描述。
10:29
About a decade or two ago,
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大約十年至二十年前,
10:31
a wonderful精彩 scholar學者 named命名 Howard霍華德 Gruber格魯伯 went back
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一個優秀學者,Howard Gruber
10:33
and looked看著 at Darwin's達爾文 notebooks筆記本電腦 from this period.
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回溯達爾文在那時期寫下的筆記。
10:36
And Darwin達爾文 kept不停 these copious豐富 notebooks筆記本電腦
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達爾文生前保留這些豐富的筆記,
10:38
where he wrote down every一切 little idea理念 he had, every一切 little hunch直覺.
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上面寫有他腦海裡出現的每一個細微想法以及靈感。
10:41
And what Gruber格魯伯 found發現 was
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Gruber 發現的是
10:43
that Darwin達爾文 had the full充分 theory理論 of natural自然 selection選擇
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達爾文已經將天擇論
10:46
for months個月 and months個月 and months個月
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醞釀很長很長很長的一段時日,
10:48
before he had his alleged所謂的 epiphany頓悟,
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遠在他描述的時刻:
10:50
reading Malthus馬爾薩斯 in October十月 of 1838.
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1838 年十月閱讀馬爾薩斯之前。
10:53
There are passages通道 where you can read it,
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你可以從這些管道閱讀它,
10:55
and you think you're reading from a Darwin達爾文 textbook教科書,
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而你認為這確實是從達爾文的筆記本上來的,
10:58
from the period before he has this epiphany頓悟.
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早在他自稱「受啟發」一段時日。
11:01
And so what you realize實現 is that Darwin達爾文, in a sense,
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而你會認識到達爾文在某種觀點上看,
11:03
had the idea理念, he had the concept概念,
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很有想法,很有概念,
11:05
but was unable無法 of fully充分 thinking思維 it yet然而.
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但不太會求甚解。
11:08
And that is actually其實 how great ideas思路 often經常 happen發生;
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而偉大思想時常是這樣發生:
11:11
they fade褪色 into view視圖 over long periods of time.
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它們早就存在,只是蘊藏很長一段時日而已。
11:13
Now the challenge挑戰 for all of us is:
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現在我們的挑戰是:
11:15
how do you create創建 environments環境
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如何創造這樣的環境
11:17
that allow允許 these ideas思路 to have this kind of long half-life半衰期, right?
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讓我們的思想有個「半衰期」,對吧?
11:19
It's hard to go to your boss老闆 and say,
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你應該很難對上司這樣說:
11:21
"I have an excellent優秀 idea理念 for our organization組織.
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「我有個很棒的點子改善我們的組織,
11:23
It will be useful有用 in 2020.
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在 2020 年就會實用。
11:26
Could you just give me some time to do that?"
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可以給我一些時間用在這個點子上嗎?」
11:28
Now a couple一對 of companies公司 -- like Google谷歌 --
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現在有些公司,像 Google,
11:30
they have innovation革新 time off, 20 percent百分 time,
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他們有一個創舉:20% 的休息時間,
11:32
where, in a sense, those are hunch-cultivating預感栽培 mechanisms機制 in an organization組織.
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某種方面來說是組織內的靈感栽培機制。
11:35
But that's a key thing.
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但還有一個關鍵。
11:38
And the other thing is to allow允許 those hunches預感
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如何讓自身的靈感
11:40
to connect with other people's人們 hunches預感; that's what often經常 happens發生.
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和其他人的靈感連結;結果會更加不同。
11:43
You have half of an idea理念, somebody else其他 has the other half,
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如果你有半個想法,也許另一個人有另一半的想法。
11:45
and if you're in the right environment環境,
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而如果身處的環境對了,
11:47
they turn into something larger than the sum of their parts部分.
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它們會融合成比兩半還要多的東西。
11:49
So, in a sense,
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所以,某方面來說,
11:51
we often經常 talk about the value
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我們時常談及
11:53
of protecting保護 intellectual知識分子 property屬性,
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保護著作權的價值,
11:55
you know, building建造 barricades路障,
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像是制定權限、
11:57
having secretive隱秘 R&D labs實驗室, patenting專利 everything that we have,
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設立秘密的研究開發部門、申請專利,
12:00
so that those ideas思路 will remain valuable有價值,
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使這些思想保持價值,
12:03
and people will be incentivized誘因 to come up with more ideas思路,
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而人們就會有發揮靈感的誘因,
12:05
and the culture文化 will be more innovative創新.
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文化的創新能力會更強。
12:08
But I think there's a case案件 to be made製作
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但我認為這裡有個必須
12:10
that we should spend at least最小 as much time, if not more,
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付出時間解決的事,
12:13
valuing價值評估 the premise前提 of connecting ideas思路
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在重視創意的基礎上連結思想,
12:15
and not just protecting保護 them.
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而不僅是保護它們。
12:17
And I'll leave離開 you with this story故事,
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而我要告訴你這個故事,
12:19
which哪一個 I think captures捕獲 a lot of these values,
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我認為它非常重要,
12:22
and it's just wonderful精彩 kind of tale故事 of innovation革新
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是個很好的創新事蹟,
12:24
and how it happens發生 in unlikely不會 ways方法.
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以及創新如何在不同的情況下發生的描述。
12:27
It's October十月 of 1957,
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那時是 1957 年十月,
12:30
and Sputnik人造地球衛星 has just launched推出,
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史普尼克一號剛升空,
12:32
and we're in Laurel月桂樹 Maryland馬里蘭,
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而這故事的地點在馬里蘭州月桂鎮,
12:34
at the applied應用的 physics物理 lab實驗室
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約翰·霍普金斯大學的
12:36
associated相關 with Johns約翰斯 Hopkins霍普金斯 University大學.
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應用物理實驗室。
12:38
And it's Monday星期一 morning早上,
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而那時是週一早上,
12:40
and the news新聞 has just broken破碎 about this satellite衛星
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一早的新聞就是這個人造衛星
12:42
that's now orbiting軌道 the planet行星.
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正在環繞地球運行的消息。
12:45
And of course課程, this is nerd書呆子 heaven天堂, right?
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當然,這裡是宅男天堂,對吧?
12:47
There are all these physics物理 geeks怪才 who are there thinking思維,
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這裡全都是些物理御宅族,朝思物理暮想物理,
12:49
"Oh my gosh天哪! This is incredible難以置信. I can't believe this has happened發生."
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「噢天哪!太驚人了,我不敢相信這種事已經實現了!」
12:52
And two of them,
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然後這團隊其中的兩人,
12:54
two 20-something-something researchers研究人員 at the APLAPL
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實驗室兩位二十多歲的研究員
12:56
are there at the cafeteria自助餐館 table
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在餐廳吃飯時
12:58
having an informal非正式的 conversation會話 with a bunch of their colleagues同事.
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和同事們一起邊用早餐邊閒聊。
13:01
And these two guys are named命名 Guier跪而 and WeiffenbachWeiffenbach.
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而大家都叫這兩位小伙子 Guier 和 Weiffenbach。
13:04
And they start開始 talking, and one of them says,
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他們開始聊天,其中一人說,
13:06
"Hey, has anybody任何人 tried試著 to listen for this thing?
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「嘿,有誰試過要聽那玩意的聲音嗎?
13:08
There's this, you know, man-made人造 satellite衛星 up there in outer space空間
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你們都知道的,人造衛星在外太空中
13:11
that's obviously明顯 broadcasting廣播 some kind of signal信號.
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會放出明顯的無線電訊號。
13:13
We could probably大概 hear it, if we tune調 in."
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我們能透過調整頻率聽見它的聲音。」
13:16
And so they ask around to a couple一對 of their colleagues同事,
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因此,他們問身邊的同事中的其中兩位,
13:18
and everybody's每個人的 like, "No, I hadn't有沒有 thought of doing that.
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和大家想得一樣,「不,我沒試過。
13:20
That's an interesting有趣 idea理念."
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這是個有趣的點子。」
13:22
And it turns out WeiffenbachWeiffenbach is kind of an expert專家
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而有意思的是,Weiffenbach 是個
13:25
in microwave微波 reception招待會,
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微波通訊的專家。
13:27
and he's got a little antennae天線 set up
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而他有一個小天線組
13:29
with an amplifier放大器 in his office辦公室.
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以及擴音器,放在他的研究室裡。
13:31
And so Guier跪而 and WeiffenbachWeiffenbach go back to Weiffenbach'sWeiffenbach的 office辦公室,
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然後 Guier 和 Weiffenbach 就回到那個研究室,
13:33
and they start開始 kind of noodlingnoodling around -- hacking黑客, as we might威力 call it now.
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然後他們開始不斷調試 —— 在當今我們大概會稱之「駭」。
13:36
And after a couple一對 of hours小時, they actually其實 start開始 picking選擇 up the signal信號,
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過了兩個小時,他們終於收到訊號,
13:39
because the Soviets蘇聯 made製作 Sputnik人造地球衛星
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因為蘇聯製的史普尼克一號
13:41
very easy簡單 to track跟踪.
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非常容易追蹤。
13:43
It was right at 20 MHz兆赫, so you could pick it up really easily容易,
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它的訊號大約是在 20 兆赫,真的很容易接收到,
13:46
because they were afraid害怕 that people would think it was a hoax惡作劇, basically基本上.
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因為基本上,蘇聯擔心大家會覺得衛星升空是場騙局。
13:48
So they made製作 it really easy簡單 to find it.
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所以他們就讓這衛星容易追蹤。
13:50
So these two guys are sitting坐在 there listening to this signal信號,
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所以這兩位小伙坐在那裡聽衛星訊號,
13:53
and people start開始 kind of coming未來 into the office辦公室 and saying,
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而人們開始來到研究室,說:
13:55
"Wow, that's pretty漂亮 cool. Can I hear? Wow, that's great."
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「哇,這好酷。我能聽聽嗎?哇,太讚了。」
13:58
And before long, they think, "Well jeez哎呀, this is kind of historic歷史性.
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不久之後,他們想「哇塞,這可是歷史性的一刻。
14:01
We may可能 be the first people in the United聯合的 States狀態 to be listening to this.
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我們也許是全美國最先聽到這訊號的人。
14:03
We should record記錄 it."
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應該要把它錄下來。」
14:05
And so they bring帶來 in this big, clunky笨重 analog類似物 tape膠帶 recorder錄音機
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於是他們帶來一個大、笨重的類比磁帶錄音機,
14:07
and they start開始 recording記錄 these little bleep, bleeps嗶嗶聲.
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並開始錄下這些嗶嗶聲。
14:10
And they start開始 writing寫作 the kind of date日期 stamp郵票, time stamps郵票
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然後他們開始在錄有訊號聲的磁帶上
14:13
for each little bleep that they record記錄.
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標上日期及時間標籤。
14:16
And they they start開始 thinking思維, "Well gosh天哪, you know, we're noticing注意到
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然後他們開始思考,「噢老天,我們注意到
14:18
small little frequency頻率 variations變化 here.
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這裡有點微小的頻率變化。
14:21
We could probably大概 calculate計算 the speed速度
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我們也許可以計算出
14:24
that the satellite衛星 is traveling旅行,
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這顆衛星的運行速度,
14:26
if we do a little basic基本 math數學 here
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如果我們在這列出簡單的公式
14:28
using運用 the Doppler多普勒 effect影響."
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套用都卜勒效應。
14:30
And then they played發揮 around with it a little bit more,
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然後他們就開始著手,
14:32
and they talked to a couple一對 of their colleagues同事
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並和有著其他專業的
14:34
who had other kind of specialties特色.
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一對同事交談。
14:36
And they said, "Jeez哎呀, you know,
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他們說「哎呀,你知道,
14:38
we think we could actually其實 take a look at the slope of the Doppler多普勒 effect影響
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我們認為可以實際觀察都卜勒效應的斜率
14:40
to figure數字 out the points at which哪一個
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去算出這個衛星
14:42
the satellite衛星 is closest最近的 to our antennae天線
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最接近我們天線的時刻,
14:44
and the points at which哪一個 it's farthest最遠 away.
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以及最遠離我們的時刻。
14:46
That's pretty漂亮 cool."
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這一定會很讚。」
14:48
And eventually終於, they get permission允許 --
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最終,他們獲得許可 ——
14:50
this is all a little side project項目 that hadn't有沒有 been officially正式 part部分 of their job工作 description描述.
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這是一個小型支計畫,不是他們真正的工作。
14:53
They get permission允許 to use the new, you know, UNIVACUNIVAC computer電腦
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他們能配備一台全新的 UNIVAC 電腦,
14:56
that takes up an entire整個 room房間 that they'd他們會 just gotten得到 at the APLAPL.
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和這團隊剛在實驗室分配到的房間差不多大。
14:59
They run some more of the numbers數字, and at the end結束 of about three or four weeks,
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他們運行一些算式,在三到四周後運行完畢。
15:02
turns out they have mapped映射 the exact精確 trajectory彈道
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結果,他們已繪製出這個人造衛星
15:05
of this satellite衛星 around the Earth地球,
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環繞地球的精確軌跡。
15:07
just from listening to this one little signal信號,
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聽著這小信號,
15:09
going off on this little side hunch直覺 that they'd他們會 been inspired啟發 to do
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他們靈光一現,想到應該在這個早晨做什麼
15:12
over lunch午餐 one morning早上.
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以至於忘了午餐。
15:15
A couple一對 weeks later後來 their boss老闆, Frank坦率 McClure麥克盧爾,
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幾個星期後他們的上司,Frank McClure,
15:18
pulls them into the room房間 and says,
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把他們叫進來說,
15:20
"Hey, you guys, I have to ask you something
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「嘿,小伙子,我得問你們
15:22
about that project項目 you were working加工 on.
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現在在做的計畫。
15:24
You've figured想通 out an unknown未知 location位置
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你們從地面上已知的位置
15:26
of a satellite衛星 orbiting軌道 the planet行星
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算出人造衛星繞地軌道上的
15:29
from a known已知 location位置 on the ground地面.
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未知位置。
15:31
Could you go the other way?
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你們可以從相反方向操作嗎?
15:33
Could you figure數字 out an unknown未知 location位置 on the ground地面,
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如果已經知道人造衛星的位置,
15:35
if you knew知道 the location位置 of the satellite衛星?"
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能否計算出地面上的未知地點?」
15:38
And they thought about it and they said,
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然後他們想了一下,然後說,
15:40
"Well, I guess猜測 maybe you could. Let's run the numbers數字 here."
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「嗯,我想這行得通。讓我們開始運算吧。」
15:43
So they went back, and they thought about it.
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所以他們回頭思考這個問題。
15:45
And they came來了 back and said, "Actually其實, it'll它會 be easier更輕鬆."
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之後,他們回來答覆道,「實際上,這樣做更簡單。」
15:47
And he said, "Oh, that's great.
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McClure 說,「喔,很棒。
15:49
Because see, I have these new nuclear submarines潛艇
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因為,你們看,我正在構建一種
15:52
that I'm building建造.
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新型核潛艇。
15:54
And it's really hard to figure數字 out how to get your missile導彈
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而如果潛艇在太平洋中間的未知位置,
15:57
so that it will land土地 right on top最佳 of Moscow莫斯科,
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很難讓導彈
15:59
if you don't know where the submarine潛艇 is in the middle中間 of the Pacific和平的 Ocean海洋.
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正確地指向莫斯科。
16:02
So we're thinking思維, we could throw up a bunch of satellites衛星
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因此我們在想,可以發射一批衛星
16:05
and use it to track跟踪 our submarines潛艇
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來追蹤我們的潛艇,
16:08
and figure數字 out their location位置 in the middle中間 of the ocean海洋.
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就能算出它們在大洋中的位置。
16:10
Could you work on that problem問題?"
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你們可以在這方面著手嗎?」
16:12
And that's how GPS全球定位系統 was born天生.
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這就是全球定位系統 (GPS) 的由來。
16:15
30 years年份 later後來,
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三十年後,
16:17
Ronald羅納德 Reagan裡根 actually其實 opened打開 it up and made製作 it an open打開 platform平台
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羅納德·雷根總統開放這個技術,
16:20
that anybody任何人 could kind of build建立 upon
405
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任何人都可以作 GPS 的建設
16:22
and anybody任何人 could come along沿 and build建立 new technology技術
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以及沿用,在這開放平台上
16:25
that would create創建 and innovate創新
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建立用以創意與革新
16:27
on top最佳 of this open打開 platform平台,
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的新技術,
16:29
left it open打開 for anyone任何人 to do
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最後再讓新技術開放
16:31
pretty漂亮 much anything they wanted with it.
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給所有人自由運用。
16:33
And now, I guarantee保證 you
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時間拉到現今,我保證
16:35
certainly當然 half of this room房間, if not more,
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這裡有一半的人
16:37
has a device設備 sitting坐在 in their pocket口袋 right now
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口袋裡都有個設施
16:39
that is talking to one of these satellites衛星 in outer space空間.
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正在連接著太空中的人造衛星。
16:42
And I bet賭注 you one of you, if not more,
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然後我跟你們賭
16:45
has used said device設備 and said satellite衛星 system系統
416
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你們一定有人用過定位系統
16:48
to locate定位 a nearby附近 coffeehouse咖啡屋 somewhere某處 in the last --
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來尋找鄰近的一家咖啡館 ——
16:51
(Laughter笑聲)
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(大笑)
16:53
in the last day or last week, right?
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在昨天或是上週這樣做過,對吧?
16:56
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
16:59
And that, I think,
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所以呢,我認為,
17:01
is a great case案件 study研究, a great lesson
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這是一個很好的研究案例,很好的課程,
17:04
in the power功率, the marvelous奇妙, kind of unplanned無計劃
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很有力量,很神奇,有一種不可預知
17:06
emergent應急, unpredictable不可預料的 power功率
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的元素,玄妙的力量,
17:09
of open打開 innovative創新 systems系統.
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就在開放創新系統之中。
17:11
When you build建立 them right, they will be led to completely全然 new directions方向
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當你正確地建設它,這系統將會引出一個就連
17:13
that the creators創作者 never even dreamed夢見 of.
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它的創造者都未有所思的新方向。
17:15
I mean, here you have these guys
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我的意思是,那些小傢伙
17:17
who basically基本上 thought they were just following以下 this hunch直覺,
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單純地循著靈感思考,
17:19
this little passion that had developed發達,
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達成自身小小的熱情。
17:21
then they thought they were fighting戰鬥 the Cold War戰爭,
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他們本來是美俄冷戰的武器,
17:23
and then it turns out they're just helping幫助 somebody
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最後卻變成了幫某個人
17:25
find a soy黃豆 latte拿鐵.
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尋覓豆漿拿鐵的小東西。
17:27
(Laughter笑聲)
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(大笑)
17:29
That is how innovation革新 happens發生.
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這就是創新的誕生。
17:31
Chance機會 favors好處 the connected連接的 mind心神.
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機會降臨於互相連結的思想。
17:33
Thank you very much.
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感謝各位的聆聽。
17:35
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Valter Wei
Reviewed by Adrienne Lin

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Johnson - Writer
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience.

Why you should listen

Steven Johnson is a leading light of today's interdisciplinary and collaborative approach to innovation. His writings have influenced everything from cutting-edge ideas in urban planning to the battle against 21st-century terrorism. Johnson was chosen by Prospect magazine as one of the top ten brains of the digital future, and The Wall Street Journal calls him "one of the most persuasive advocates for the role of collaboration in innovation."

Johnson's work on the history of innovation inspired the Emmy-nominated six-part series on PBS, "How We Got To Now with Steven Johnson," which aired in the fall of 2014. The book version of How We Got To Now was a finalist for the PEN/E.O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award. His new book, Wonderland: How Play Made the Modern World, revolves around the creative power of play and delight: ideas and innovations that set into motion many momentous changes in science, technology, politics and society. 

Johnson is also the author of the bestselling Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation, one of his many books celebrating progress and innovation. Others include The Invention of Air and The Ghost Map. Everything Bad Is Good For You, one of the most discussed books of 2005, argued that the increasing complexity of modern media is training us to think in more complex ways. Emergence and Future Perfect explore the power of bottom-up intelligence in both nature and contemporary society.

An innovator himself, Johnson has co-created three influential sites: the pioneering online magazine FEED, the Webby-Award-winning community site, Plastic.com, and the hyperlocal media site outside.in, which was acquired by AOL in 2011.

Johnson is a regular contributor to WIRED magazine, as well as the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and many other periodicals. He has appeared on many high-profile television programs, including "The Charlie Rose Show," "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" and "The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer."


More profile about the speaker
Steven Johnson | Speaker | TED.com