ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Allan Savory - Grassland ecosystem pioneer
Allan Savory works to promote holistic management in the grasslands of the world.

Why you should listen

Desertification of the world's grasslands, Allan Savory suggests, is the immediate cause of poverty, social breakdown, violence, cultural genocide -- and a significent contribution to climate change. In the 1960s, while working in Africa on the interrelated problems of increasing poverty and disappearing wildlife, Savory made a significant breakthrough in understanding the degradation and desertification of grassland ecosystems. After decades of study and collaboration, thousands of managers of land, livestock and wildlife on five continents today follow the methodology he calls "Holistic Management."

In 1992, Savory and his wife, Jody Butterfield, formed the Africa Centre for Holistic Management in Zimbabwe, a learning site for people all over Africa. In 2010, the Centre won the Buckminster Fuller Challenge for its work in reversing desertification. In that same year he and his wife, with others, founded the Savory Institute in Boulder, Colorado, to promote large-scale restoration of the world's grasslands.

Intrigued by this talk? Read Savory's papers and other publications »

More profile about the speaker
Allan Savory | Speaker | TED.com
TED2013

Allan Savory: How to fight desertification and reverse climate change

Allan Savory: 點樣先可以綠化沙漠同埋扭轉氣候變化

Filmed:
6,848,484 views

Allan Savory 嘅開場白係咁樣講︰「『荒漠化』係一個美化咗嘅詞語,用嚟描述正喺度變成沙漠嘅土地。」最得人驚嘅係,世界上大約三分二嘅草原正喺度沙漠化,以至氣候變化加速,放牧社會陷入混亂狀態。Allan Savory 奉獻一生去制止荒漠化。佢嘅工作證明咗,一個做法就能夠保護草原,甚至復原荒漠化嘅土地。
- Grassland ecosystem pioneer
Allan Savory works to promote holistic management in the grasslands of the world. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:17
The most massive大規模
0
1488
3569
最大、最勁抽嘅海嘯風暴
就快將我哋打低
00:20
tsunami海嘯 perfect完美 storm風暴
1
5057
4935
00:25
is bearing軸承 down upon之後 us.
2
9992
3879
00:29
This perfect完美 storm風暴
3
13871
3246
依場咁堅嘅完美風暴
將現實變得越嚟越難搞
00:33
is mounting安裝 a grim嚴峻 reality現實, increasingly越黎越 grim嚴峻 reality現實,
4
17117
5168
00:38
and we are facing面臨 that reality現實
5
22285
4950
我哋面對依個現實嘅時候
我哋要相信我哋可以
用技術去解決依啲問題
00:43
with the full belief信仰
6
27235
1381
00:44
that we can solve解決 our problems個問題 with technology技術,
7
28616
2556
00:47
and that's very understandable理解.
8
31172
2296
依樣嘢大家都可以明白嘅
00:49
Now, this perfect完美 storm風暴 that we are facing面臨
9
33468
4207
我哋依家面對緊嘅完美風暴
就係由人口增長引致嘅
00:53
is the result結果 of our rising上升 population人口,
10
37675
3510
00:57
rising上升 towards 10 billion people,
11
41185
2804
人口向 100 億增長嘅同時
00:59
land土地 that is turning to desert沙漠,
12
43989
2644
土地變成荒漠
01:02
and, of course課程, climate氣候 change.
13
46633
3108
氣候變化更不在話下
01:05
Now there's no question個問題 about it at all:
14
49741
2661
而我哋可以解決嘅問題就只有
01:08
we will only solve解決 the problem個問題
15
52402
1811
點樣用科技去取代石化燃料
01:10
of replacing取代 fossil化石 fuels燃料 with technology技術.
16
54213
3512
01:13
But fossil化石 fuels燃料, carbon -- coal and gas氣體 --
17
57725
3128
石化燃料、碳、煤同埋天然氣
01:16
are by no means意味着 the only thing
18
60853
2121
並唔係唯一導致氣候變化嘅嘢
01:18
that is causing造成 climate氣候 change.
19
62974
4118
01:22
Desertification荒漠化
20
67092
1883
荒漠化表面上係一嗰好鬼靚嘅詞語
01:24
is a fancy看中 word for land土地 that is turning to desert沙漠,
21
68975
5326
用嚟形容土地逐漸變成荒漠
01:30
and this happens發生 only when
22
74301
2301
佢嘅發生係因為我哋製造太多荒地
01:32
we create創建 too much bare ground地面.
23
76602
2009
無其他原因
01:34
There's no other cause原因.
24
78611
2006
01:36
And I intend打算 to focus重點
25
80617
2018
我將重點放喺世界上
大部份變緊做沙漠嘅土地
01:38
on most of the world's世界嘅 land土地 that is turning to desert沙漠.
26
82635
4906
01:43
But I have for you a very simple簡單 message消息
27
87541
5293
但係我要畀你哋一個好簡單嘅信息
01:48
that offers提供 more hope希望 than you can imagine想象.
28
92834
4196
當中畀到你嘅希望比你哋所想像嘅仲多
01:52
We have environments環境
29
97030
2068
有啲環境全年嘅濕度都有保證
01:54
where humidity濕度 is guaranteed throughout整個 the year.
30
99098
3244
01:58
On those, it is almost爭 D impossible冇可能
31
102342
2504
依啲地方幾乎無可能
有大面積嘅荒地形成
02:00
to create創建 vast巨大 areas一區 of bare ground地面.
32
104846
2789
因為無論你點做,植物又會好快生長返
02:03
No matter個問題 what you do, nature自然 covers涵蓋 it up so quickly迅速.
33
107635
3622
02:07
And we have environments環境
34
111257
1747
又有啲環境幾個月會有雨水
02:08
where we have months of humidity濕度
35
113004
2693
然之後會有幾個月乾旱
02:11
followed黎緊 by months of dryness乾燥,
36
115697
1778
02:13
and that is where desertification荒漠化 is occurring發生.
37
117475
3478
荒漠化就響依度發生
02:16
Fortunately好彩呀, with space空間 technology技術 now,
38
120953
2056
好彩,依家通過太空技術
我哋可以從太空睇到依啲地方
02:18
we can look at it from space空間,
39
123009
1677
02:20
and when we do, you can see the proportions比例 fairly都幾 well.
40
124686
4264
仲可以睇到佢哋嘅比例
02:24
Generally麻麻, what you see in green綠色
41
128950
1623
總之呢,綠色嘅地方係唔會荒漠化嘅
02:26
is not desertifyingdesertifying,
42
130573
1855
02:28
and what you see in brown棕色 is,
43
132428
2306
而啡色嘅地方就會荒漠化
02:30
and these are by far the greatest最大 areas一區 of the Earth地球.
44
134734
4372
而啡色依啲係目前地球地表最大嘅部分
02:35
About two thirds, I would guess, of the world世界 is desertifyingdesertifying.
45
139106
4785
我估計地球上
有三分二嘅地方正荒漠化緊
02:39
I took this picture圖片 in the TihamahTihamah Desert沙漠
46
143891
2924
依幅相係我響提哈馬沙漠拍嘅
02:42
while 25 millimeters毫米 -- that's an inch英寸 of rain -- was falling下降.
47
146815
3704
落緊 25 毫米、一吋嘅雨
02:46
Think of it in terms條款 of drums of water,
48
150519
2712
你哋可以將佢諗成係裝響桶裡面嘅水
02:49
each每個 containing 200 liters.
49
153231
2672
每桶有 200 升
02:51
Over 1,000 drums of water fell下跌 on every hectare公頃
50
155903
4600
每日會有一千桶水落響每公頃嘅土地
02:56
of that land土地 that day.
51
160503
2874
02:59
The next day, the land土地 looked like this.
52
163377
2384
到咗第二日,土地就會好似咁樣
03:01
Where had that water gone?
53
165761
2823
咁啲水去咗邊度呢?
03:04
Some of it ran off as flooding,
54
168584
2397
有一啲流失咗
不過大多數會滲入泥土,跟住又蒸發咗
03:06
but most of the water that soaked浸泡 into the soil土壤
55
170981
2947
03:09
simply淨係 evaporated蒸發 out again,
56
173928
2281
03:12
exactly完全 as it does in your garden花園
57
176209
2369
同花園土壤無遮掩嘅下場一樣
03:14
if you leave離開 the soil土壤 uncovered發現.
58
178578
3015
03:17
Now, because the fate命運 of water and carbon
59
181593
3466
因為水同碳嘅命運
同土壤裏面嘅有機物質有關
03:20
are tied to soil土壤 organic有機 matter個問題,
60
185059
3558
03:24
when we damage損傷 soils土壤, you give off carbon.
61
188617
3927
如果我哋破壞土壤,碳元素就會釋出
03:28
Carbon goes back to the atmosphere氣氛.
62
192544
2826
碳元素就會返到大氣層
03:31
Now you're told over and over, repeatedly反覆,
63
195370
4105
我已經講咗好多次
03:35
that desertification荒漠化 is only occurring發生
64
199475
3000
荒漠化只會出現響
地球上乾旱同半乾旱嘅地方
03:38
in arid乾旱 and semi-arid半乾旱 areas一區 of the world世界,
65
202475
3649
03:42
and that tall grasslands草原 like this one
66
206124
3975
所以好似依個咁嘅高原唔會有事
03:45
in high rainfall降雨 are of no consequence後果.
67
210099
3632
03:49
But if you do not look at grasslands草原 but look down into them,
68
213731
4577
不過當你唔只睇個草原
睇下土壤嘅表面
03:54
you find that most of the soil土壤 in that grassland草地
69
218308
2711
你會發現草原裡面大部份嘅土壤
03:56
that you've just seen看到 is bare and covered覆蓋 with a crust地殼 of algae藻類,
70
221019
4291
除咗光禿禿之外,就只有一層藻類遮住
04:01
leading領先 to increased增加 runoff徑流 and evaporation蒸發.
71
225310
3118
亦都係咁加快咗水份流失同蒸發
04:04
That is the cancer癌症 of desertification荒漠化
72
228428
3986
而依樣就係荒漠化嘅致命成因
04:08
that we do not recognize認識 till直到 its terminal終端 form形式.
73
232414
4536
但我哋成日到咗荒漠化後期
先會發現得到
04:12
Now we know that desertification荒漠化 is caused造成 by livestock牲畜,
74
236950
5312
依家我哋知道荒漠化係由家畜導致嘅
04:18
mostly主要 cattle, sheep and goats山羊,
75
242262
2784
大多數係由於牛、綿羊同山羊
過度放牧而食晒啲植物
04:20
overgrazing過度放牧 the plants植物,
76
245046
2817
04:23
leaving離開 the soil土壤 bare and giving off methane甲烷.
77
247863
4119
令土壤外露同釋放甲烷而導致
04:27
Almost爭 D everybody大家 knows this,
78
251982
2240
呢樣嘢幾乎係人都知道
04:30
from nobel諾貝爾 laureates得主 to golf高爾夫 caddies球童,
79
254222
2835
由諾貝爾獎得主到高爾夫球球僮
都同我一樣知道呢個常識
04:32
or was taught it, as I was.
80
257057
2631
04:35
Now, the environments環境 like you see here,
81
259688
3470
你哋響度睇到嘅環境
塵土飛揚嘅非洲,就係我成長嘅地方
04:39
dusty塵土飛揚 environments環境 in Africa非洲 where I grew增長 up,
82
263158
2864
04:41
and I loved wildlife野生動物,
83
266022
2920
我鐘意野生動物
04:44
and so I grew增長 up hating livestock牲畜
84
268942
3392
我細個已經討厭畜牧
04:48
because of the damage損傷 they were doing.
85
272334
2028
因為畜牧破壞生態
04:50
And then my university大學 education教育 as an ecologist生態學
86
274362
3284
我喺大學修讀生態學加強咗我嘅信念
04:53
reinforced增強 my beliefs信仰.
87
277646
3088
04:56
Well, I have news新聞 for you.
88
280734
5276
依家,我有好消息畀你哋
05:01
We were once一旦 just as certain一定
89
286010
3284
我哋曾經相信世界係平坦嘅
05:05
that the world世界 was flat.
90
289294
2280
05:07
We were wrong then, and we are wrong again.
91
291574
3945
以前我哋錯咗,依家又錯多次
我想請你哋加入我再教育同探索之旅
05:11
And I want to invite邀請 you now
92
295519
2175
05:13
to come along沿 on my journey旅程 of reeducation再教育 and discovery發現.
93
297694
6254
05:19
When I was a young年輕 man,
94
303948
2571
我後生嗰陣時係非洲年輕嘅生物學家
05:22
a young年輕 biologist生物學家 in Africa非洲,
95
306519
2895
05:25
I was involved涉及 in setting設置 aside一邊 marvelous奇妙 areas一區
96
309414
4417
我曾經參與將一啲壯麗嘅地方
規劃成未來嘅國家公園
05:29
as future未來 national國家 parks公園.
97
313831
2519
05:32
Now no sooner — this was in the 1950s —
98
316350
3427
冇幾耐之後,大概響 1950 年代
05:35
and no sooner did we remove刪除 the hunting狩獵,
99
319777
3168
我哋禁止咗打獵
05:38
drum-beating鼓擊 people to protect保護 the animals動物,
100
322945
3481
反而鼓動大家保護動物
05:42
than the land土地 began初時 to deteriorate惡化,
101
326426
1893
跟住土地開始惡化
05:44
as you see in this park公園 that we formed形成.
102
328319
4246
就好似依個我哋建立嘅公園咁
05:48
Now, no livestock牲畜 were involved涉及,
103
332565
2323
依家嗰度搵唔到牲畜
05:50
but suspecting懷疑 that we had too many好多 elephants大象 now,
104
334888
3632
於是我哋懷疑嗰度大象嘅數目太多
05:54
I did the research研究 and I proved證明 we had too many好多,
105
338520
4265
經我調查,佢哋數量確實太多
05:58
and I recommended推薦 that we would have to reduce減少 their佢哋 numbers數字
106
342785
3584
我建議將佢哋嘅數量減少
06:02
and bring them down to a level水平 that the land土地 could sustain維持.
107
346369
4052
下降到土地能承受嘅水平
06:06
Now, that was a terrible可怕 decision決定 for me to have to make,
108
350421
3784
對我嚟講依個係好可怕嘅決定
06:10
and it was political政治 dynamite炸藥, frankly坦率地說.
109
354205
2859
老實講仲係一個政治炸彈
06:12
So our government政府 formed形成 a team團隊 of experts專家
110
357064
3125
所以我哋嘅政府組織咗
一個專家團隊嚟評估我嘅研究
06:16
to evaluate評價 my research研究.
111
360189
2641
06:18
They did. They agreed同意 with me,
112
362830
2407
佢哋評估之後都同意我嘅觀點
06:21
and over the following以下 years,
113
365237
1911
之後嘅幾年
06:23
we shot拍攝 40,000 elephants大象 to try to stop the damage損傷.
114
367148
5891
我哋射殺四萬隻大象嚟停止土地惡化
06:28
And it got worse更糟, not better.
115
373039
3740
只不過情況冇好到,反而轉差
06:32
Loving elephants大象 as I do,
116
376779
2499
我好鐘意大象
06:35
that was the saddest悲傷 and greatest最大 blunder失誤 of my life,
117
379278
3606
但射殺大象係我人生中
最悲傷同做得最錯嘅事
06:38
and I will carry進行 that to my grave墳墓.
118
382884
2728
我會一生悔恨至死
06:41
One good thing did come out of it.
119
385612
2472
但咁樣帶出咗一件事
06:43
It made作出 me absolutely絕對 determined確定
120
388084
3376
呢件事令我下定決心
全情投入去搵出解決方案
06:47
to devote投入 my life to finding發現 solutions解決方案.
121
391460
5480
06:52
When I came to the United聯合 States國家, I got a shock休克,
122
396940
4085
當我去到美國時,我好震驚
06:56
to find national國家 parks公園 like this one
123
401025
2468
我見到國家公園荒漠化嘅程度
同非洲一樣咁大
06:59
desertifyingdesertifying as badly嚴重 as anything in Africa非洲.
124
403493
4231
07:03
And there'd been no livestock牲畜 on this land土地
125
407724
2004
依塊土地已經超過 70 年無家畜存在
07:05
for over 70 years.
126
409728
2724
而且我發現美國嘅科學家
07:08
And I found發現 that American美國 scientists科學家
127
412452
1926
07:10
had no explanation解釋 for this
128
414378
2914
除咗話依個係自然現象之外
就無其他解釋
07:13
except除咗 that it is arid乾旱 and natural自然.
129
417292
2960
07:16
So I then began初時 looking
130
420252
3360
所以我用盡心機去搵針對美國西部
07:19
at all the research研究 plots情節 I could
131
423612
3251
因牛隻遷移而令荒漠化停止嘅證明
07:22
over the whole整個 of the Western西方 United聯合 States國家
132
426863
2703
07:25
where cattle had been removed刪除
133
429566
2201
07:27
to prove證明 that it would stop desertification荒漠化,
134
431767
2872
但係我卻搵到完全相反嘅證明
07:30
but I found發現 the opposite相反,
135
434639
1833
07:32
as we see on this research研究 station,
136
436472
2822
就好似我哋響依個研究站見到嘅咁
07:35
where this grassland草地 that was green綠色 in 1961,
137
439294
3724
當年 1961 年仲係一大片青草地
07:38
by 2002 had changed to that situation情況.
138
443018
5013
但係到 2002 年已經變成咁樣
07:43
And the authors作者 of the position位置 paper on climate氣候 change
139
448031
4719
我從一份關於氣候改變嘅報告
揾到依啲相
07:48
from which I obtained獲得 these pictures圖片
140
452750
2553
07:51
attribute屬性 this change to "unknown未知 processes過程."
141
455303
5819
個作者話依個係解釋唔到嘅現象
07:57
Clearly清楚, we have never understood理解
142
461122
3994
但好明顯係我哋唔知道乜嘢導致荒漠化
08:01
what is causing造成 desertification荒漠化,
143
465116
2684
08:03
which has destroyed摧毀 many好多 civilizations文明
144
467800
3048
但就係依樣嘢毀滅咗好多文明
而且威脅緊全球
08:06
and now threatens威脅 us globally全球.
145
470848
2692
我哋根本對依樣嘢唔了解
08:09
We have never understood理解 it.
146
473540
2453
08:11
Take one square廣場 meter of soil土壤
147
475993
2119
將一平方米嘅土壤就咁光禿禿咁擺響度
08:14
and make it bare like this is down here,
148
478112
2703
08:16
and I promise承諾 you, you will find it much colder at dawn黎明
149
480815
3179
相比起用枯枝落葉去覆蓋佢
我保證你會發現光禿禿咁嘅泥土
日出時份會更加凍
08:19
and much hotter at midday中午
150
483994
2804
到中午時份就會更加熱
08:22
than that same相同 piece一塊 of ground地面 if it's just covered覆蓋 with litter垃圾,
151
486798
3670
08:26
plant植物 litter垃圾.
152
490468
1614
08:27
You have changed the microclimate小氣候.
153
492082
3037
因為你哋改變咗微觀氣候
08:31
Now, by the time you are doing that
154
495119
2099
而家,當你哋繼續增加荒地比率
去到超過世界一半嘅土地
08:33
and increasing增加 greatly大大 the percentage百分比 of bare ground地面
155
497218
5588
08:38
on more than half一半 the world's世界嘅 land土地,
156
502806
4025
08:42
you are changing macroclimate大氣候.
157
506831
3230
咁你哋就係改變緊全球大氣候
08:45
But we have just simply淨係 not understood理解
158
510061
2589
但係我哋仍然唔明白
點解依個現象會響一萬年前發生
08:48
why was it beginning初時 to happen發生 10,000 years ago?
159
512650
3986
08:52
Why has it accelerated加速 lately最近?
160
516636
2650
同埋點解依家會加劇惡化呢
08:55
We had no understanding理解 of that.
161
519286
1967
我哋真係乜都唔知企咗響度
08:57
What we had failed to understand理解
162
521253
3425
我哋完全無了解到
依啲隨季節改變濕度嘅環境
09:00
was that these seasonal季節性 humidity濕度 environments環境 of the world世界,
163
524678
3823
佢哋嘅土壤同植物發展
同過度放牧有關
09:04
the soil土壤 and the vegetation植被
164
528501
2896
09:07
developed開發 with very large numbers數字 of grazing放牧 animals動物,
165
531397
5792
09:13
and that these grazing放牧 animals動物
166
537189
2624
而依啲被放牧嘅牲畜
同群體狩獵嘅掠食動物有關
09:15
developed開發 with ferocious pack-hunting背包狩獵 predators掠吃者.
167
539813
5392
09:21
Now, the main主要 defense防禦 against pack-hunting背包狩獵 predators掠吃者
168
545205
3892
要對抗群體狩獵掠食動物嘅主要方法
09:24
is to get into herds牛群,
169
549097
2341
就係集合成群
09:27
and the larger the herd羊群, the safer安全 the individuals.
170
551438
3992
群體愈大,個體就愈安全
依家大群動物因為
響佢哋嘅食物上面排便排尿
09:31
Now, large herds牛群 dung and urinate小便 all over their佢哋 own自己 food食品,
171
555430
4831
09:36
and they have to keep moving移動,
172
560261
3000
於是佢哋需要遷徙
09:39
and it was that movement運動
173
563261
1917
就係咁樣遷徙
09:41
that prevented阻止 the overgrazing過度放牧 of plants植物,
174
565178
2804
避免咗因過度放牧、動物食曬啲植物
09:43
while the periodic周期 trampling踐踏
175
567982
2399
有秩序嘅週期遷徙
可以確保土壤有足夠植被
09:46
ensured good cover覆蓋 of the soil土壤,
176
570381
2520
09:48
as we see where a herd羊群 has passed透過.
177
572901
3112
就好似見到依群動物走過嘅地方一樣
09:51
This picture圖片 is a typical典型 seasonal季節性 grassland草地.
178
576013
6228
依幅係典型嘅季節性草原嘅相
09:58
It has just come through透過 four months of rain,
179
582241
2792
嗰度啱啱落咗四個月雨
10:00
and it's now going into eight months of dry season賽季.
180
585033
3682
亦都開始為期八個月嘅旱季
10:04
And watch the change as it goes into this long dry season賽季.
181
588715
3468
留意下佢經歷長期旱季嘅轉變
10:08
Now, all of that grass you see aboveground地上
182
592183
3076
依家你見到所有地上曝露喺空氣嘅草
10:11
has to decay衰變 biologically生物
183
595259
3748
都需要響下個生長周期前自然腐爛
10:14
before the next growing增長 season賽季, and if it doesn't,
184
599007
3524
如果唔係,成塊草地同土壤都會死
10:18
the grassland草地 and the soil土壤 begin初時 to die.
185
602531
4193
10:22
Now, if it does not decay衰變 biologically生物,
186
606724
3195
如果佢哋無腐爛,佢哋就會慢慢氧化
10:25
it shifts變化 to oxidation氧化, which is a very slow process過程,
187
609919
5139
最終啲草會窒息同死亡
10:30
and this smothers窒息 and kills殺死 grasses,
188
615058
2955
10:33
leading領先 to a shift轉變 to woody木本 vegetation植被
189
618013
3109
亦剩返木本植物先生存到
10:37
and bare soil土壤, releasing釋放 carbon.
190
621122
3420
土地就會無遮掩,釋出碳元素
10:40
To prevent防止 that, we have traditionally傳統 used fire.
191
624542
5104
為咗阻止發生依個情況
我哋傳統上會用火燒
不過火都會令到土地無遮掩
亦會釋放出碳元素
10:45
But fire also leaves the soil土壤 bare, releasing釋放 carbon,
192
629646
5849
10:51
and worse更糟 than that,
193
635495
2391
更差嘅係
只要燒走一公頃嘅草地
10:53
burning燃燒 one hectare公頃 of grassland草地
194
637886
2680
10:56
gives off more, and more damaging損害, pollutants污染物
195
640566
3160
就會釋放出比六千架車更加多嘅污染物
10:59
than 6,000 cars汽車.
196
643726
2914
11:02
And we are burning燃燒 in Africa非洲, every single year,
197
646640
4393
我哋每年都響非洲燒走
超過十億公頃嘅草地
11:06
more than one billion hectares公頃 of grasslands草原,
198
651033
4639
11:11
and almost爭 D nobody is talking講嘢 about it.
199
655672
3626
但幾乎無人關心依件事
11:15
We justify證明 the burning燃燒, as scientists科學家,
200
659298
4339
作為科學家,我哋認為用火燒係啱
11:19
because it does remove刪除 the dead material材料
201
663637
2913
因為咁樣可以消除啲廢物
11:22
and it allows允許 the plants植物 to grow成長.
202
666550
3303
畀啲植物生長
11:25
Now, looking at this grassland草地 of ours我哋 that has gone dry,
203
669853
3096
睇下我哋依片枯乾嘅草地
我哋點樣做先可以令佢健康呢?
11:28
what could we do to keep that healthy健康?
204
672949
2696
11:31
And bear in mind介意, I'm talking講嘢 of most of the world's世界嘅 land土地 now.
205
675645
3024
提一提,我係講緊世上大部份嘅土地
11:34
Okay? We cannot唔可以 reduce減少 animal動物 numbers數字 to rest休息 it more
206
678669
4688
我哋唔可以一邊減低動物嘅數量
去畀啲植物復原
11:39
without causing造成 desertification荒漠化 and climate氣候 change.
207
683357
3616
一邊唔造成沙漠化同氣候變遷
我哋無辦法燒走啲植物
11:42
We cannot唔可以 burn燒傷 it without causing造成
208
686973
3137
而又確保唔會發生荒漠化同氣候變化
11:46
desertification荒漠化 and climate氣候 change.
209
690110
2265
11:48
What are we going to do?
210
692375
3985
咁點算?
11:54
There is only one option選項,
211
698420
2390
只有一個選擇
11:56
I'll repeat重複 to you, only one option選項
212
700810
2861
我再講多一次,只有一個選擇
氣象學家同科學家只可以做一樣嘢
11:59
left to climatologists氣候學家 and scientists科學家,
213
703671
2719
12:02
and that is to do the unthinkable不可想象,
214
706390
2928
就係做你估唔到嘅嘢
12:05
and to use livestock牲畜,
215
709318
2736
就係養一大群牲畜兼且要四圍走
12:07
bunched and moving移動,
216
712054
2955
12:10
as a proxy代理 for former herds牛群 and predators掠吃者,
217
715009
3389
當佢哋係以前啲遊牧同捕食動物
12:14
and mimic nature自然.
218
718398
1744
做到好似大自然咁
12:16
There is no other alternative替代 left to mankind人類.
219
720142
4504
講多無謂,行動最實際
12:20
So let's do that.
220
724646
2448
12:22
So on this bit of grassland草地, we'll我哋就 do it, but just in the foreground前景.
221
727094
3370
所以我哋先用一小塊草地嚟做試驗
12:26
We'll我哋就 impact影響 it very heavily嚴重 with cattle to mimic nature自然,
222
730464
3238
我哋模仿大自然運作
養咗小牛去測試土地負荷
12:29
and we've我哋都 done so, and look at that.
223
733702
2824
我哋依家做到啦,你睇下
12:32
All of that grass is now covering覆蓋 the soil土壤
224
736526
3360
全部土地都生曬草
12:35
as dung, urine尿 and litter垃圾 or mulch覆蓋,
225
739886
3970
因為泥土上有糞、尿
枯枝落葉同埋護根
12:39
as every one of the gardeners花王 amongst之間 you would understand理解,
226
743856
3280
在座各位有種開嘢嘅都明白
12:43
and that soil土壤 is ready準備 to absorb吸收 and hold舉行 the rain,
227
747136
4361
咁樣嘅泥土已經可以吸收同保留雨水
12:47
to store商店 carbon, and to break打破 down methane甲烷.
228
751497
5007
可以儲存碳又可以分解甲烷
12:52
And we did that,
229
756504
2230
我哋就咁樣做咗
唔駛用火去破壞土壤
啲植物都可以自由生長
12:54
without using使用 fire to damage損傷 the soil土壤,
230
758734
2770
12:57
and the plants植物 are free自由 to grow成長.
231
761504
3136
到我第一次認識到
身為科學家嘅我哋無得揀
13:00
When I first realized實現
232
764640
2264
13:02
that we had no option選項 as scientists科學家
233
766904
2482
13:05
but to use much-vilified備受誹謗 livestock牲畜
234
769386
2760
剩係可以用啲臭牲畜
嚟應對氣候變化同荒漠化時
13:08
to address地址 climate氣候 change and desertification荒漠化,
235
772146
5247
我真係進退兩難
13:13
I was faced面臨 with a real真正 dilemma困境.
236
777393
2235
我諗︰人類究竟搞緊乜嘢呢?
13:15
How were we to do it?
237
779628
1725
13:17
We'd我哋會 had 10,000 years of extremely knowledgeable知識 pastoralists牧民
238
781353
4564
我哋累積咗一萬年放牧嘅經驗
13:21
bunching群聚 and moving移動 their佢哋 animals動物,
239
785917
1948
知道點去放牧
13:23
but they had created創建 the great manmade人造 deserts沙漠 of the world世界.
240
787865
3667
但亦都係呢個原因造成
世界上最大嘅人造沙漠出現
13:27
Then we'd我哋會 had 100 years of modern現代 rain science科學,
241
791532
3879
現代降雨科學已經有一百年
13:31
and that had accelerated加速 desertification荒漠化,
242
795411
3259
但係之後我哋首先響非洲發現
13:34
as we first discovered發現 in Africa非洲
243
798670
2173
然後再響美國證實沙漠化反而加快咗
13:36
and then confirmed證實 in the United聯合 States國家,
244
800843
2664
就好似依幅相咁樣
13:39
and as you see in this picture圖片
245
803507
2119
13:41
of land土地 managed管理 by the federal聯邦 government政府.
246
805626
3361
塊地係由聯邦政府管理嘅
13:44
Clearly清楚 more was needed需要
247
808987
1901
好明顯咁我們需要
比集結同埋放牧做得更多
13:46
than bunching群聚 and moving移動 the animals動物,
248
810888
2089
13:48
and humans人類, over thousands數以千計 of years,
249
812977
3570
我哋人類,幾千年以來
13:52
had never been able to deal交易 with nature's自然嘅 complexity複雜性.
250
816547
4386
從來都無能力解決大自然嘅複雜問題
但係我哋生物學家同生態學家
都無遇到咁複雜嘅問題
13:56
But we biologists生物學家 and ecologists生態學
251
820933
2384
13:59
had never tackled解決 anything as complex複雜 as this.
252
823317
2969
14:02
So rather than reinvent重塑 the wheel,
253
826286
2639
所以與其閉門造車
14:04
I began初時 studying研究 other professions專業 to see if anybody任何人 had.
254
828925
4136
我開始睇下其他領域有無人已經有答案
14:08
And I found發現 there were planning規劃 techniques技術
255
833061
2472
我發現咗的一啲規劃方法
可以滿足到我哋響生物學上嘅需求
14:11
that I could take and adapt適應 to our biological生物 need,
256
835533
3772
14:15
and from those I developed開發 what we call
257
839305
2697
由嗰度開始,我發展咗一套叫做
14:17
holistic整體 management管理 and planned計劃 grazing放牧,
258
842002
3310
「整體管理同規劃放牧法」嘅規劃流程
14:21
a planning規劃 process過程,
259
845312
1799
14:23
and that does address地址 all of nature's自然嘅 complexity複雜性
260
847111
3695
咁樣就解決到大自然、社會、環境
同埋經濟嘅複雜難題
14:26
and our social社會, environmental環境, economic經濟 complexity複雜性.
261
850806
5249
14:31
Today今日, we have young年輕 women婦女 like this one
262
856055
2664
依家好似依位後生女響非洲教人
14:34
teaching教學 villages村莊 in Africa非洲
263
858719
2368
14:36
how to put their佢哋 animals動物 together一起 into larger herds牛群,
264
861087
2936
點樣將啲動物集合
14:39
plan計劃 their佢哋 grazing放牧 to mimic nature自然,
265
864023
2704
然後模仿大自然環境咁放牧
14:42
and where we have them hold舉行 their佢哋 animals動物 overnight一夜之間 --
266
866727
4041
同埋喺邊度安排地方畀動物過夜
14:46
we run運行 them in a predator-friendly捕食者友好 manner方式,
267
870768
2259
亦都因為我哋有好多地
我哋可以任由佢哋俾猛獸弱肉強食
14:48
because we have a lot of lands土地, and so on --
268
873027
2322
14:51
and where they do this and hold舉行 them overnight一夜之間
269
875349
2194
至於佢哋響邊度放牧同過夜
係同安排地方種嘢有關
14:53
to prepare準備 the crop作物 fields領域,
270
877543
1805
14:55
we are getting得到 very great increases增加 in crop作物 yield產量 as well.
271
879348
3984
我哋嘅收成因為放牧同過夜
而大幅增加
14:59
Let's look at some results結果.
272
883332
1617
我哋嚟睇下個結果
15:00
This is land土地 close關閉 to land土地 that we manage管理 in Zimbabwe津巴布韋.
273
884949
4224
依塊係近住我哋喺聿巴布韋嘅土地
15:05
It has just come through透過 four months of very good rains落雨
274
889173
3544
嗰度啱啱勁落咗四個月雨
15:08
it got that year, and it's going into the long dry season賽季.
275
892717
3510
就快要到漫長嘅旱季
15:12
But as you can see, all of that rain, almost爭 D of all it,
276
896227
3035
不過你哋見到,幾乎全部雨水
都響土壤表面蒸發咗
15:15
has evaporated蒸發 from the soil土壤 surface表面.
277
899262
3107
雨停咗,河又乾
15:18
Their佢哋 river is dry despite儘管 the rain just having ended結束,
278
902369
3802
15:22
and we have 150,000 people
279
906171
3520
而我哋有十五萬人要長期依賴糧食援助
15:25
on almost爭 D permanent永久 food食品 aid援助.
280
909691
3750
15:29
Now let's go to our land土地 nearby附近 on the same相同 day,
281
913441
4496
依家嚟睇一睇同一日隔籬嗰塊地
15:33
with the same相同 rainfall降雨, and look at that.
282
917937
2840
同樣嘅降雨量,睇下
15:36
Our river is flowing流動 and healthy健康 and clean清潔.
283
920777
2705
我哋啲河水又多又乾淨
15:39
It's fine.
284
923482
2487
草、灌木、樹、野生動植物嘅產量
每樣嘅產量都比以前更加好
15:41
The production生產 of grass, shrubs灌木, trees, wildlife野生動物,
285
925969
5318
15:47
everything is now more productive生產,
286
931287
2856
我哋唔需要怕旱年
15:50
and we have virtually爭 D no fear恐懼 of dry years.
287
934143
4105
15:54
And we did that by increasing增加 the cattle and goats山羊
288
938248
5495
我哋點做到?
我哋增加咗三倍牛羊嘅數目
15:59
400 percent百分比,
289
943743
1925
16:01
planning規劃 the grazing放牧 to mimic nature自然
290
945668
3130
有計劃咁去放牧去模仿大自然嘅運作
16:04
and integrate整合 them with all the elephants大象, buffalo水牛,
291
948798
2421
仲令佢哋同大象、水牛、長頸鹿
同其他動物一齊生活
16:07
giraffe長頸鹿 and other animals動物 that we have.
292
951219
3587
16:10
But before we began初時, our land土地 looked like that.
293
954806
5722
不過響計畫之前,依塊地係咁樣嘅
16:16
This site網站 was bare and eroding侵蝕 for over 30 years
294
960528
5417
就算落幾多雨,依塊光禿禿嘅地
始終被侵蝕超過 30 年
16:21
regardless無論 of what rain we got.
295
965945
2769
16:24
Okay? Watch the marked標記 tree and see the change
296
968714
3618
睇下喺我哋用家畜模仿大自然環境之後
16:28
as we use livestock牲畜 to mimic nature自然.
297
972332
3653
依棵被標記嘅樹有乜變化
16:31
This was another另一個 site網站
298
975985
1462
依度係另外一個
土地被侵蝕、貧瘠嘅地方
16:33
where it had been bare and eroding侵蝕,
299
977447
2378
16:35
and at the base基地 of the marked標記 small tree,
300
979825
2704
喺依棵做咗標記嘅細樹底下
16:38
we had lost失去 over 30 centimeters厘米 of soil土壤. Okay?
301
982529
4288
流走咗 30 厘米嘅土壤,見到嗎?
16:42
And again, watch the change
302
986817
1609
我哋再睇多次個轉變
16:44
just using使用 livestock牲畜 to mimic nature自然.
303
988426
2850
只係用家畜去模仿大自然
16:47
And there are fallen下降 trees in there now,
304
991276
2131
依家已經有啲樹冧咗落嚟
16:49
because the better land土地 is now attracting吸引 elephants大象, etc.
305
993407
4957
咁係因為改善咗嘅土地
吸引大象等等嘅動物走過去
16:54
This land土地 in Mexico墨西哥 was in terrible可怕 condition條件,
306
998364
3656
依塊響墨西哥嘅地以前係太爛
16:57
and I've had to mark馬克 the hill
307
1002020
1954
我要標記座山,因為變化實在太大喇
16:59
because the change is so profound深刻.
308
1003974
4187
17:04
(Applause掌聲)
309
1008161
5725
(掌聲)
17:11
I began初時 helping幫手 a family家庭 in the Karoo卡鲁 Desert沙漠 in the 1970s
310
1015721
4937
我響 1970 年代開始
幫助南非卡魯沙漠一個家庭
17:16
turn the desert沙漠 that you see on the right there
311
1020658
2968
你哋見到右手邊嘅沙漠變返做草原
17:19
back to grassland草地,
312
1023626
1934
17:21
and thankfully謝天謝地, now their佢哋 grandchildren孫子 are on the land土地
313
1025560
3522
好慶幸,佢哋啲孫仍然住響塊地
17:24
with hope希望 for the future未來.
314
1029082
1843
仲睇好前景
17:26
And look at the amazing驚人 change in this one,
315
1030925
2797
嚟睇下依個驚人嘅改變︰
17:29
where that gully溝壑 has completely完全 healed癒合
316
1033722
2712
成個峽谷都搞返好啦
17:32
using使用 nothing but livestock牲畜 mimicking nature自然,
317
1036434
4579
無用其他方法,只係用家畜扮野生動物
17:36
and once一旦 more, we have the third第三 generation生成 of that family家庭
318
1041013
4225
再一次,我哋見到
一個家庭嘅第三代仲住響嗰度
17:41
on that land土地 with their佢哋 flag國旗 still flying飛行.
319
1045238
3280
17:44
The vast巨大 grasslands草原 of Patagonia巴塔哥尼亚
320
1048518
2568
巴塔哥尼亞上廣闊嘅草原
就係你見到咁變緊沙漠
17:46
are turning to desert沙漠 as you see here.
321
1051086
2076
17:49
The man in the middle中間 is an Argentinian阿根廷 researcher研究員,
322
1053162
3060
響中間嗰位係阿根廷研究員
17:52
and he has documented記錄 the steady穩定 decline下降 of that land土地
323
1056222
3644
佢記錄咗依塊地
點樣因為人減少羊嘅數目而變差
17:55
over the years as they kept保持 reducing減少 sheep numbers數字.
324
1059866
3476
17:59
They put 25,000 sheep in one flock羊群,
325
1063342
4848
依家佢哋將二萬五千隻羊集埋一群
18:04
really mimicking nature自然 now with planned計劃 grazing放牧,
326
1068190
3949
好認真咁模仿大自然咁有計劃地放牧
18:08
and they have documented記錄 a 50-percent百分比 increase增加
327
1072139
4343
塊地第一年嘅產量增加咗 50%
18:12
in the production生產 of the land土地 in the first year.
328
1076482
3468
18:15
We now have in the violent暴力 Horn of Africa非洲
329
1079950
3040
依家響有好多暴力發生嘅「非洲之角」
18:18
pastoralists牧民 planning規劃 their佢哋 grazing放牧 to mimic nature自然
330
1082990
3456
有牧民計劃模仿自然咁放牧
18:22
and openly公開 saying it is the only hope希望 they have
331
1086446
3496
仲話依樣嘢係佢哋嘅唯一能夠
拯救佢哋嘅家庭同文化嘅希望
18:25
of saving儲蓄 their佢哋 families家庭 and saving儲蓄 their佢哋 culture文化.
332
1089942
3168
18:29
Ninety-five九十五 percent百分比 of that land土地
333
1093110
2076
人要響嗰塊地嘅 95% 地方靠動物為生
18:31
can only feed飼料 people from animals動物.
334
1095186
3660
18:34
I remind you that I am talking講嘢 about
335
1098846
2111
我要提醒各位
世上大部份嘅土地都控制緊我哋嘅命運
18:36
most of the world's世界嘅 land土地 here that controls控制 our fate命運,
336
1100957
4441
18:41
including包括 the most violent暴力 region一區 of the world世界,
337
1105398
3056
包括世界上最暴力嘅地區
18:44
where only animals動物 can feed飼料 people
338
1108454
2952
嗰度動物只能夠靠 95% 嘅土地餵飽人
18:47
from about 95 percent百分比 of the land土地.
339
1111406
3304
18:50
What we are doing globally全球 is causing造成 climate氣候 change
340
1114710
5134
人類令到氣候變遷嘅程度
我相信同石化燃料造成嘅一樣大
18:55
as much as, I believe, fossil化石 fuels燃料,
341
1119844
3296
18:59
and maybe more than fossil化石 fuels燃料.
342
1123140
3536
甚至比石化燃料仲大
19:02
But worse更糟 than that, it is causing造成 hunger飢餓, poverty貧困,
343
1126676
3675
但更差嘅係
氣候變化會引起饑荒、貧窮
暴力、社會崩潰同戰爭
19:06
violence暴力, social社會 breakdown故障 and war戰爭,
344
1130351
2997
19:09
and as I am talking講嘢 to you,
345
1133348
2408
正如我依家同你哋講嘢嘅時候
19:11
millions数百万 of men男人, women婦女 and children孩子
346
1135756
3150
就已經有數百萬嘅男人、女人同細路
正喺度受苦、瀕臨死亡
19:14
are suffering痛苦 and dying.
347
1138906
2402
19:17
And if this continues繼續,
348
1141308
2712
而如果咁樣持續落去
19:19
we are unlikely冇可能 to be able to stop the climate氣候 changing,
349
1144020
3794
即使我哋停止使用石化燃料
19:23
even after we have eliminated消除 the use of fossil化石 fuels燃料.
350
1147814
5047
我哋都好有可能無辦法阻止氣候變遷
19:28
I believe I've shown顯示 you how we can work with nature自然
351
1152861
4236
大家而家睇到我哋點樣
19:32
at very low cost成本
352
1157097
2456
以非常低嘅成本同大自然共存
19:35
to reverse反向 all this.
353
1159553
2496
同扭轉一切
19:37
We are already doing so
354
1162049
2432
我哋已經響全球五大洲
19:40
on about 15 million hectares公頃
355
1164481
3996
共一千五百萬公頃嘅土地上
實行依個計劃
19:44
on five continents大洲,
356
1168477
2632
嗰一啲比我更了解碳嘅人
可以清楚咁話畀你聽
19:47
and people who understand理解
357
1171109
1627
19:48
far more about carbon than I do
358
1172736
2290
19:50
calculate計算 that, for illustrative purposes目的,
359
1175026
3058
19:53
if we do what I am showing顯示 you here,
360
1178084
2794
如果我哋照住做
19:56
we can take enough carbon out of the atmosphere氣氛
361
1180878
4025
我哋就可以將大氣層裡面足夠數目嘅碳
20:00
and safely安全 store商店 it in the grassland草地 soils土壤
362
1184903
3334
好安全咁鎖響草原土壤裡面幾千年
20:04
for thousands數以千計 of years,
363
1188237
1626
20:05
and if we just do that on about half一半 the world's世界嘅 grasslands草原
364
1189863
4996
如果全球半數嘅草原都做依樣嘢
20:10
that I've shown顯示 you,
365
1194859
1354
20:12
we can take us back to pre-industrial工業前 levels水平,
366
1196213
3700
我哋就可以將大氣中碳嘅數量
到去工業革命前嘅水平
20:15
while feeding people.
367
1199913
1641
兼可以養活人口
20:17
I can think of almost爭 D nothing
368
1201554
2772
我真係諗唔到仲有乜嘢
20:20
that offers提供 more hope希望 for our planet星球,
369
1204326
3525
可以畀到地球、細路、佢哋嘅下一代
20:23
for your children孩子,
370
1207851
2248
同所有人類更多嘅希望
20:25
and their佢哋 children孩子, and all of humanity人類.
371
1210099
2656
20:28
Thank you.
372
1212755
3305
多謝
(掌聲)
20:31
(Applause掌聲)
373
1216060
8112
多謝
20:40
Thank you. (Applause掌聲)
374
1224172
4988
(掌聲)
20:53
Thank you, Chris克里斯.
375
1237521
1720
多謝,Chris
20:55
Chris克里斯 Anderson安德森: Thank you. I have,
376
1239241
3346
主持︰多謝
我相信依度好多人包括我
20:58
and I'm sure everyone個個都 here has,
377
1242587
2097
21:00
A) a hundred questions個問題, B) wants to hug擁抱 you.
378
1244684
3728
都想問你問題,或者同你擁抱
21:04
I'm just going to ask問吓 you one quick快速 question個問題.
379
1248412
1759
我想問你一個好短嘅問題
21:06
When you first start初時 this and you bring in a flock羊群 of animals動物,
380
1250171
3684
你好多年前引入一批動物嘅時候
21:09
it's desert沙漠. What do they eat? How does that part部分 work?
381
1253855
3376
嗰陣時仲係沙漠,咁佢哋食啲乜?
係點樣運作呢?你係點樣開始呢?
21:13
How do you start初時?
382
1257231
991
21:14
Allan艾倫 Savory鹹味: Well, we have done this for a long time,
383
1258222
1639
講者︰我哋已經做咗好長時間
21:15
and the only time we have ever had to provide提供 any feed飼料
384
1259861
3618
只有復墾礦山嘅時候
我哋需要提供食物畀啲牲畜
21:19
is during mine reclamation復墾,
385
1263479
1769
因為只有嗰度係完全無植物
21:21
where it's 100 percent百分比 bare.
386
1265248
2314
21:23
But many好多 years ago, we took the worst糟糕 land土地 in Zimbabwe津巴布韋,
387
1267562
4356
不過我哋遇過最差嘅地方
響好多年之前嘅津巴布韋
21:27
where I offered提供 a £5 note注意
388
1271918
3094
我當時用五英鎊打賭
21:30
in a hundred-mile百英里 drive驅動
389
1275012
2019
響一百里範圍內無人可以搵到一條草
21:32
if somebody有人 could find one grass
390
1277031
2120
21:35
in a hundred-mile百英里 drive驅動,
391
1279151
1990
21:37
and on that, we trebled the stocking放養 rate,
392
1281141
2786
之後頭一年我哋將動物嘅數量加多兩倍
21:39
the number數量 of animals動物, in the first year with no feeding,
393
1283927
3776
而且無提供食物畀啲家畜
21:43
just by the movement運動, mimicking nature自然,
394
1287703
2656
我哋只係靠遷徙、模仿大自然
21:46
and using使用 a sigmoid乙狀結腸 curve曲線, that principle原則.
395
1290359
4775
同利用 S 形曲線依個原則
要花啲時間去解釋,不過就係咁嘞
21:51
It's a little bit technical技術 to explain解釋 here, but just that.
396
1295134
2471
21:53
CA: Well, I would love to -- I mean, this such an interesting有趣 and important重要 idea想法.
397
1297605
3712
主持︰依個嘢真係好有趣同好重要
21:57
The best最好 people on our blog博客 are going to come and talk to you
398
1301317
1992
我哋博客上面嘅人之後會再問你
21:59
and try and -- I want to get more on this
399
1303309
2632
等我哋對於依個演講
有更加多題材可以寫
22:01
that we could share共享 along沿 with the talk.AS: Wonderful美妙.
400
1305941
2952
講者︰好
主持︰依場係震撼人心嘅演講
22:04
CA: That is an astonishing驚人 talk, truly真正 an astonishing驚人 talk,
401
1308893
3536
真係好震撼人心
22:08
and I think you heard聽到 that we all are cheering歡呼 you on your way.
402
1312429
2776
我諗你都聽到我哋為你做嘅嘢喝采
22:11
Thank you so much.AS: Well, thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Chris克里斯.
403
1315205
2992
非常多謝你
講者︰多謝 Chris
(掌聲)
22:14
(Applause掌聲)
404
1318197
1230

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Allan Savory - Grassland ecosystem pioneer
Allan Savory works to promote holistic management in the grasslands of the world.

Why you should listen

Desertification of the world's grasslands, Allan Savory suggests, is the immediate cause of poverty, social breakdown, violence, cultural genocide -- and a significent contribution to climate change. In the 1960s, while working in Africa on the interrelated problems of increasing poverty and disappearing wildlife, Savory made a significant breakthrough in understanding the degradation and desertification of grassland ecosystems. After decades of study and collaboration, thousands of managers of land, livestock and wildlife on five continents today follow the methodology he calls "Holistic Management."

In 1992, Savory and his wife, Jody Butterfield, formed the Africa Centre for Holistic Management in Zimbabwe, a learning site for people all over Africa. In 2010, the Centre won the Buckminster Fuller Challenge for its work in reversing desertification. In that same year he and his wife, with others, founded the Savory Institute in Boulder, Colorado, to promote large-scale restoration of the world's grasslands.

Intrigued by this talk? Read Savory's papers and other publications »

More profile about the speaker
Allan Savory | Speaker | TED.com