TED@BCG London
Samuel Cohen: Alzheimer's is not normal aging — and we can cure it
Semjuel Koen (Samuel Cohen): Alchajmerova bolest ne predstavlja normalno starenje - i možemo da je izlečimo
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Širom sveta, više od 40 miliona ljudi pati od Alchajmerove bolesti, i očekuje se da će taj broj drastično porasti u budućnosti. Ali u borbi protiv ove bolesti nije došlo do značajnog napretka od njenog otkrića pre više od 100 godina. Naučnik Semjuel Koen izlaže novi napredak u istraživanju Alchajmera iz svoje laboratorije i širi poruku nade. Kako kaže Koen, "Alchajmerova bolest je zaista bolest i možemo da je izlečimo."
Samuel Cohen - Research scientist
Samuel Cohen researches Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Full bio
Samuel Cohen researches Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
In the year 1901,
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Godine 1901,
00:14
a woman called Auguste was taken
to a medical asylum in Frankfurt.
to a medical asylum in Frankfurt.
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žena zvana Augusta odvedena je
u mentalnu ustanovu u Frankfurtu.
u mentalnu ustanovu u Frankfurtu.
00:18
Auguste was delusional
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Augusta je bila izgubljena
00:20
and couldn't remember
even the most basic details of her life.
even the most basic details of her life.
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i nije mogla da se priseti
najosnovnijih detalja iz svog života.
najosnovnijih detalja iz svog života.
00:24
Her doctor was called Alois.
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Njen doktor zvao se Aloiz.
00:27
Alois didn't know how to help Auguste,
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Aloiz nije znao kako da pomogne Augusti,
00:30
but he watched over her until,
sadly, she passed away in 1906.
sadly, she passed away in 1906.
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ali ju je pazio sve dok, nažalost,
nije preminula 1906.
nije preminula 1906.
00:34
After she died, Alois performed an autopsy
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Nakon njene smrti,
Aloiz je izvršio autopsiju
Aloiz je izvršio autopsiju
00:37
and found strange plaques
and tangles in Auguste's brain --
and tangles in Auguste's brain --
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i pronašao čudne mrlje i čvorove
unutar Augustinog mozga -
unutar Augustinog mozga -
00:40
the likes of which he'd never seen before.
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kakve nikada pre nije video.
00:42
Now here's the even more striking thing.
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Evo nečeg još zanimljivijeg.
00:46
If Auguste had instead been alive today,
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Da je Augusta živa danas,
00:49
we could offer her no more help
than Alois was able to 114 years ago.
than Alois was able to 114 years ago.
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ne bismo mogli da joj pružimo
više pomoći nego pre 114 godina.
više pomoći nego pre 114 godina.
00:56
Alois was Dr. Alois Alzheimer.
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Aloiz je bio dr Aloiz Alchajmer,
01:00
And Auguste Deter
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a Augusta Diter
bila je prva pacijentkinja
bila je prva pacijentkinja
01:02
was the first patient to be diagnosed with
what we now call Alzheimer's disease.
what we now call Alzheimer's disease.
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koja je imala ono što danas nazivamo
Alchajmerovom bolešću.
Alchajmerovom bolešću.
01:07
Since 1901, medicine has advanced greatly.
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Od 1901, medicina je značajno napredovala.
01:11
We've discovered antibiotics and vaccines
to protect us from infections,
to protect us from infections,
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Otkrili smo antibiotike i vakcine
koji nas štite od zaraza,
koji nas štite od zaraza,
01:15
many treatments for cancer,
antiretrovirals for HIV,
antiretrovirals for HIV,
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mnoge terapije za rak,
antiretroviruse za HIV,
antiretroviruse za HIV,
01:19
statins for heart disease and much more.
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statine za bolesti srca
kao i još mnogo toga.
kao i još mnogo toga.
01:22
But we've made essentially no progress
at all in treating Alzheimer's disease.
at all in treating Alzheimer's disease.
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Ali nismo napravili skoro nikakav pomak
u lečenju Alchajmerove bolesti.
u lečenju Alchajmerove bolesti.
01:30
I'm part of a team of scientists
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Ja sam deo tima naučnika
01:32
who has been working to find
a cure for Alzheimer's for over a decade.
a cure for Alzheimer's for over a decade.
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koji preko decenije radi na pronalasku
leka za Alchajmerovu bolest.
leka za Alchajmerovu bolest.
01:35
So I think about this all the time.
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Ja stalno razmišljam o ovome.
01:38
Alzheimer's now affects
40 million people worldwide.
40 million people worldwide.
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Alchajmer sada pogađa
40 miliona ljudi širom sveta.
40 miliona ljudi širom sveta.
01:42
But by 2050, it will affect
150 million people --
150 million people --
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Ali do 2050, od ove bolesti patiće
150 miliona ljudi -
150 miliona ljudi -
01:48
which, by the way,
will include many of you.
will include many of you.
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gde će pripadati i mnogi od vas.
01:53
If you're hoping
to live to be 85 or older,
to live to be 85 or older,
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Ukoliko se nadate da ćete živeti
85 i više godina,
85 i više godina,
01:57
your chance of getting Alzheimer's
will be almost one in two.
will be almost one in two.
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vaše šanse da imate Alchajmerovu bolest
biće skoro jedan u dva slučaja.
biće skoro jedan u dva slučaja.
02:03
In other words, odds are
you'll spend your golden years
you'll spend your golden years
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Drugim rečima, sve su šanse
da ćete svoje zlatno doba provesti
da ćete svoje zlatno doba provesti
02:06
either suffering from Alzheimer's
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ili pateći od Alchajmera,
02:09
or helping to look after a friend
or loved one with Alzheimer's.
or loved one with Alzheimer's.
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ili pomažući u staranju oko prijatelja
ili nekog dragog sa Alchajmerom.
ili nekog dragog sa Alchajmerom.
02:14
Already in the United States alone,
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Samo u Sjedinjenim državama,
02:16
Alzheimer's care costs
200 billion dollars every year.
200 billion dollars every year.
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briga o Alchajmerovoj bolesti košta
200 milijardi dolara godišnje.
200 milijardi dolara godišnje.
02:21
One out of every five
Medicare dollars get spent on Alzheimer's.
Medicare dollars get spent on Alzheimer's.
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Jedan od svakih pet dolara
za medicinsko osiguranje
za medicinsko osiguranje
troši se na Alchajmera.
02:26
It is today the most expensive disease,
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To je najskuplja bolest današnjice,
02:29
and costs are projected
to increase fivefold by 2050,
to increase fivefold by 2050,
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i predviđa se da će se troškovi
povećati petostruko do 2050,
povećati petostruko do 2050,
02:33
as the baby boomer generation ages.
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kako stari generacija bejbi bumera.
02:36
It may surprise you that, put simply,
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Možda će vas inznediti
to što je Alchajmer, prosto rečeno,
to što je Alchajmer, prosto rečeno,
02:39
Alzheimer's is one of the biggest medical
and social challenges of our generation.
and social challenges of our generation.
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jedan od najvećih medicinskih
i društvenih izazova naše generacije.
i društvenih izazova naše generacije.
02:44
But we've done relatively
little to address it.
little to address it.
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Ali uradili smo relativno malo toga
da bismo ga rešili.
da bismo ga rešili.
02:47
Today, of the top 10
causes of death worldwide,
causes of death worldwide,
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Od prvih 10 uzroka smrti
širom sveta danas,
širom sveta danas,
02:51
Alzheimer's is the only one
we cannot prevent, cure or even slow down.
we cannot prevent, cure or even slow down.
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Alchajmerova bolest je jedini koji ne može
da se spreči, izleči ili čak uspori.
da se spreči, izleči ili čak uspori.
02:59
We understand less about the science
of Alzheimer's than other diseases
of Alzheimer's than other diseases
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O nauci iza Alchajmera znamo manje
nego kod drugih bolesti
nego kod drugih bolesti
03:03
because we've invested less time
and money into researching it.
and money into researching it.
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jer smo u istraživanje ove bolesti
uložili manje vremena i novca.
uložili manje vremena i novca.
03:07
The US government
spends 10 times more every year
spends 10 times more every year
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Vlada SAD svake godine troši
10 puta više novca
10 puta više novca
03:11
on cancer research than on Alzheimer's
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na istraživanje raka nego Alchajmera
03:14
despite the fact
that Alzheimer's costs us more
that Alzheimer's costs us more
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uprkos činjenici
da nas Alchajmer košta više
da nas Alchajmer košta više
03:18
and causes a similar number
of deaths each year as cancer.
of deaths each year as cancer.
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i prouzrokuje sličan broj mrtvih
svake godine kao i rak.
svake godine kao i rak.
03:23
The lack of resources
stems from a more fundamental cause:
stems from a more fundamental cause:
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Manjak sredstava potiče
iz osnovnijeg razloga:
iz osnovnijeg razloga:
03:27
a lack of awareness.
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manjak svesti.
03:30
Because here's what few people know
but everyone should:
but everyone should:
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Evo nečega što malo ljudi zna,
a trebalo bi da znaju svi:
a trebalo bi da znaju svi:
03:35
Alzheimer's is a disease,
and we can cure it.
and we can cure it.
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Alchajmerova bolest je zaista bolest
i mi možemo da je izlečimo.
i mi možemo da je izlečimo.
03:40
For most of the past 114 years,
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Većinu proteklih 114 godina,
03:42
everyone, including scientists, mistakenly
confused Alzheimer's with aging.
confused Alzheimer's with aging.
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svako je mešao Alchajmera sa starenjem,
uključujući i naučnike.
uključujući i naučnike.
03:48
We thought that becoming senile
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Mislili smo da je senilnost
03:49
was a normal and inevitable
part of getting old.
part of getting old.
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normalan i neizbežan deo starenja.
03:53
But we only have to look at a picture
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Ali samo treba da pogledamo sliku
03:55
of a healthy aged brain compared
to the brain of an Alzheimer's patient
to the brain of an Alzheimer's patient
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zdravog starijeg mozga u poređenju
sa mozgom pacijenta Alchajmerove bolesti
sa mozgom pacijenta Alchajmerove bolesti
03:58
to see the real physical damage
caused by this disease.
caused by this disease.
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da bismo videli stvarnu fizičku štetu
koju nanosi bolest.
koju nanosi bolest.
04:02
As well as triggering severe loss
of memory and mental abilities,
of memory and mental abilities,
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Pored toga što izaziva ozbiljan gubitak
sećanja i mentalnih sposobnosti,
sećanja i mentalnih sposobnosti,
04:06
the damage to the brain
caused by Alzheimer's
caused by Alzheimer's
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šteta koju Alchajmer prouzrokuje na mozgu
04:09
significantly reduces life expectancy
and is always fatal.
and is always fatal.
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značajno smanjuje životni vek
i uvek je smrtonosna.
i uvek je smrtonosna.
04:14
Remember Dr. Alzheimer
found strange plaques and tangles
found strange plaques and tangles
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Setite se da je dr Alchajmer
na mozgu Auguste
na mozgu Auguste
pronašao čudne mrlje i čvorove
pre jednog veka.
pre jednog veka.
04:17
in Auguste's brain a century ago.
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04:20
For almost a century,
we didn't know much about these.
we didn't know much about these.
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Skoro čitav vek o njima nismo znali puno.
04:24
Today we know they're made
from protein molecules.
from protein molecules.
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Danas znamo da se sastoje
od molekula proteina.
od molekula proteina.
04:27
You can imagine a protein molecule
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Zamislite molekul proteina
04:29
as a piece of paper that normally folds
into an elaborate piece of origami.
into an elaborate piece of origami.
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kao komad papira koji se normalno savija
u kompleksan origami.
u kompleksan origami.
04:34
There are spots
on the paper that are sticky.
on the paper that are sticky.
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Postoje lepljivi delovi papira.
04:36
And when it folds correctly,
these sticky bits end up on the inside.
these sticky bits end up on the inside.
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Kada se papir smota pravilno,
ovi lepljivi delovi završe unutra.
ovi lepljivi delovi završe unutra.
04:41
But sometimes things go wrong,
and some sticky bits are on the outside.
and some sticky bits are on the outside.
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Ali ponekad stvari krenu kako ne treba
i neki lepljiivi delovi završe napolju.
i neki lepljiivi delovi završe napolju.
04:46
This causes the protein molecules
to stick to each other,
to stick to each other,
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Zbog ovoga se molekuli proteina
lepe jedni za druge
lepe jedni za druge
04:49
forming clumps that eventually become
large plaques and tangles.
large plaques and tangles.
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i stvaraju grumenje koje se pretvara
u mrlje i čvorove.
u mrlje i čvorove.
04:53
That's what we see
in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.
in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.
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To je ono što vidimo u mozgovima
pacijenata od Alchajmera.
pacijenata od Alchajmera.
04:57
We've spent the past 10 years
at the University of Cambridge
at the University of Cambridge
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Proteklih 10 godina proveli smo
na Univerzitetu Kembridž
na Univerzitetu Kembridž
05:00
trying to understand
how this malfunction works.
how this malfunction works.
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pokušavajući da razumemo
kako se dešava ova greška.
kako se dešava ova greška.
05:03
There are many steps, and identifying
which step to try to block is complex --
which step to try to block is complex --
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Postoji mnogo koraka, a prepoznavanje
koji korak treba da se blokira je složeno,
koji korak treba da se blokira je složeno,
05:08
like defusing a bomb.
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poput deaktiviranja bombe.
Ukoliko presečete jednu žicu,
možda se neće desiti ništa.
možda se neće desiti ništa.
05:10
Cutting one wire might do nothing.
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05:12
Cutting others might
make the bomb explore.
make the bomb explore.
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Ukoliko presečete druge,
bomba će možda eksplodirati.
bomba će možda eksplodirati.
Moramo da otkrijemo
koji tačno korak da blokiramo
koji tačno korak da blokiramo
05:16
We have to find the right step to block,
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05:18
and then create a drug that does it.
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i onda da stvorimo lek
koji to radi.
koji to radi.
05:21
Until recently, we for the most part
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Sve do skoro, uglavnom smo sekli žice
05:23
have been cutting wires
and hoping for the best.
and hoping for the best.
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i nadali se najboljem.
05:25
But now we've got together
a diverse group of people --
a diverse group of people --
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Ali sada imamo raznovrsnu grupu ljudi -
05:28
medics, biologists, geneticists, chemists,
physicists, engineers and mathematicians.
physicists, engineers and mathematicians.
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lekare, biologe, genetičare, hemičare,
fizičare, inženjere i matematičare.
fizičare, inženjere i matematičare.
05:34
And together, we've managed
to identify a critical step in the process
to identify a critical step in the process
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Zajedno, uspeli smo da otkrijemo
ključni korak u procesu
ključni korak u procesu
05:38
and are now testing a new class of drugs
which would specifically block this step
which would specifically block this step
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i sada isprobavamo novu vrstu lekova
koji bi blokirali tačno ovaj korak
koji bi blokirali tačno ovaj korak
05:42
and stop the disease.
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i zaustavili bolest.
05:44
Now let me show you
some of our latest results.
some of our latest results.
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Sada ću vam pokazati
neke od najnovijih rezultata.
neke od najnovijih rezultata.
05:46
No one outside of our lab
has seen these yet.
has seen these yet.
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Niko van naše laboratorije
nije ovo video do sada.
nije ovo video do sada.
05:49
Let's look at some videos of what happened
when we tested these new drugs in worms.
when we tested these new drugs in worms.
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Pogledajmo neke snimke toga šta se desilo
kada smo ove nove lekove
testirali na crvima.
testirali na crvima.
05:54
So these are healthy worms,
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Ovo su zdravi crvi,
05:56
and you can see
they're moving around normally.
they're moving around normally.
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i možete videti da se kreću normalno.
05:59
These worms, on the other hand,
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Sa druge strane, ovi crvi
06:02
have protein molecules
sticking together inside them --
sticking together inside them --
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imaju molekule proteina unutar sebe
koji se lepe -
koji se lepe -
06:05
like humans with Alzheimer's.
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poput ljudi sa Alchajmerom.
06:07
And you can see they're clearly sick.
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Jasno se vidi da su bolesni.
06:09
But if we give our new drugs
to these worms at an early stage,
to these worms at an early stage,
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Ali ako naše nove lekove
damo ovim crvima na vreme,
damo ovim crvima na vreme,
06:14
then we see that they're healthy,
and they live a normal lifespan.
and they live a normal lifespan.
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možemo videti da su zdravi
i imaju normalan životni vek.
i imaju normalan životni vek.
06:19
This is just an initial positive result,
but research like this
but research like this
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Ovo je samo prvobitni pozitivni rezultat,
ali istraživanja poput ovih
ali istraživanja poput ovih
06:22
shows us that Alzheimer's is a disease
that we can understand and we can cure.
that we can understand and we can cure.
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pokazuju da je Alchajmerova bolest
nešto što se može razumeti i lečiti.
nešto što se može razumeti i lečiti.
06:27
After 114 years of waiting,
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Nakon 114 godina čekanja,
06:30
there's finally real hope
for what can be achieved
for what can be achieved
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konačno postoji prava nada
da se nešto može postići
da se nešto može postići
06:32
in the next 10 or 20 years.
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u narednih 10 ili 20 godina.
06:36
But to grow that hope,
to finally beat Alzheimer's, we need help.
to finally beat Alzheimer's, we need help.
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Ali da bi ta nada rasla, da konačno
pobedimo Alchajmera, treba nam pomoć.
pobedimo Alchajmera, treba nam pomoć.
Ovde se ne radi o naučnicima poput mene -
06:40
This isn't about scientists like me --
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06:42
it's about you.
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već o vama.
06:44
We need you to raise awareness
that Alzheimer's is a disease
that Alzheimer's is a disease
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Potrebno je da podignete svest
o tome da je ovo bolest
o tome da je ovo bolest
06:48
and that if we try, we can beat it.
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i da možemo da je pobedimo
ako pokušamo.
ako pokušamo.
06:50
In the case of other diseases,
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Što se tiče drugih bolesti,
06:52
patients and their families
have led the charge for more research
have led the charge for more research
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pacijenti i njihove porodice
povele su inicijativu za još istraživanja
povele su inicijativu za još istraživanja
06:55
and put pressure on governments,
the pharmaceutical industry,
the pharmaceutical industry,
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i pritiskale vlade,
farmaceutsku industriju,
farmaceutsku industriju,
06:58
scientists and regulators.
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naučnike i pravnike.
07:01
That was essential for advancing treatment
for HIV in the late 1980s.
for HIV in the late 1980s.
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To je bilo ključno za unapređivanje
lečenja HIV-a krajem 80-tih godina.
lečenja HIV-a krajem 80-tih godina.
07:05
Today, we see that same drive
to beat cancer.
to beat cancer.
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Danas vidimo istu inicijativu
da se pobedi rak.
da se pobedi rak.
07:10
But Alzheimer's patients are often
unable to speak up for themselves.
unable to speak up for themselves.
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Ali pacijenti koji pate od Alchajmera
često ne mogu sami da se oglase.
često ne mogu sami da se oglase.
07:14
And their families, the hidden victims,
caring for their loved ones night and day,
caring for their loved ones night and day,
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Njihove porodice, skrivene žrtve
koje brinu o najdražima danonoćno,
koje brinu o najdražima danonoćno,
07:19
are often too worn out
to go out and advocate for change.
to go out and advocate for change.
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često su previše iznurene
da izađu i bore se za promenu.
da izađu i bore se za promenu.
07:23
So, it really is down to you.
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Tako da sve zaista pada na vas.
07:27
Alzheimer's isn't,
for the most part, a genetic disease.
for the most part, a genetic disease.
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Alchajmer uglavnom nije genetska bolest.
07:31
Everyone with a brain is at risk.
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Svako ko ima mozak je podložan bolesti.
07:34
Today, there are 40 million
patients like Auguste,
patients like Auguste,
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Danas postoji 40 miliona pacijenata
poput Auguste,
poput Auguste,
07:38
who can't create the change
they need for themselves.
they need for themselves.
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koji ne mogu da stvore promenu
koja im je potrebna.
koja im je potrebna.
07:41
Help speak up for them,
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Pomozite da se oni oglase
07:44
and help demand a cure.
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i zahtevajte lek.
07:47
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
07:48
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Samuel Cohen - Research scientistSamuel Cohen researches Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Why you should listen
Samuel Cohen is a Research Fellow in Biophysical Chemistry at St. John's College and the Centre for Misfolding Diseases in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge, from where he holds PhD, MSci, MA and BA degrees. Cohen has worked as a consultant in the London office of Boston Consulting Group (BCG), where he specialized in the healthcare, technology and media sectors. His scientific research focuses on neurodegenerative disorders. He is co-author of more than 20 scientific papers, book chapters and patents, and was recently a lead author on a widely-reported study in which researchers made a major breakthrough towards finding a cure for Alzheimer's disease.
More profile about the speakerSamuel Cohen | Speaker | TED.com