ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fabien Cousteau - Ocean explorer and environmentalist
Fabien Cousteau spent 31 days underwater to research how climate change and pollution are affecting the oceans.

Why you should listen
For 31 days, from June 1 to July 2, 2014, Fabien Cousteau and a team of scientists and filmmakers lived and worked 20 meters below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean, at the Acquarius underwater science lab 9 miles off the coast of Florida. The intent of Mission31: study the life of and on the coral reef -- and the effects of climate change, acidification, and pollution, in particular by plastic debris and oil spills. But it was also a study of the scientists themselves spending extended time underwater. By stayigng down continuously, they collected the equivalent of several years of scientific data in just a month.

50 years ago Fabien Cousteau's grandfather, the legendary ocean explorer Jacques-Yves Cousteau, led a similar -- but shorter by one day -- expedition under the surface of the Red Sea. Since, we have explored only a very small portion of the oceans, less than 5 percent.
More profile about the speaker
Fabien Cousteau | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2014

Fabien Cousteau: What I learned from spending 31 days underwater

法宾·库斯托: 我从 31 天的海底生活中学到了什么

Filmed:
1,281,530 views

在 1963 年时,雅克·库斯托在红海的一个水下实验室居住了 30 天,创造了世界纪录。这个夏天,他的孙子法宾·库斯托打破了该项记录。这位年轻的库斯托在佛罗里达海边 9 公里处的一个水下实验室住了 31 天。在这一彰显魅力的演说中,他重现了这场奇妙的探险。
- Ocean explorer and environmentalist
Fabien Cousteau spent 31 days underwater to research how climate change and pollution are affecting the oceans. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
I have a confession自白书 to make.
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我要忏悔 。
00:16
I am addicted上瘾 to adventure冒险,
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我对冒险活动很上瘾,
00:19
and as a young年轻 boy男孩,
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作为一个年轻男孩,
00:21
I would rather look outside the window窗口
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我宁可看窗户外面
00:24
at the birds鸟类 in the trees树木 and the sky天空
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鸟、树林、天空,
00:27
than looking at that two-dimensional二维
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而不是盯着二维黑板,
00:29
chalky白垩 blackboard黑板 where time stands站立 still
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时间在那里静止,
00:33
and even sometimes有时 dies.
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有时甚至终止。
00:35
My teachers教师 thought there was something wrong错误
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我的老师认为我有点儿毛病,
00:37
with me because I wasn't paying付款 attention注意 in class.
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因为我根本不在乎课堂。
00:41
They didn't find anything
specifically特别 wrong错误 with me,
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他们并未发现我到底有那点不正常,
00:43
other than being存在 slightly
dyslexic诵读困难 because I'm a lefty左撇子.
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除了我有点阅读障碍,我是左撇子。
00:47
But they didn't test测试 for curiosity好奇心.
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他们并没有检测好奇。
00:51
Curiosity好奇心, to me,
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好奇,于我,
00:54
is about our connection连接
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是关于我们与世界,
00:56
with the world世界, with the universe宇宙.
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宇宙的联系。
00:59
It's about seeing眼看 what's
around that next下一个 coral珊瑚 head
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有关那片珊瑚旁边有什么,
01:01
or what's around that next下一个 tree,
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那棵树周边有什么,
01:03
and learning学习 more not only about our environment环境
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了解我们的环境
01:05
but about ourselves我们自己.
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以及我们自身。
01:07
Now, my dream梦想 of dreams,
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现在,我梦到的梦想,
01:09
I want to go explore探索 the oceans海洋 of Mars火星,
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我想去探索火星上的海洋,
01:13
but until直到 we can go there,
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但在我们有能力到达那里之前,
01:15
I think the oceans海洋 still hold保持
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我想海洋仍有
01:19
quite相当 a few少数 secrets秘密.
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一些不为人知的秘密。
01:20
As a matter of fact事实,
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事实上,
01:22
if you take our planet行星 as the oasis绿洲 in space空间 that it is
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如果你将我们的地球
视为太空中的绿洲
01:25
and dissect解剖 it into a living活的 space空间,
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仔细分出宜居空间,
01:29
the ocean海洋 represents代表 over 3.4 billion十亿
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海洋占据了超过 34 亿
01:32
cubic立方体 kilometers公里 of volume, within which哪一个
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立方公里,
01:35
we've我们已经 explored探讨 less than five percent百分.
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我们只探索了其不到 5%。
01:39
And I look at this, and I go, well,
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我看着这个,我想,嗯,
01:42
there are tools工具 to go
deeper更深, longer and further进一步:
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有机械工具能够探索地
更深、更长、更远:
01:45
submarines潜艇, ROVs遥控潜水器, even Scuba水肺 diving潜水.
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潜艇、水下机器人,甚至是轻便潜水器。
01:50
But if we're going to explore探索 the final最后 frontier边境
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但是,如果我们想要探索
01:53
on this planet行星, we need to live生活 there.
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地球上最后一篇未知土地,
我们就得住在那儿。
01:56
We need to build建立 a log日志 cabin, if you will,
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如果力所能及,要建造一座木屋,
01:59
at the bottom底部 of the sea.
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在海洋底端。
02:02
And so there was a great curiosity好奇心 in my soul灵魂
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我的大脑中迸发了强大的好奇,
02:05
when I went to go visit访问 a TEDTED [Prize winner优胜者]
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当我去拜访一位 TED [大奖得主],
02:08
by the name名称 of Dr博士. Sylvia西尔维亚 Earle厄尔.
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西尔维娅·厄尔博士的时候。
02:09
Maybe you've heard听说 of her.
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也许你听说过她。
02:11
Two years年份 ago, she was staked out
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两年前,她坚守在
02:14
at the last undersea海底 marine海洋 laboratory实验室
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最后一个海底潜艇研究室
02:17
to try and save保存 it,
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想要保全它,
02:19
to try and petition请愿
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试着帮我们请愿,
02:21
for us not to scrap废料 it
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不要拆掉它,
02:23
and bring带来 it back on land土地.
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把它带回到陆地上面。
02:25
We've我们已经 only had about a dozen or so
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我们大约只有十来个
02:27
scientific科学 labs实验室 at the bottom底部 of the sea.
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海底科学实验室。
02:29
There's only one left in the world世界:
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这是世界上仅存的一个:
02:31
it's nine miles英里 offshore海上
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离岸 9 英里远
02:33
and 65 feet down.
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65 英尺深。
02:35
It's called Aquarius水瓶座.
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它叫水瓶座。
02:37
Aquarius水瓶座, in some fashion时尚,
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水瓶座,从某些角度看,
02:39
is a dinosaur恐龙,
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像个恐龙,
02:41
an ancient robot机器人 chained链接 to the bottom底部,
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一个古老的机器人被
链子拴在海底,
02:43
this Leviathan利维坦.
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这个利维坦。
(译注:圣经中的巨型海怪)
02:47
In other ways方法, it's a legacy遗产.
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另一方面说,这是经典。
02:49
And so with that visit访问, I realized实现
that my time is short
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那次访问的经历让我意识到
我的时间不够了,
02:52
if I wanted to experience经验
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如果我想要体验
02:54
what it was like to become成为 an aquanautAquanaut系列.
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海底观察员的工作生活。
02:59
When we swam towards this after many许多
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我们游向这个实验室
03:02
moons月亮 of torture拷打 and two years年份 of preparation制备,
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在历经了数月的艰苦训练
和长达两年的准备后,
03:04
this habitat栖息地 waiting等候 to invite邀请 us
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这个海底栖息地
03:09
was like a new home.
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成了我的新住处。
03:12
And the point of going down to
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深入海底并居住在那里
03:15
and living活的 at this habitat栖息地 was not to stay inside.
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并不是为了住在里面。
03:18
It wasn't about living活的 at something
the size尺寸 of a school学校 bus总线.
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我们并不是要住在校车大小的房屋里。
03:21
It was about giving us the luxury豪华 of time
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住在这里为我们争取了宝贵的时间,
03:24
outside to wander漫步, to explore探索,
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让我们可以在海洋里穿梭、探索,
03:27
to understand理解 more about this oceanic final最后 frontier边境.
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去了解更多关于海洋的边界。
03:31
We had megafauna巨型动物 come and visit访问 us.
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矩形海底生物会游到我们附近。
03:34
This spotted eagle ray射线 is a fairly相当
common共同 sight视力 in the oceans海洋.
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途中的燕魟是海洋中较常见的一种。
03:37
But why this is so important重要,
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为什么这是重要的呢?
03:40
why this picture图片 is up,
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为什么要选择这张照片?
03:41
is because this particular特定 animal动物
brought his friends朋友 around,
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因为它将朋友们也一同带来了,
03:45
and instead代替 of being存在 the
pelagic远洋 animals动物 that they were,
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即使它们是海洋中的珍稀物种,
03:48
they started开始 getting得到 curious好奇 about us,
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它们却开始对我们感到好奇,
03:49
these new strangers陌生人 that were
moving移动 into the neighborhood邻里,
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这些新邻居的新面孔,
03:53
doing things with plankton浮游生物.
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和浮游生物一起。
03:56
We were studying研究 all sorts排序 of animals动物 and critters小动物,
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我们研究着不同种类的动物和奇怪生物,
03:58
and they got closer接近 and closer接近 to us,
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而且它们与我们越来越近,
04:01
and because of the luxury豪华 of time,
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因为时间宽裕,
04:03
these animals动物, these residents居民 of the coral珊瑚 reef,
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这些生物,住在珊瑚礁附近的居民,
04:05
were starting开始 to get used to us,
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开始习惯我们的存在,
04:07
and these pelagics中上层鱼类 that
normal正常 travel旅行 through通过 stopped停止.
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这些时常穿梭于海底的
动物都停了下来。
04:10
This particular特定 animal动物 actually其实 circled盘旋
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这只特别的生物围着我们游来游去,
04:13
for 31 full充分 days during our mission任务.
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在我们执行海底勘探工作期间,
转了整整 31 天。
04:17
So mission任务 31 wasn't so much
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31 号任务并不是
04:19
about breaking破坏 records记录.
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为了要打破记录,
04:21
It was about that human-ocean人类海洋 connection连接.
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而是为了人类与海洋的连结。
04:26
Because of the luxury豪华 of time, we were able能够
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我们有足够宽裕的时间
来研究动物,
04:28
to study研究 animals动物 such这样 as sharks鲨鱼 and grouper石斑鱼
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像鲨鱼及石斑鱼群聚集在一起,
04:32
in aggregations聚合 that we've我们已经 never seen看到 before.
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这种现象从未见过。
04:34
It's like seeing眼看 dogs小狗 and
cats behaving行为 well together一起.
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就像狗和猫能友好共处一样。
04:38
Even being存在 able能够 to commune公社 with animals动物
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甚至能够和动物交流,
04:40
that are much larger than us,
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那些体型比我们大数倍的动物,
04:41
such这样 as this endangered濒危 goliath巨人 grouper石斑鱼
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就像这个濒危伊氏石斑鱼,
04:44
who only still resides所在 in the Florida佛罗里达 Keys按键.
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仍然只栖息于佛罗里达群岛。
04:47
Of course课程, just like any neighbor邻居,
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当然,就像所有邻居,
04:50
after a while, if they get tired,
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一阵子之后,如果它们累了,
04:52
the goliath巨人 grouper石斑鱼 barks树皮 at us,
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伊氏石斑鱼就会冲着我们咆哮,
04:54
and this bark is so powerful强大
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吼叫的声音非常大,
04:56
that it actually其实 stuns晕眩 its prey猎物 before it aspirates抽吸 it all
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强大到能够镇晕猎物,
04:58
within a split分裂 second第二.
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然后迅速将其吸入口中。
05:00
For us, it's just telling告诉 us to go back
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对我们,
只是告诉我们回去海底小屋,
05:02
into the habitat栖息地 and leave离开 them alone单独.
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不要打扰它们。
05:06
Now, this wasn't just about adventure冒险.
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那么这就不只是冒险而已,
05:10
There was actually其实 a serious严重 note注意 to it.
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这是一个严肃认真的研究。
05:11
We did a lot of science科学, and again,
because of the luxury豪华 of time,
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因为时间充裕,
我们做了很多科学研究,
05:15
we were able能够 to do over three years年份 of science科学
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在 31 天的时间里,
我们做了通常需要 3 年的
05:17
in 31 days.
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科学研究。
05:20
In this particular特定 case案件, we were using运用 a PAMPAM,
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这个研究中,我们使用了脉冲幅度调制,
05:22
or, let me just see if I can get this straight直行,
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让我用更直白的方法说明,
05:24
a Pulse脉冲 Amplitude振幅 Modulated调制 Fluorometer荧光计.
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一个脉冲幅度调制荧光剂。
05:28
And our scientists科学家们 from FIUFIU, MITMIT,
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来自佛罗里达国际大学,麻省理工学院,
05:31
and from Northeastern东北方
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东北大学的科学家们
05:33
were able能够 to get a gauge测量 for what coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁 do
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就能测量估算出珊瑚礁
05:36
when we're not around.
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在我们离开时的动态。
05:38
The Pulse脉冲 Amplitude振幅 Modulated调制
Fluorometer荧光计, or PAMPAM,
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脉冲幅度调制荧光剂,
简称 PAM,
05:40
gauges the fluorescence荧光 of corals珊瑚虫
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能够测量出珊瑚发出的荧光,
05:43
as it pertains所属 to pollutants污染物 in the water
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因为这与水中污染物质有关,
05:45
as well as climate气候 change-related变化有关 issues问题.
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也与气候变化等相关问题有关。
05:49
We used all sorts排序 of other cutting-edge前沿 tools工具,
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我们使用最新研发出的仪器设备,
05:52
such这样 as this sonde探头, or what I like to call
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像是这个探测器,我更喜欢称之为
05:54
the sponge海绵 proctologist直肠病, whereby因此 the sonde探头
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海绵的直肠科医师,
06:01
itself本身 tests测试 for metabolism代谢 rates利率
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它可以检测海绵的新陈代谢率,
06:03
in what in this particular特定 case案件 is a barrel sponge海绵,
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这张照片中,我们正在测试桶状海绵的代谢率,
06:06
or the redwoods红杉 of the [ocean海洋].
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桶状海绵也称作海里的红杉树。
06:09
And this gives us a much better gauge测量
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这让我们能够更好地测量出
06:10
of what's happening事件 underwater水下
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水面下发生了什么事,
06:12
with regard看待 to climate气候 change-related变化有关 issues问题,
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理解当气候变化相关问题发生时,
06:15
and how the dynamics动力学 of that
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其动态状况
06:17
affect影响 us here on land土地.
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是如何影响着陆地上的我们。
06:20
And finally最后, we looked看着 at predator-prey捕食 behavior行为.
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最后,我们还看到捕食者和被捕食者的行为。
06:22
And predator-prey捕食 behavior行为 is an interesting有趣 thing,
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捕食者和被捕食者的行为非常有趣,
06:24
because as we take away some of the predators大鳄
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因为我们拿走了一些
06:27
on these coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁 around the world世界,
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世界各地珊瑚礁群上的捕食者,
06:29
the prey猎物, or the forage饲料 fish, act法案 very differently不同.
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那些被捕食者,或饵料鱼,
与先前行为很大不同。
06:32
What we realized实现 is
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我们观察到
06:34
not only do they stop taking服用 care关心 of the reef,
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它们不仅会停止照顾珊瑚礁,
06:37
darting疾飞 in, grabbing a little bit of algae藻类
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钻进去,抓一些藻类生物
06:39
and going back into their homes家园,
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然后回家,
06:41
they start开始 spreading传播 out and disappearing消失
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它们还会开始四处散开来,
06:43
from those particular特定 coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁.
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消失在这些特别的珊瑚礁群里。
06:45
Well, within that 31 days,
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在 31 天里,
06:47
we were able能够 to generate生成 over 10 scientific科学 papers文件
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我们完成了 10 篇分别有关这些实验的
06:50
on each one of these topics主题.
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不同题目的科研文章。
06:53
But the point of adventure冒险 is not only to learn学习,
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探险的意义不只在于学习了解,
06:58
it's to be able能够 to share分享 that
knowledge知识 with the world世界,
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还在于与世界分享知识,
07:00
and with that, thanks谢谢 to a
couple一对 of engineers工程师 at MITMIT,
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感谢来自麻省理工的工程师们,
07:04
we were able能够 to use a prototype原型
camera相机 called the EdgertronicEdgertronic
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我们能够使用一种名叫 Edgertronic 的
原型照相机
07:07
to capture捕获 slow-motion慢动作 video视频,
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来捕捉慢动作影像,
07:10
up to 20,000 frames per second第二
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高达每秒 2 万帧,
07:13
in a little box
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就是这个小盒子,
07:15
that's worth价值 3,000 dollars美元.
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价值 3 千美元。
07:16
It's available可得到 to every一切 one of us.
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我们人手一个。
07:18
And that particular特定 camera相机 gives us an insight眼光
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这个特殊的相机帮助我们了解
07:21
into what fairly相当 common共同 animals动物 do
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那些常见生物日常行为,
07:24
but we can't even see it in the blink of an eye.
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那些我们用肉眼观察不到的事。
07:26
Let me show显示 you a quick video视频
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让我用这个简短的视频
07:28
of what this camera相机 does.
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展示这台相机是如何工作的。
07:30
You can see the silky柔滑 bubble泡沫 come out
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你能看见那些细小的泡泡
07:33
of our hard hats帽子.
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从我们的头盔中冒出来。
07:35
It gives us an insight眼光
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它能让我们仔细观察
07:38
into some of the animals动物 that we were sitting坐在
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那些围绕我们身边生物的日常生活
07:40
right next下一个 to for 31 days
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长达 31 天,
07:42
and never normally一般 would have paid支付 attention注意 to,
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这些生物是平常不会引起我们注意的,
07:45
such这样 as hermit隐士 crabs螃蟹.
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比如,寄居蟹。
07:47
Now, using运用 a cutting-edge前沿 piece of technology技术
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现在,使用这些
并不是专门为了海洋研究设计的
07:50
that's not really meant意味着 for the oceans海洋
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最新的高科技产品
07:52
is not always easy简单.
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并不太容易。
07:54
We sometimes有时 had to put the camera相机 upside上边 down,
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我们时常需要把相机倒过来放,
07:56
cordon警戒线 it back to the lab实验室,
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密封带回实验室,
07:59
and actually其实 man the trigger触发
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并在实验室里
08:02
from the lab实验室 itself本身.
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操纵触发器。
08:04
But what this gives us
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但这让我们能够
08:06
is the foresight先见之明 to look at and analyze分析
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用科学的和工程学的方法
08:09
in scientific科学 and engineering工程 terms条款
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来查看并分析
08:12
some of the most amazing惊人 behavior行为
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一些肉眼无法观察仔细的
08:15
that the human人的 eye just can't pick up,
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非常奇妙的生物行为,
08:16
such这样 as this manta曼塔 shrimp
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例如这只濑尿虾,
08:19
trying to catch抓住 its prey猎物,
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正在抓捕猎物,
08:21
within about .3 seconds.
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用时不到 0.3 秒。
08:27
That punch冲床 is as strong强大 as a .22 caliber口径 bullet子弹,
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它出钳击打的力量非常强大
就像 0.22 口径的子弹,
08:30
and if you ever try to catch抓住 a bullet子弹
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如果你试图用肉眼捕捉一颗子弹,
08:31
in mid-flight飞行途中 with your eye, impossible不可能.
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飞行中的子弹,那是不可能的。
08:35
But now we can see things
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但现在我们可以看到
08:36
such这样 as these Christmas圣诞 tree worms蠕虫
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像是这些圣诞树管虫
(有名大旋鳃虫)
08:39
pulling in and fanning范宁 out
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收缩又成扇形散开,
08:42
in a way that the eye just can't capture捕获,
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肉眼是无法捕捉到这些的,
08:45
or in this case案件,
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或者是这个例子,
08:47
a fish throwing投掷 up grains谷物 of sand.
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一条鱼吐出沙砾。
08:54
This is an actual实际 sailfinsailfin goby虾虎鱼,
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这是四眼虾虎,
08:56
and if you look at it in real真实 time,
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如果你只用肉眼观察,
08:59
it actually其实 doesn't even show显示 its fanning范宁 motion运动
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甚至不会看到吐气的过程,
09:02
because it's so quick.
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因为太快了。
09:05
One of the most precious珍贵 gifts礼品
that we had underwater水下
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我们在海底拥有的
最珍贵的礼物
09:07
is that we had WiFi无线上网,
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是 wifi 网络,
09:09
and for 31 days straight直行 we were able能够 to connect
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31 天里,我们能够
09:12
with the world世界 in real真实 time
from the bottom底部 of the sea
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在海底与世界实时连线
09:14
and share分享 all of these experiences经验.
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分享所有这些经验。
09:16
Quite相当 literally按照字面 right there
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图片中展示的是
09:18
I am SkypingSkyping in the classroom课堂
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我在教室里视频连线,
09:19
with one of the six continents大陆
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2018
与位于六大洲之一
09:21
and some of the 70,000
students学生们 that we connected连接的
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约七万名学生连线,
09:24
every一切 single day to some of these experiences经验.
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每天都有这样经验分享的活动。
09:27
As a matter of fact事实, I'm showing展示 a picture图片 that I took
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事实上,我在展示一张照片
09:29
with my smartphone手机 from underwater水下
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那是我在水下用智能手机拍摄的
09:31
of a goliath巨人 grouper石斑鱼 laying铺设 on the bottom底部.
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躺在海底的巨型石斑鱼。
09:34
We had never seen看到 that before.
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我们从未看到过。
09:39
And I dream梦想 of the day
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我梦想有一天
09:41
that we have underwater水下 cities城市,
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我们会有水下城市,
09:43
and maybe, just maybe, if we push the boundaries边界
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也许,仅仅是也许,如果我们推动
09:46
of adventure冒险 and knowledge知识,
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探险和知识的边界,
09:48
and we share分享 that knowledge知识 with others其他 out there,
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我们与外界分享知识,
09:51
we can solve解决 all sorts排序 of problems问题.
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我们就能解决各式各样众多问题。
09:54
My grandfather祖父 used to say,
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我的祖父曾说,
09:56
"People protect保护 what they love."
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“人们保护自己热爱的东西。”
09:59
My father父亲, "How can people protect保护
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我的父亲说,“那人们要如何
10:01
what they don't understand理解?"
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保护那些他们不懂的东西呢?”
10:06
And I've thought about this my whole整个 life.
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我一生都在思考这个问题。
10:10
Nothing is impossible不可能.
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没有什么是不可能的。
10:14
We need to dream梦想, we need to be creative创作的,
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我们需要梦想,我们需要发挥创造力,
10:17
and we all need to have an adventure冒险
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我们都需要探险,
10:19
in order订购 to create创建 miracles奇迹 in the darkest最黑暗 of times.
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为黑暗的时光创造奇迹。
10:23
And whether是否 it's about climate气候 change更改
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不论它是关于气候变化,
10:25
or eradicating根除 poverty贫穷
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还是消灭贫困,
10:28
or giving back to future未来 generations
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或是把我们认为理所应当的
10:29
what we've我们已经 taken采取 for granted理所当然,
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还给我们的后代,
10:32
it's about adventure冒险.
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一切都关于探险。
10:34
And who knows知道, maybe
there will be underwater水下 cities城市,
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谁知道呢,也许未来会有水底城市,
10:37
and maybe some of you
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也许在你们之中
10:38
will become成为 the future未来 aquanautsaquanauts.
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就有未来的海底观察员。
10:40
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢。
10:42
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Zhiting Chen
Reviewed by Geoff Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fabien Cousteau - Ocean explorer and environmentalist
Fabien Cousteau spent 31 days underwater to research how climate change and pollution are affecting the oceans.

Why you should listen
For 31 days, from June 1 to July 2, 2014, Fabien Cousteau and a team of scientists and filmmakers lived and worked 20 meters below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean, at the Acquarius underwater science lab 9 miles off the coast of Florida. The intent of Mission31: study the life of and on the coral reef -- and the effects of climate change, acidification, and pollution, in particular by plastic debris and oil spills. But it was also a study of the scientists themselves spending extended time underwater. By stayigng down continuously, they collected the equivalent of several years of scientific data in just a month.

50 years ago Fabien Cousteau's grandfather, the legendary ocean explorer Jacques-Yves Cousteau, led a similar -- but shorter by one day -- expedition under the surface of the Red Sea. Since, we have explored only a very small portion of the oceans, less than 5 percent.
More profile about the speaker
Fabien Cousteau | Speaker | TED.com

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