TEDGlobal 2014
Fabien Cousteau: What I learned from spending 31 days underwater
法比安‧庫斯托: 我在水底 31 天學到什麼
Filmed:
Readability: 4.2
1,281,530 views
1963 年，雅克·庫斯托在一座位於紅海海底的水下實驗室居住了 30 天，這項壯舉創下世界紀錄。這個夏天，他的孫子法比安‧庫斯托打破了那項紀錄。年輕的庫斯托在位於佛羅里達外海九哩處的水下研究實驗室「寶瓶座」裡待了 31 天。他在這場引人入勝的演講中，將他奇妙的冒險介紹給眾人。
Fabien Cousteau - Ocean explorer and environmentalist
Fabien Cousteau spent 31 days underwater to research how climate change and pollution are affecting the oceans. Full bio
Fabien Cousteau spent 31 days underwater to research how climate change and pollution are affecting the oceans. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I have a confession to make.
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我必須向你們坦白一件事。
00:16
I am addicted to adventure,
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我對冒險成癮，
00:19
and as a young boy,
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打從還是個小男孩，
00:21
I would rather look outside the window
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我就寧可看看窗外
00:24
at the birds in the trees and the sky
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樹上的小鳥及天空，
00:27
than looking at that two-dimensional
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也不想看兩度空間的黑板，
00:29
chalky blackboard where time stands still
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那裡時間像靜止般，
00:33
and even sometimes dies.
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有時甚至像死了一樣。
00:35
My teachers thought there was something wrong
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我的老師認為我有問題，
00:37
with me because I wasn't paying attention in class.
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因為我上課都不專心。
00:41
They didn't find anything
specifically wrong with me,
specifically wrong with me,
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他們沒找出我到底哪裡有問題，
00:43
other than being slightly
dyslexic because I'm a lefty.
dyslexic because I'm a lefty.
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除了有一點閱讀障礙，
因為我是左撇子。
因為我是左撇子。
00:47
But they didn't test for curiosity.
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但是他們沒有測驗好奇心。
00:51
Curiosity, to me,
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好奇心，對我而言，
00:54
is about our connection
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是我們與世界，
00:56
with the world, with the universe.
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與天地萬物的連結。
00:59
It's about seeing what's
around that next coral head
around that next coral head
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它就是去看那塊珊瑚丘旁邊有什麼，
01:01
or what's around that next tree,
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或那棵樹旁邊有什麼，
01:03
and learning more not only about our environment
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及學習到更多不僅是關於環境
01:05
but about ourselves.
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還有關於我們本身的東西。
01:07
Now, my dream of dreams,
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那麼，我夢想中的夢想，
01:09
I want to go explore the oceans of Mars,
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我想去火星上的海洋探險，
01:13
but until we can go there,
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但在我們能去之前，
01:15
I think the oceans still hold
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我想地球的海洋仍然保有
01:19
quite a few secrets.
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很多秘密。
01:20
As a matter of fact,
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事實上，
01:22
if you take our planet as the oasis in space that it is
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如果你把我們的地球當做
太空中的綠洲，它的確也是，
太空中的綠洲，它的確也是，
01:25
and dissect it into a living space,
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然後分出可居住空間，
01:29
the ocean represents over 3.4 billion
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海洋占了超過 34 億
01:32
cubic kilometers of volume, within which
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立方公里的體積，
我們卻只探索了不到百分之五。
01:35
we've explored less than five percent.
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01:39
And I look at this, and I go, well,
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我看著這個，然後我想，嗯，
01:42
there are tools to go
deeper, longer and further:
deeper, longer and further:
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有很多工具讓我們能潛得
更深、更久及更遠：
更深、更久及更遠：
01:45
submarines, ROVs, even Scuba diving.
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潛水艇、遙控水下載具、甚至是潛水設備。
01:50
But if we're going to explore the final frontier
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但是如果我們要探索地球上
最後一塊未知領域，
我們得住在那裡。
我們得住在那裡。
01:53
on this planet, we need to live there.
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01:56
We need to build a log cabin, if you will,
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如果可以，我們得蓋一座木屋
01:59
at the bottom of the sea.
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在海洋底部。
02:02
And so there was a great curiosity in my soul
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所以我靈魂中有強大的好奇心，
02:05
when I went to go visit a TED [Prize winner]
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在我去拜訪一位 TED 大獎得主時，
02:08
by the name of Dr. Sylvia Earle.
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她是席薇亞·厄爾博士。
02:09
Maybe you've heard of her.
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你們大概聽過她。
02:11
Two years ago, she was staked out
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二年前，她堅守在
02:14
at the last undersea marine laboratory
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最後一個海底的海洋實驗室，
02:17
to try and save it,
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試著要挽救它，
02:19
to try and petition
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也試著替我們請願
02:21
for us not to scrap it
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不要拆毀它，
02:23
and bring it back on land.
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並將它運回陸地上。
02:25
We've only had about a dozen or so
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我們只有大約一打左右的
02:27
scientific labs at the bottom of the sea.
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科學實驗室在海底。
02:29
There's only one left in the world:
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現在全世界只剩下一個了：
02:31
it's nine miles offshore
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它離岸九哩遠，
02:33
and 65 feet down.
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在 65 呎深的地方。
02:35
It's called Aquarius.
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它叫寶瓶座。
02:37
Aquarius, in some fashion,
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寶瓶座從某些方面看，
02:39
is a dinosaur,
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就像恐龍，
02:41
an ancient robot chained to the bottom,
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一個年代久遠的機器人
鏈接著海底
鏈接著海底
02:43
this Leviathan.
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這個鱷魚怪物。
（譯註：又稱利維坦，聖經中的海底怪物）
（譯註：又稱利維坦，聖經中的海底怪物）
02:47
In other ways, it's a legacy.
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但另一方面，它又是經典。
02:49
And so with that visit, I realized
that my time is short
that my time is short
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所以那次拜訪讓我領悟到
我的時間緊迫，
我的時間緊迫，
02:52
if I wanted to experience
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如果我想體驗
02:54
what it was like to become an aquanaut.
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成為海底觀察員是什麼感覺。
02:59
When we swam towards this after many
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我們游泳接近這個居住艙，
03:02
moons of torture and two years of preparation,
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當時才結束幾個月的折磨
及兩年的準備，
及兩年的準備，
03:04
this habitat waiting to invite us
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這個居住艙等著邀請我們，
03:09
was like a new home.
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就像我們的新家一般。
03:12
And the point of going down to
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我們要下去並生活在
03:15
and living at this habitat was not to stay inside.
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這個居住艙的目的
不是待在裡面就好。
不是待在裡面就好。
03:18
It wasn't about living at something
the size of a school bus.
the size of a school bus.
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不是為了要生活在
校車般大小的空間裡，
校車般大小的空間裡，
03:21
It was about giving us the luxury of time
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而是為了給我們充裕的時間
03:24
outside to wander, to explore,
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在外面漫遊、探索，
03:27
to understand more about this oceanic final frontier.
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及更加瞭解這塊
海洋的最後未知領域。
海洋的最後未知領域。
03:31
We had megafauna come and visit us.
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我們有大型動物群來拜訪我們。
03:34
This spotted eagle ray is a fairly
common sight in the oceans.
common sight in the oceans.
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這種雪花鴨嘴燕魟在海裡還挺常見。
03:37
But why this is so important,
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但是為什麼這很重要？
03:40
why this picture is up,
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為什麼要放這張相片？
03:41
is because this particular animal
brought his friends around,
brought his friends around,
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因為這種特殊的動物
呼朋引伴來看我們，
呼朋引伴來看我們，
03:45
and instead of being the
pelagic animals that they were,
pelagic animals that they were,
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而且牠們拋棄了深海動物的身分，
03:48
they started getting curious about us,
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牠們開始對我們起了好奇心，
03:49
these new strangers that were
moving into the neighborhood,
moving into the neighborhood,
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就是我們這些剛剛搬來的新陌生人，
03:53
doing things with plankton.
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不知道跟浮游生物一起在搞什麼。
03:56
We were studying all sorts of animals and critters,
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我們在研究各式的動物和怪物，
03:58
and they got closer and closer to us,
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而且牠們離我們愈來愈近，
04:01
and because of the luxury of time,
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就是因為有充裕的時間，
04:03
these animals, these residents of the coral reef,
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這些動物，這些住在珊瑚礁的居民，
04:05
were starting to get used to us,
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開始習慣了我們，
04:07
and these pelagics that
normal travel through stopped.
normal travel through stopped.
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而且這些通常穿來穿去的
深海動物都停下來了。
深海動物都停下來了。
04:10
This particular animal actually circled
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這隻特殊的動物其實還繞著我們轉，
04:13
for 31 full days during our mission.
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在我們的任務期間，
轉了整整 31 天。
轉了整整 31 天。
04:17
So mission 31 wasn't so much
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所以任務 31 並不是
04:19
about breaking records.
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為了要打破紀錄，
04:21
It was about that human-ocean connection.
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而是為了人類與海洋的連結。
04:26
Because of the luxury of time, we were able
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因為有充裕的時間，我們能研究動物，
04:28
to study animals such as sharks and grouper
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像鯊魚及石斑魚群集在一起，
04:32
in aggregations that we've never seen before.
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這種現象前所未見。
04:34
It's like seeing dogs and
cats behaving well together.
cats behaving well together.
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這就好像看到狗和貓相處良好一般。
04:38
Even being able to commune with animals
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甚至還能與比我們
04:40
that are much larger than us,
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大很多的動物生活在一起，
04:41
such as this endangered goliath grouper
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譬如這種瀕臨絕種的伊氏石斑魚，
04:44
who only still resides in the Florida Keys.
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仍只棲息在佛羅里達礁島群。
04:47
Of course, just like any neighbor,
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當然，就像任何鄰居，
04:50
after a while, if they get tired,
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過一會兒，如果牠們煩了，
04:52
the goliath grouper barks at us,
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伊氏石斑魚就對我們咆哮，
04:54
and this bark is so powerful
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而且咆哮地很大聲，
04:56
that it actually stuns its prey before it aspirates it all
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其實會震昏獵物，
然後以迅雷不及掩耳的速度
把獵物吸入。
把獵物吸入。
04:58
within a split second.
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05:00
For us, it's just telling us to go back
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對我們，
牠只是告訴我們回去居住艙，
牠只是告訴我們回去居住艙，
05:02
into the habitat and leave them alone.
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不要打攪牠們。
05:06
Now, this wasn't just about adventure.
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那麼，這不只是冒險而已。
05:10
There was actually a serious note to it.
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這其實還有很嚴肅的意義。
05:11
We did a lot of science, and again,
because of the luxury of time,
because of the luxury of time,
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我們作很多科學，再強調一次，
因為有很充裕的時間，
因為有很充裕的時間，
05:15
we were able to do over three years of science
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我們能把原本要超過三年
才作得出的科學
才作得出的科學
05:17
in 31 days.
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在 31 天內作完。
05:20
In this particular case, we were using a PAM,
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在這個特別的實例，我們用一組 PAM，
05:22
or, let me just see if I can get this straight,
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全名是，讓我看看能不能說對，
05:24
a Pulse Amplitude Modulated Fluorometer.
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脈波振幅調變螢光計。
05:28
And our scientists from FIU, MIT,
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我們從佛羅里達國際大學、
麻省理工學院
麻省理工學院
05:31
and from Northeastern
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及東北大學來的科學家
05:33
were able to get a gauge for what coral reefs do
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能估算珊瑚礁
05:36
when we're not around.
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在我們遠離時的動態。
05:38
The Pulse Amplitude Modulated
Fluorometer, or PAM,
Fluorometer, or PAM,
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脈波振幅調變螢光計，
或簡稱 PAM，
或簡稱 PAM，
05:40
gauges the fluorescence of corals
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能量測珊瑚發出的螢光，
05:43
as it pertains to pollutants in the water
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因為它與水中的汙染物相關，
05:45
as well as climate change-related issues.
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也與氣候變化有關的問題相關。
05:49
We used all sorts of other cutting-edge tools,
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我們還使用各種不同的先進儀器，
05:52
such as this sonde, or what I like to call
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例如這個探測器，
我喜歡稱它為海綿的肛門大夫，
05:54
the sponge proctologist, whereby the sonde
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這個探測器本身是測量代謝率的，
06:01
itself tests for metabolism rates
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06:03
in what in this particular case is a barrel sponge,
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在這裡看到的是測桶狀海綿代謝率，
06:06
or the redwoods of the [ocean].
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又稱為海底紅杉。
06:09
And this gives us a much better gauge
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這讓我們能更準確地測出
06:10
of what's happening underwater
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水面下到底發生了什麼事，
06:12
with regard to climate change-related issues,
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在與氣候變遷有關的問題發生時，
06:15
and how the dynamics of that
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及其動態如何
06:17
affect us here on land.
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影響在陸地上的我們。
06:20
And finally, we looked at predator-prey behavior.
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最後，我們還看
捕食者和被食者的行為。
捕食者和被食者的行為。
06:22
And predator-prey behavior is an interesting thing,
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捕食者和被食者的行為很有趣，
06:24
because as we take away some of the predators
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因為如果我們取走一些
世界各地珊瑚礁群上的捕食者，
06:27
on these coral reefs around the world,
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06:29
the prey, or the forage fish, act very differently.
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這些稱為糧粖魚的被食者
行為會大大不同。
行為會大大不同。
06:32
What we realized is
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我們瞭解到
06:34
not only do they stop taking care of the reef,
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牠們不但會停止照顧珊瑚礁，
06:37
darting in, grabbing a little bit of algae
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就是鑽進去抓一點點海藻
06:39
and going back into their homes,
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然後回家，
06:41
they start spreading out and disappearing
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牠們還會開始四散，
06:43
from those particular coral reefs.
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在這些特別的珊瑚礁裡消失。
06:45
Well, within that 31 days,
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嗯，在那 31 天，
06:47
we were able to generate over 10 scientific papers
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我們產出的資料
能針對上述每一項專題
寫出超過十篇的科學論文。
寫出超過十篇的科學論文。
06:50
on each one of these topics.
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06:53
But the point of adventure is not only to learn,
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但是冒險的目的不只是為了學習，
06:58
it's to be able to share that
knowledge with the world,
knowledge with the world,
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還能將知識分享給全世界，
07:00
and with that, thanks to a
couple of engineers at MIT,
couple of engineers at MIT,
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在這一點上，就要謝謝
麻省理工的兩位工程師，
麻省理工的兩位工程師，
07:04
we were able to use a prototype
camera called the Edgertronic
camera called the Edgertronic
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我們才能使用一種稱為
愛吉 (Edgertronic) 的原型相機
愛吉 (Edgertronic) 的原型相機
07:07
to capture slow-motion video,
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來捕捉慢動作影像，
07:10
up to 20,000 frames per second
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每秒可顯示高達二萬影格 (fps)，
07:13
in a little box
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這個小小的盒子
07:15
that's worth 3,000 dollars.
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值三千美元。
07:16
It's available to every one of us.
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現在大家都能買到。
07:18
And that particular camera gives us an insight
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那個特別的相機讓我們仔細觀察
07:21
into what fairly common animals do
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這些還挺常見的動物在做什麼，
07:24
but we can't even see it in the blink of an eye.
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但我們平常卻無法用肉眼看到。
07:26
Let me show you a quick video
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讓我播一段短片
07:28
of what this camera does.
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看看這台相機能做什麼。
07:30
You can see the silky bubble come out
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你能看見細小的泡沫
07:33
of our hard hats.
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從我們的鋼盔中冒出。
07:35
It gives us an insight
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它讓我們仔細觀察
07:38
into some of the animals that we were sitting
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一些就在我們身邊的動物
07:40
right next to for 31 days
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整整 31 天，
07:42
and never normally would have paid attention to,
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而這些動物我們平常絕看不上眼，
07:45
such as hermit crabs.
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例如寄居蟹。
07:47
Now, using a cutting-edge piece of technology
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現在，要使用最新科技產品，
07:50
that's not really meant for the oceans
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卻不是專為海洋工作設計的，
07:52
is not always easy.
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並不太容易。
07:54
We sometimes had to put the camera upside down,
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我們有時候必須把相機顛倒放，
07:56
cordon it back to the lab,
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密封帶回實驗室，
07:59
and actually man the trigger
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並真的找人看守著
08:02
from the lab itself.
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實驗室裡的開關。
08:04
But what this gives us
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但是這讓我們能
08:06
is the foresight to look at and analyze
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預先查看及分析
08:09
in scientific and engineering terms
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科學及工程學上的專有名詞，
08:12
some of the most amazing behavior
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如何形容一些非常奇妙的行為，
08:15
that the human eye just can't pick up,
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是人眼不能看見的，
08:16
such as this manta shrimp
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例如這隻瀨尿蝦
08:19
trying to catch its prey,
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正想要抓獵物，
08:21
within about .3 seconds.
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時間不到 0.3 秒。
08:27
That punch is as strong as a .22 caliber bullet,
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那一擊的力道強如一顆口徑 .22 子彈，
08:30
and if you ever try to catch a bullet
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如果你曾嘗試以肉眼抓住一顆
08:31
in mid-flight with your eye, impossible.
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飛行中的子彈，你知道那不可能。
08:35
But now we can see things
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但是現在我們可以看到
08:36
such as these Christmas tree worms
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像是這些聖誕樹管蟲
08:39
pulling in and fanning out
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收進去再扇形展開的景象，
08:42
in a way that the eye just can't capture,
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肉眼就是無法捕捉，
08:45
or in this case,
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或是像這個例子，
08:47
a fish throwing up grains of sand.
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一條魚吐出沙礫。
08:54
This is an actual sailfin goby,
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這是四眼蝦虎的本尊，
08:56
and if you look at it in real time,
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如果你當場觀察牠，
08:59
it actually doesn't even show its fanning motion
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你甚至看不到牠展扇的動作，
09:02
because it's so quick.
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因為太快了。
09:05
One of the most precious gifts
that we had underwater
that we had underwater
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我們在水下最珍貴的禮物
09:07
is that we had WiFi,
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是能無線上網，
09:09
and for 31 days straight we were able to connect
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整整 31 天我們都能與世界連線，
09:12
with the world in real time
from the bottom of the sea
from the bottom of the sea
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即時從海底傳輸
09:14
and share all of these experiences.
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並分享這些經驗。
09:16
Quite literally right there
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真的可以說
09:18
I am Skyping in the classroom
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我是從教室
09:19
with one of the six continents
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與六大洲
09:21
and some of the 70,000
students that we connected
students that we connected
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及七萬名學生即時通訊，
09:24
every single day to some of these experiences.
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我們每天都用視訊分享這些經驗。
09:27
As a matter of fact, I'm showing a picture that I took
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事實上，我要展示一張相片，
09:29
with my smartphone from underwater
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是我用智慧型手機在水下拍的，
09:31
of a goliath grouper laying on the bottom.
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一條鞍帶石斑魚躺在海底。
09:34
We had never seen that before.
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我們之前從沒看過。
09:39
And I dream of the day
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我夢想著有一天
09:41
that we have underwater cities,
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我們會有水下都市，
09:43
and maybe, just maybe, if we push the boundaries
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也許，只是也許，如果我們擴展
冒險及知識的疆界，
09:46
of adventure and knowledge,
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09:48
and we share that knowledge with others out there,
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而且我們與別人分享那些知識，
09:51
we can solve all sorts of problems.
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我們就能解決所有的問題。
09:54
My grandfather used to say,
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我的祖父常這麼說：
09:56
"People protect what they love."
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「人們保護其心所愛。」
09:59
My father, "How can people protect
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我的父親則說：「人要如何保護
10:01
what they don't understand?"
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他們不懂的事？」
10:06
And I've thought about this my whole life.
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我畢生都在思考這個問題。
10:10
Nothing is impossible.
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凡事都有可能。
10:14
We need to dream, we need to be creative,
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我們必須夢想，我們必須有創造力，
10:17
and we all need to have an adventure
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我們也都必須冒險，
10:19
in order to create miracles in the darkest of times.
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才能在最黑暗的時期創造奇蹟。
10:23
And whether it's about climate change
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無論這是不是與氣候變遷有關，
10:25
or eradicating poverty
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或是要根除貧窮，
10:28
or giving back to future generations
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或是要還給未來的子孫
10:29
what we've taken for granted,
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我們視為理所當然的，
10:32
it's about adventure.
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這其實是冒險。
10:34
And who knows, maybe
there will be underwater cities,
there will be underwater cities,
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誰知道呢？說不定就會有水下都市，
10:37
and maybe some of you
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說不定你們之中，
10:38
will become the future aquanauts.
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會成為未來的海底觀察員。
10:40
Thank you very much.
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謝謝。
10:42
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fabien Cousteau - Ocean explorer and environmentalistFabien Cousteau spent 31 days underwater to research how climate change and pollution are affecting the oceans.
Why you should listen
For 31 days, from June 1 to July 2, 2014, Fabien Cousteau and a team of scientists and filmmakers lived and worked 20 meters below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean, at the Acquarius underwater science lab 9 miles off the coast of Florida. The intent of Mission31: study the life of and on the coral reef -- and the effects of climate change, acidification, and pollution, in particular by plastic debris and oil spills. But it was also a study of the scientists themselves spending extended time underwater. By stayigng down continuously, they collected the equivalent of several years of scientific data in just a month.
50 years ago Fabien Cousteau's grandfather, the legendary ocean explorer Jacques-Yves Cousteau, led a similar -- but shorter by one day -- expedition under the surface of the Red Sea. Since, we have explored only a very small portion of the oceans, less than 5 percent.
More profile about the speaker50 years ago Fabien Cousteau's grandfather, the legendary ocean explorer Jacques-Yves Cousteau, led a similar -- but shorter by one day -- expedition under the surface of the Red Sea. Since, we have explored only a very small portion of the oceans, less than 5 percent.
Fabien Cousteau | Speaker | TED.com