Yuval Noah Harari: What explains the rise of humans?
يوفال نوح هراري: ما الذي يفسر تطور البشر؟
In his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake. Full bio
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were insignificant animals.
عبارةً عن حيواناتٍ غير متميزة
about prehistoric humans
فيما يتعلق بإنسان ما قبل التاريخ
much greater than that of jellyfish
يتعدى تأثير قنديل البحر
we control this planet.
from insignificant apes,
in a corner of Africa,
between us and all the other animals
وبين بقية الحيوانات
to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
أو الخنزير، أو الشمبانزي.
on the individual level,
to a chimpanzee.
and put us together on some lonely island,
ووضعتنا كلينا على إحدى الجزر الخاوية،
to see who survives better,
لرؤية من ينجو بشكل أفضل،
on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
وليس على نفسي أنا.
wrong with me personally.
of you, and placed you alone
بشكلٍ أكبر بكثير.
and all other animals
وبقية الحيوانات جميعها
because they are the only animals
لأنهم الحيوانات الوحيدة
and in very large numbers.
وعلى نطاقٍ كبيرٍ جداً كذلك.
the bees, the ants --
but they don't do so flexibly.
ولكن ليس بتلك المرونة.
in which a beehive can function.
يمكن لفريق النحل العمل بها.
or a new danger,
the social system overnight.
هيكلة النظام في ليلة واحدة.
execute the queen
of worker bees.
من النحل العاملات.
the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
بشكلٍ أكثر مرونةً،
one of the other.
cooperate with you?
the two abilities together
على دمج المقدرتين معاً
and still do so in very large numbers
وعلى نطاق أعدادٍ كبيرةٍ جداً
against 1,000 chimpanzees,
في مواجهة 1000 قرد شمبانزي،
for the simple reason
cannot cooperate at all.
بمقدورها العمل جماعةً على الإطلاق.
100,000 chimpanzees
or into Wembley Stadium,
أو ساحة الفاتيكان،
with 100,000 chimpanzees.
وفيه 100,000 قرد من الشمبانزي.
gather there in tens of thousands,
يتجمعون بعشرات الألاف،
and effective networks of cooperation.
ومعقدةٍ بشكلٍ هائل.
للجنس البشري عبر التاريخ،
of humankind throughout history,
or flying to the moon,
أو الوصول للقمر،
on individual abilities,
flexibly in large numbers.
على التعاون بمرونةٍ بأعدادٍ هائلة.
that I'm giving now:
المحاضرة التي ألقيها الآن:
of about 300 or 400 people,
من 300 أو 400 شخص،
all the people who have organized
جميع الأشخاص الذين نظموا
and the crew members of the plane
وأعضاء الطاقم على الطائرة
yesterday, to London.
who invented and manufactured
which are recording what I'm saying.
والتي تسجل ما أقوله.
who wrote all the books and articles
كتبوا جميع الكتب والمقالات
over the Internet,
على شبكة الانترنت.
we don't know each other,
من عدم معرفتنا ببعضنا البعض،
this global exchange of ideas.
هذا الخليط العالمي من الأفكار.
traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
يسافر إلى جماعة شمبانزي بعيدة
or about elephants,
interest chimpanzees.
قرود الشمبانزي.
not always nice;
have been doing throughout history --
الانسان بها عبر التاريخ --
some very horrible things --
on large-scale cooperation.
عنصر التعاون على نطاق واسع جداً.
of cooperation;
are a system of cooperation.
and prisons and concentration camps.
وسجون ومعسكرات اعتقال.
to convince you perhaps that yes,
بإمكانية أنه صحيح،
cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
بمرونةٍ وبأعدادٍ كبيرة.
to cooperate in such a way?
الحيوانات على التعاون بالشكل الذي نقوم به؟
with countless numbers of strangers,
مع عدد لا يحصى من الغرباء،
the animals on the planet,
fictional stories.
القصص الخيالية.
in the same fiction,
the same rules,
their communication system
تستخدم نظاماً للتواصل
There's a lion, let's run away!"
"انظر! ثمة أسد، لنهرب بعيداً!"
over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
لنذهب ونحصل على موز!"
not merely to describe reality,
ليس فقط من أجل وصف الواقع،
fictional realities.
واقعٍ خياليٍّ.
there is a god above the clouds!
"انظر، ثمة إلهٌ فوق الغيوم!
and send you to hell."
ويرسلك إلى الجحيم."
that I've invented,
التي ابتكرتها للتو،
norms and laws and values,
والقوانين والقيم،
to give you a banana
بإعطائك موزة
you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
"بعد موتك، ستذهب إلى جنة الشمبانزي..."
of bananas for your good deeds.
من الموز جزاءً لأفعالك الحسنة
believe such a story.
هذه القصة على الاطلاق.
in zoos and research laboratories.
في حدائق الحيوانات ومخابر البحث العلمي.
by believing in the same fictions.
طريق الإيمان بنفس القصص التخيلية.
to build a cathedral or a mosque
لبناء كاتدرائية أو مسجدٍ
they all believe in the same stories
لأنهم جميعاً يؤمنون بنفس القصص
is that exactly the same mechanism
أن ذات الآلية تماماً
of mass-scale human cooperation,
التعاون البشري على النطاق الهائل،
are based on a belief in human rights.
تقوم على أساس الإيمان بحقوق الإنسان.
are just a story that we've invented.
قصةٌ قمنا بابتكارها.
about homo sapiens.
ما على الإنسان العاقل
cut him open, look inside,
neurons, hormones, DNA,
الهرمونات، DNA،
are in the stories
الحقوق هو في القصص
over the last few centuries.
كل مكان خلال القرون القليلة الماضية.
very good stories,
وجيدةً جداً،
that we've invented.
in modern politics are states and nations.
هي الدول والأمم.
you can ever smell it.
in the global economy
الاقتصاد العالمي اليوم
for a corporation,
القانون اسم الحيل القانونية.
والمحافظة عليها
برجال القانون.
فعله طوال اليوم؟
it has no objective value.
لا يملك قيمةً موضوعية.
of paper, the dollar bill.
these master storytellers --
whom I've never met before,
لم أقابله قطّ في حياتي،
which I can actually eat.
يمكنني أكلها فعلاً.
فعل هذا الأمر مع الشمبانزي.
I'll give you a banana."
وسأعطيك موزةً."
a worthless piece of paper
the most successful story
everybody believes.
and in the dollar bill.
وبورقة الدولار.
and American religion
والتدين الأمريكي
to American dollars.
الدولارات الأمريكية.
because we live in a dual reality.
في واقعٍ مزدوج.
in an objective reality.
في عالمٍ موضوعي.
of objective entities,
and lions and elephants.
in an objective reality.
and trees and lions and elephants.
وأسودٌ وفيلة.
of this objective reality
like money, like corporations.
as history unfolded,
more and more powerful
forces in the world
الموجودة في العالم
and trees and lions and elephants
والأسود والفيلة على قيد الحياة
of fictional entities,
الخاصة بالكينونات الخيالية،
like the World Bank --
in our own imagination.
a new book out.
قمت بتأليف كتابٍ آخر،
yet translated into ...
ولكنه لم يترجم بعد إلى ...
the translation as we speak.
understand it correctly,
إن كنت قد فهمته بشكلٍ صحيح،
that we are experiencing right now
التي نختبرها حالياً
make our lives better,
just as the industrial revolution did."
تماماً كما فعلت الثورة الصناعية."
of the urban proletariat.
history of the last 200 years involved
للسنوات ال 200 الماضية ارتبطت
and the new problems and opportunities.
والفرص الجديدة.
massive class of useless people.
جداً من الناس المهملين.
in more and more fields,
متعددةٍ وتحسن أدائها،
computers will out-perform us
بتعطيلنا عن العمل
humans redundant.
العنصر البشري لحالات الاحتياط.
and economic question
والاقتصادي الهام
so many humans for?"
في الكتاب؟
we have is to keep them happy
لدينا هو أن نبقيهم سعداء
like a very appealing future.
in the book and now,
بشكلٍ أساسيٍّ في الكتاب وهنا،
about the growing evidence
حول الدليل المتصاعد بشأن
we are just kind of at the beginning
هذه ليست نبوءة؛
of possibilities before us.
of a new massive class of useless people.
من العدد الكبير من الناس العاطلين عن العمل.
the division of humankind
into virtual gods,
إلى رتبة آلهة مفترضة،
to this level of useless people.
coming up in a year or two.
خلال سنة أو سنتين قادمتين
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Yuval Noah Harari - Historian, authorIn his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake.
Why you should listen
In his book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, Yuval Noah Harari explores the projects, dreams and nightmares that will shape the 21st century -- from overcoming death to creating artificial life. He maps the future and asks fundamental questions: Where do we go from here? How will we protect this fragile world from our own destructive powers? The book has sold four million copies since its publication in 2016.
Harari's previous book, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, explores what made homo sapiens the most successful species on the planet. His answer: We are the only animal that can believe in things that exist purely in our imagination, such as gods, states, money, human rights, corporations and other fictions, and we have developed a unique ability to use these stories to unify and organize groups and ensure cooperation. Sapiens has sold eight million copies and been translated into more than 50 languages. Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg and President Barack Obama have recommended it as a must-read.
Harari lectures as a Professor of history at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he specializes in world history, medieval history and military history. His current research focuses on macro-historical questions: What is the relationship between history and biology? What is the essential difference between Homo sapiens and other animals? Is there justice in history? Does history have a direction? Did people become happier as history unfolded? Harari has written for newspapers such as The Guardian, Financial Times, the Times, Nature magazine and the Wall Street Journal.
Harari's new book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, will take the pulse of our current global climate, focusing on the biggest questions of the present moment: What is really happening right now? What are today’s greatest challenges and choices? What should we pay attention to? The book will be published in multiple languages in September 2018.
Yuval Noah Harari | Speaker | TED.com