Yuval Noah Harari: What explains the rise of humans?
ユバル・ノア・ハラーリ: 人類の台頭はいかにして起こったか?
In his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake. Full bio
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were insignificant animals.
取るに足りない程のちっぽけな動物でした
about prehistoric humans
最も重要なことは
much greater than that of jellyfish
クラゲやホタルやキツツキと
we control this planet.
人間がこの地球をコントロールしています
ここまでに至ったのか?
from insignificant apes,
自分たちが生きるのに精一杯な
in a corner of Africa,
between us and all the other animals
人間とそのほか全ての動物を比較して
特別な何かがあると信じたがります
to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
on the individual level,
to a chimpanzee.
チンパンジーと差はないのです
and put us together on some lonely island,
孤島に置き去りにした場合
to see who survives better,
どちらが上手く生き延びる可能性があるかー
on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
wrong with me personally.
of you, and placed you alone
よっぽど生存可能性が高いでしょうね
and all other animals
本当の違いは
because they are the only animals
人間が唯一
and in very large numbers.
the bees, the ants --
昆虫がいますね
but they don't do so flexibly.
ただ 柔軟性があるわけではないんです
in which a beehive can function.
ひとつの方法でのみ機能しています
or a new danger,
初めて遭遇する危険に出くわしても
the social system overnight.
作り変えることはできません
execute the queen
of worker bees.
そんなことはできません
the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
one of the other.
よく知っていなければ成立しません
cooperate with you?
協働なんてできるわけないでしょ?
the two abilities together
and still do so in very large numbers
協働できるのは 唯一我々
against 1,000 chimpanzees,
1,000匹のチンパンジーなら
for the simple reason
理由は簡単です
cannot cooperate at all.
チンパンジーは協働できないからです
100,000 chimpanzees
オックスフォード・ストリートや
or into Wembley Stadium,
天安門広場やバチカンに
with 100,000 chimpanzees.
スタジアムに10万匹のチンパンジー
gather there in tens of thousands,
スタジアムに集まりますが
and effective networks of cooperation.
効率的な協力の輪を築きます
of humankind throughout history,
or flying to the moon,
on individual abilities,
flexibly in large numbers.
人間の能力によるものなのです
とってもそうです
that I'm giving now:
of about 300 or 400 people,
立っていますが
お会いする方々です
all the people who have organized
運営している人々のことも
and the crew members of the plane
操縦していたパイロットや搭乗員のことも
yesterday, to London.
who invented and manufactured
発明した人や製造した人も
which are recording what I'm saying.
who wrote all the books and articles
読みましたが その著者たちのことを
このプレゼンを見る人々
over the Internet,
見ている人々のことを
we don't know each other,
お互いに知らない同士でも
this global exchange of ideas.
私達は協働することができます
traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
遠く離れたチンパンジーの群れに
or about elephants,
ありそうなことについて
interest chimpanzees.
チンパンジーなんていません
not always nice;
have been doing throughout history --
some very horrible things --
on large-scale cooperation.
of cooperation;
are a system of cooperation.
and prisons and concentration camps.
大虐殺も監獄も強制収容所もありません
to convince you perhaps that yes,
人間は大勢でも柔軟性をもって
cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
地球をコントロールするまでになったと
協働しているのか
to cooperate in such a way?
可能にするのは何か
with countless numbers of strangers,
柔軟性をもって協働することができます
the animals on the planet,
fictional stories.
それを信じることができるからです
in the same fiction,
the same rules,
their communication system
There's a lion, let's run away!"
「見て!ライオンがいる!逃げろ!」とか
over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
バナナ取りに行こう!」とかです
not merely to describe reality,
fictional realities.
言葉を使うのです
there is a god above the clouds!
and send you to hell."
送られてしまうよ」と言えるのです
that I've invented,
norms and laws and values,
to give you a banana
説得するのに
you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
of bananas for your good deeds.
たっくさんのバナナをもらえるよ…
believe such a story.
この話を信じませんよね
一方で
in zoos and research laboratories.
閉じ込められている理由です
by believing in the same fictions.
信者は団結しています
to build a cathedral or a mosque
大聖堂やモスクを建てたり
they all believe in the same stories
皆が信じているからです
is that exactly the same mechanism
人間がなし得る大規模な協働は どれも
of mass-scale human cooperation,
もとづいているということです
are based on a belief in human rights.
人権に対する信念を基本としています
are just a story that we've invented.
人権も ホモ・サピエンスが作った話なのです
about homo sapiens.
cut him open, look inside,
neurons, hormones, DNA,
are in the stories
over the last few centuries.
話の中だけです
very good stories,
とてもいい話かもしれませんが
that we've invented.
in modern politics are states and nations.
you can ever smell it.
匂いを嗅ぐことができます
in the global economy
重要な役割を担っているのが
for a corporation,
どこかの法人に勤めていると思います
強力な魔法使い達によって守られています
it has no objective value.
客観的価値もありません
of paper, the dollar bill.
these master storytellers --
あるんですよ」
whom I've never met before,
which I can actually eat.
バナナは実際に食べられますからね
I'll give you a banana."
a worthless piece of paper
the most successful story
受け継がれてきたものの中で
everybody believes.
and in the dollar bill.
全員が信じるところとなっています
and American religion
to American dollars.
たてつくことはありませんでした
because we live in a dual reality.
世界をコントロールしているんです
in an objective reality.
客観的実在の世界だけに生きています
of objective entities,
実在的に存在するもので構成されています
and lions and elephants.
実在です
in an objective reality.
and trees and lions and elephants.
of this objective reality
もうひとつの層を形成していったのです
like money, like corporations.
as history unfolded,
歴史の過程で
more and more powerful
よりパワーをもつようになり
forces in the world
この架空の存在が
and trees and lions and elephants
生き残れるかどうかは まさに
of fictional entities,
like the World Bank --
in our own imagination.
ユバルさん 新しい本を出版されましたね
a new book out.
yet translated into ...
まだ翻訳されていないということですが…
the translation as we speak.
鋭意 翻訳に取り組んでいるところです
understand it correctly,
that we are experiencing right now
ブレイクスルーについて論じていますね
良くする可能性を秘めているだけではなく
make our lives better,
just as the industrial revolution did."
新しい階級や階級闘争をもたらす」と
of the urban proletariat.
新しい階級が生まれました
history of the last 200 years involved
and the new problems and opportunities.
といったことが大いに関係してきました
massive class of useless people.
巨大な新しい層ができています
in more and more fields,
より高度に利用されるようになり
computers will out-perform us
人間を超越し
humans redundant.
はっきりとしてきました
and economic question
となるでしょう
so many humans for?"
多くの人間が必要なのか?」
we have is to keep them happy
彼らをハッピーにさせておくことです
like a very appealing future.
思えませんね
in the book and now,
こう主張されていますね
about the growing evidence
顕著になっているという議論において
we are just kind of at the beginning
of possibilities before us.
of a new massive class of useless people.
という新たな巨大な層の誕生です
the division of humankind
生物学的な階級にー
into virtual gods,
to this level of useless people.
coming up in a year or two.
お話して頂きたいものです
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Yuval Noah Harari - Historian, authorIn his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake.
Why you should listen
In his book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, Yuval Noah Harari explores the projects, dreams and nightmares that will shape the 21st century -- from overcoming death to creating artificial life. He maps the future and asks fundamental questions: Where do we go from here? How will we protect this fragile world from our own destructive powers? The book has sold four million copies since its publication in 2016.
Harari's previous book, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, explores what made homo sapiens the most successful species on the planet. His answer: We are the only animal that can believe in things that exist purely in our imagination, such as gods, states, money, human rights, corporations and other fictions, and we have developed a unique ability to use these stories to unify and organize groups and ensure cooperation. Sapiens has sold eight million copies and been translated into more than 50 languages. Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg and President Barack Obama have recommended it as a must-read.
Harari lectures as a Professor of history at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he specializes in world history, medieval history and military history. His current research focuses on macro-historical questions: What is the relationship between history and biology? What is the essential difference between Homo sapiens and other animals? Is there justice in history? Does history have a direction? Did people become happier as history unfolded? Harari has written for newspapers such as The Guardian, Financial Times, the Times, Nature magazine and the Wall Street Journal.
Harari's new book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, will take the pulse of our current global climate, focusing on the biggest questions of the present moment: What is really happening right now? What are today’s greatest challenges and choices? What should we pay attention to? The book will be published in multiple languages in September 2018.
Yuval Noah Harari | Speaker | TED.com