Yuval Noah Harari: What explains the rise of humans?
In his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake. Full bio
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were insignificant animals.
ialah binatang yang tak ketara
about prehistoric humans
manusia prasejarah ialah
much greater than that of jellyfish
daripada obor-obor
we control this planet.
menguasai planet ini.
from insignificant apes,
beruk yang tidak ketara,
in a corner of Africa,
satu sudut Africa,
between us and all the other animals
dan binatang-binatang lain
to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
seekor anjing atau babi atau cimpanzi.
on the individual level,
pada tahap individu,
to a chimpanzee.
dengan seekor cimpanzi.
and put us together on some lonely island,
seekor cimpanzi pada satu pulau sepi,
to see who survives better,
untuk melihat siapa hidup lebih baik,
on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
dan bukan saya sendiri.
wrong with me personally.
saya secara sendiri.
of you, and placed you alone
daripada kamu dan meletakkan kamu seorang
and all other animals
binatang-binatang lain
because they are the only animals
mereka adalah satu-satu binatang yang
and in very large numbers.
dan dalam kumpulan besar.
the bees, the ants --
lebah-lebah, semut-semut --
but they don't do so flexibly.
besar, tetapi tidak begitu fleksibel.
in which a beehive can function.
sebuah sarang lebah boleh berfungsi.
or a new danger,
atau kebahayaan baru,
the social system overnight.
sistem sosial baru semalaman.
execute the queen
menmbunuh ratu mereka
of worker bees.
lebah pekerja.
the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
ikan lumba-lumba, cimpanzi --
lebih fleksibel,
kumpulan kecil,
one of the other.
mendalam antara satu sama lain.
kamu seekor cimpanzi,
secara peribadi.
cooperate with you?
saya kerjasama dengan kamu?
the two abilities together
campurkan kedua-dua kemampuan itu
and still do so in very large numbers
dan dalam kumpulan besar
daripada kita.
against 1,000 chimpanzees,
dengan 1000 cimpanzi,
for the simple reason
kerana satu sebab mudah
cannot cooperate at all.
sama sekali.
100,000 chimpanzees
100,000 cimpanzi
or into Wembley Stadium,
masuk Wembley Stadium,
with 100,000 chimpanzees.
dengan 100,000 cimpanzi.
gather there in tens of thousands,
di sana dalam kumpulan ribuan orang,
bukan huru-hara.
and effective networks of cooperation.
kerjasama yang amat canggih dan berkesan.
of humankind throughout history,
seluruh sejarah,
or flying to the moon,
atau terbang ke bulan,
on individual abilities,
flexibly in large numbers.
secara fleksibel dalam kumpulan besar.
that I'm giving now:
sedang buat sekarang:
of about 300 or 400 people,
kira-kira 300 hingga 400 orang,
orang yang tidak saya kenali.
all the people who have organized
semua orang yang menganjurkan
and the crew members of the plane
anak-anak kapal terbang yang
yesterday, to London.
ke London.
who invented and manufactured
mereka dan membuat
which are recording what I'm saying.
sedang merekod apa yang saya cakap.
who wrote all the books and articles
buku-buku dan artikel-artikel
untuk ceramah ini.
over the Internet,
melalui Internet,
we don't know each other,
kita tidak mengenali satu sama lain,
this global exchange of ideas.
pertukaran idea secara global ini.
oleh cimpanzi.
traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
cimpanzi pergi ke kumpulan cimpanzi lain
or about elephants,
atau gajah,
interest chimpanzees.
not always nice;
sentiasa baik;
have been doing throughout history --
manusia seluruh sejarah --
some very horrible things --
yang amat ngeri--
on large-scale cooperation.
kerjasama skala besar juga.
of cooperation;
sistem kerjasama;
are a system of cooperation.
sistem kerjasama.
and prisons and concentration camps.
penjara dan kem tahanan.
to convince you perhaps that yes,
menyakinkan kamu bahawa
cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
secara fleksibel dalam kumpulan besar.
to cooperate in such a way?
semua binatang, kerjasama seperti ini?
with countless numbers of strangers,
dengan orang tidak dikenali,
the animals on the planet,
binatang pada planet ini,
fictional stories.
cerita fiksyen.
in the same fiction,
fiksyen yang sama,
the same rules,
peraturan yang sama,
their communication system
sistem komunikasi mereka
There's a lion, let's run away!"
Ada seekor singa, mari kita larikan diri!"
over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
pisang! Mari kita dapatkan pisang!"
not merely to describe reality,
bukan sahaja untuk menggambarkan realiti,
fictional realities.
realiti fiskyen.
there is a god above the clouds!
seorang Tuhan di atas awan!"
yang saya suruh,
and send you to hell."
kamu dan hantar kamu ke neraka.
that I've invented,
yang saya reka ini,
norms and laws and values,
undang-undang dan nilai-nilai yang sama,
oleh manusia.
to give you a banana
cimpanzi untuk berikan kamu pisang
you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
kamu mati, kamu akan ke syurga cimpanzi"
of bananas for your good deeds.
banyak bagi perbuatan baik kamu.
believe such a story.
sebuah cerita macam ini.
cerita sebegini,
in zoos and research laboratories.
dan makmal penyelidikan.
by believing in the same fictions.
dengan percayai fiksyen sama.
to build a cathedral or a mosque
membina sebuah gereja atau sebuah masjid
they all believe in the same stories
kerana percayai dalam cerita yang sama
is that exactly the same mechanism
ialah mekanisme yang sama sekali
of mass-scale human cooperation,
manusia pada skala besar,
are based on a belief in human rights.
berdasarkan kepercayaan dalam hak manusia.
are just a story that we've invented.
adalah sebuah cerita yang kita cipta.
about homo sapiens.
tentang homo sapiens.
cut him open, look inside,
menyembelih dia, lihat dalam,
neurons, hormones, DNA,
neuron, hormon, DNA,
are in the stories
dalam cerita-cerita
over the last few centuries.
sejak beberapa abad dahulu.
very good stories,
cerita yang amat baik,
that we've invented.
yang kita cipta.
in modern politics are states and nations.
ialah negeri-negeri dan negara.
you can ever smell it.
kamu dapat hidunya.
atau Germany,
yang telah kita mencipta
in the global economy
ekonomi global hari ini
for a corporation,
kerja dengan sebuah syarikat,
atau McDonald's.
fiksyen undang-undang.
dan dikekalkan
sepanjang hari?
mencari wang.
it has no objective value.
realiti objektif, ia tiada nilai objektif.
of paper, the dollar bill.
kamu tak boleh minum ia,
these master storytellers --
ini datang --
yang amat menyakinkan:
kertas hijau ini?
10 pisang."
dan kamu percayakan,
whom I've never met before,
kenali, yang saya tidak pernah bertemu,
which I can actually eat.
yang saya boleh makan.
dengan cimpanzi.
I'll give you a banana."
saya akan bagi kau satu pisang"
a worthless piece of paper
kertas tidak bernilai
kamu satu pisang?
seorang manusia?
the most successful story
yang paling berjaya
oleh manusia,
everybody believes.
dipercayai oleh semua orang.
hak manusia,
nasionalisme,
and in the dollar bill.
dan bil dolar.
and American religion
agama America
to American dollars.
because we live in a dual reality.
kerana kita hidup dalam dua realiti.
in an objective reality.
realiti objektif.
of objective entities,
entiti objektif,
and lions and elephants.
dan singa dan gajah.
in an objective reality.
realiti objektif.
and trees and lions and elephants.
dan pokok dan singa dan gajah.
of this objective reality
realiti objektif ini
entiti fiksyen,
like money, like corporations.
seperti wang, seperti syarikat-syarikat.
as history unfolded,
melalui sejarah ini,
more and more powerful
forces in the world
di dunia ini
and trees and lions and elephants
dan pokok dan singa dan gajah
of fictional entities,
kehendak entiti fiksyen,
like the World Bank --
seperti World Bank --
in our own imagination.
dalam imaginasi kita.
a new book out.
sebuah buku baru.
yet translated into ...
belum diterjemahkan..
the translation as we speak.
menterjemahkannya sekarang.
understand it correctly,
dengan betul,
that we are experiencing right now
yang kini kita dapat
make our lives better,
kita lebih baik,
dari kamu--
just as the industrial revolution did."
seperti Revolusi Industri."
of the urban proletariat.
iaitu proletariat bandar.
history of the last 200 years involved
dan sosial 200 tahun lalu menglibatkan
and the new problems and opportunities.
ini dan masalah dan peluang baru.
massive class of useless people.
orang tak berguna yang besar.
in more and more fields,
semakin banyak bidang,
computers will out-perform us
akan mengatasi prestasi kita
humans redundant.
manusia lewah.
and economic question
yang penting
so many humans for?"
perlukan begitu banyak manusia?"
we have is to keep them happy
ialah menggembirakan mereka
like a very appealing future.
masa depan yang menarik.
in the book and now,
buku ini dan di sini,
about the growing evidence
tentang eviden semakin banyak
we are just kind of at the beginning
kita sebenarnya hanya pada
of possibilities before us.
kemungkinan di hadapan kita.
of a new massive class of useless people.
golongan orang tak berguna yang besar.
the division of humankind
pembahagian manusia
into virtual gods,
to this level of useless people.
orang tak berguna.
coming up in a year or two.
satu atau dua tahun.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Yuval Noah Harari - Historian, authorIn his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake.
Why you should listen
In his book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, Yuval Noah Harari explores the projects, dreams and nightmares that will shape the 21st century -- from overcoming death to creating artificial life. He maps the future and asks fundamental questions: Where do we go from here? How will we protect this fragile world from our own destructive powers? The book has sold four million copies since its publication in 2016.
Harari's previous book, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, explores what made homo sapiens the most successful species on the planet. His answer: We are the only animal that can believe in things that exist purely in our imagination, such as gods, states, money, human rights, corporations and other fictions, and we have developed a unique ability to use these stories to unify and organize groups and ensure cooperation. Sapiens has sold eight million copies and been translated into more than 50 languages. Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg and President Barack Obama have recommended it as a must-read.
Harari lectures as a Professor of history at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he specializes in world history, medieval history and military history. His current research focuses on macro-historical questions: What is the relationship between history and biology? What is the essential difference between Homo sapiens and other animals? Is there justice in history? Does history have a direction? Did people become happier as history unfolded? Harari has written for newspapers such as The Guardian, Financial Times, the Times, Nature magazine and the Wall Street Journal.
Harari's new book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, will take the pulse of our current global climate, focusing on the biggest questions of the present moment: What is really happening right now? What are today’s greatest challenges and choices? What should we pay attention to? The book will be published in multiple languages in September 2018.
Yuval Noah Harari | Speaker | TED.com