TEDGlobalLondon
Yuval Noah Harari: What explains the rise of humans?
Yuval Noah Harari: Što objašnjava uspon ljudi?
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Prije 70.000 godina naši su ljudski preci bili beznačajne životinje, životareći u kutku Afrike sa svim ostalim životinjama. Ali sada, malo ih se ne bi složilo kako ljudi dominiraju planetom Zemljom; proširili smo se na svaki kontinent a naše akcije određuju sudbine drugih životinja (te moguće i same Zemlje). Kako smo došli od tamo do ovdje? Povjesničar Yuval Noah Harari predlaže iznenađujući razlog za uspon čovječanstva.
Yuval Noah Harari - Historian, author
In his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake. Full bio
In his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Seventy-thousand years ago, our ancestors
were insignificant animals.
were insignificant animals.
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Prije 70.000 godina,
naši su preci bili beznačajne životinje.
naši su preci bili beznačajne životinje.
00:18
The most important thing to know
about prehistoric humans
about prehistoric humans
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Najvažnija stvar za znati
o pretpovijesnim ljudima
o pretpovijesnim ljudima
00:22
is that they were unimportant.
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je kako su bili nevažni.
00:24
Their impact on the world was not
much greater than that of jellyfish
much greater than that of jellyfish
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Njihov utjecaj na svijet nije
bio puno veći od onog meduza
bio puno veći od onog meduza
00:29
or fireflies or woodpeckers.
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ili krijesnica ili djetlića.
00:32
Today, in contrast,
we control this planet.
we control this planet.
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Danas, nasuprot,
kontroliramo ovaj planet.
kontroliramo ovaj planet.
00:36
And the question is:
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A pitanje je:
00:38
How did we come from there to here?
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Kako smo došli od tamo do ovdje?
00:41
How did we turn ourselves
from insignificant apes,
from insignificant apes,
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Kako smo promijenili sebe
od beznačajnih majmuna,
od beznačajnih majmuna,
00:45
minding their own business
in a corner of Africa,
in a corner of Africa,
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koji brinu svoju brigu
u kutku Afrike,
u kutku Afrike,
00:48
into the rulers of planet Earth?
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u gospodare planeta Zemlje?
00:51
Usually, we look for the difference
between us and all the other animals
between us and all the other animals
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Obično, gledamo razlike
između nas i ostalih životinja
između nas i ostalih životinja
00:57
on the individual level.
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na razini jedinke.
00:59
We want to believe -- I want to believe --
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Želimo vjerovati -- ja želim vjerovati --
01:02
that there is something special about me,
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kako postoji nešto posebno glede mene,
01:06
about my body, about my brain,
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glede mog tijela, glede mog mozga,
01:09
that makes me so superior
to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
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što me čini toliko nadmoćnim
psu ili svinji ili čimpanzi.
psu ili svinji ili čimpanzi.
01:15
But the truth is that,
on the individual level,
on the individual level,
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Ali istina je,
na razini jedinke,
na razini jedinke,
01:18
I'm embarrassingly similar
to a chimpanzee.
to a chimpanzee.
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ja sam sramotno
sličan čimpanzi.
sličan čimpanzi.
01:22
And if you take me and a chimpanzee
and put us together on some lonely island,
and put us together on some lonely island,
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A ako uzmete mene i čimpanzu
te nas zajedno stavite na neki pusti otok,
te nas zajedno stavite na neki pusti otok,
01:27
and we had to struggle for survival
to see who survives better,
to see who survives better,
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pa se moramo boriti za opstanak
kako bi vidjeli tko će preživjeti bolje,
kako bi vidjeli tko će preživjeti bolje,
01:31
I would definitely place my bet
on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
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ja bih se definitivno kladio
na čimpanzu, ne na sebe.
na čimpanzu, ne na sebe.
01:37
And this is not something
wrong with me personally.
wrong with me personally.
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A to nije radi nečega
pogrešnog kod mene samog.
pogrešnog kod mene samog.
01:40
I guess if they took almost any one
of you, and placed you alone
of you, and placed you alone
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Pretpostavljam kad bi uzeli skoro
bilo koga od vas, i smjestili vas same
bilo koga od vas, i smjestili vas same
01:44
with a chimpanzee on some island,
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sa čimpanzom na neki otok,
01:46
the chimpanzee would do much better.
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čimpanzi bi bilo puno bolje.
01:50
The real difference between humans
and all other animals
and all other animals
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Prava razlika između ljudi
i drugih životinja
i drugih životinja
01:55
is not on the individual level;
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nije na razini jedinke;
01:57
it's on the collective level.
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nalazi se na razini kolektiva.
01:59
Humans control the planet
because they are the only animals
because they are the only animals
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Ljudi kontroliraju planet
jer su jedina životinja
jer su jedina životinja
02:04
that can cooperate both flexibly
and in very large numbers.
and in very large numbers.
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koja može surađivati
fleksibilno i u vrlo velikim brojevima.
fleksibilno i u vrlo velikim brojevima.
02:10
Now, there are other animals --
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Sad, ima i drugih životinja --
02:11
like the social insects,
the bees, the ants --
the bees, the ants --
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poput društvenih insekata,
pčela, mrava --
pčela, mrava --
02:15
that can cooperate in large numbers,
but they don't do so flexibly.
but they don't do so flexibly.
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koje mogu surađivati u velikim brojevima,
ali to ne mogu činiti fleksibilno.
ali to ne mogu činiti fleksibilno.
02:20
Their cooperation is very rigid.
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Njihova je suradnja vrlo rigidna.
02:23
There is basically just one way
in which a beehive can function.
in which a beehive can function.
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Postoji zapravo samo jedan način
na koji košnica može funkcionirati.
na koji košnica može funkcionirati.
02:27
And if there's a new opportunity
or a new danger,
or a new danger,
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A ako se ukaže nova prilika
ili nova opasnost,
ili nova opasnost,
02:31
the bees cannot reinvent
the social system overnight.
the social system overnight.
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pčele ne mogu preinačiti
društveni sustav preko noći.
društveni sustav preko noći.
02:35
They cannot, for example,
execute the queen
execute the queen
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Ne mogu, primjerice,
smaknuti kraljicu
smaknuti kraljicu
02:38
and establish a republic of bees,
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te ustanoviti pčelinju republiku,
02:40
or a communist dictatorship
of worker bees.
of worker bees.
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ili komunističku diktaturu
pčela radilica.
pčela radilica.
02:44
Other animals, like the social mammals --
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Druge životinje, poput
društvenih sisavaca --
društvenih sisavaca --
02:46
the wolves, the elephants,
the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
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vukova, slonova,
dupina, čimpanzi --
dupina, čimpanzi --
02:50
they can cooperate much more flexibly,
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one mogu surađivati puno fleksibilnije,
02:53
but they do so only in small numbers,
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ali to čine samo u malim brojevima,
02:56
because cooperation among chimpanzees
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jer se suradnja među čimpanzama
02:59
is based on intimate knowledge,
one of the other.
one of the other.
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temelji na bliskom međusobnom poznanstvu.
03:03
I'm a chimpanzee and you're a chimpanzee,
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Ja sam čimpanza i ti si čimpanza,
03:06
and I want to cooperate with you.
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i ja želim surađivati s tobom.
03:08
I need to know you personally.
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Moram te poznavati osobno.
03:11
What kind of chimpanzee are you?
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Kakva si ti čimpanza?
03:12
Are you a nice chimpanzee?
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Jesi li ti ljubazna čimpanza?
03:14
Are you an evil chimpanzee?
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Jesi li ti zla čimpanza?
03:15
Are you trustworthy?
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Jesi li pouzdana?
03:17
If I don't know you, how can I
cooperate with you?
cooperate with you?
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Ako te ne znam, kako
mogu surađivati s tobom?
mogu surađivati s tobom?
03:21
The only animal that can combine
the two abilities together
the two abilities together
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Jedina životinja koja može
spojiti te dvije sposobnosti
spojiti te dvije sposobnosti
03:25
and cooperate both flexibly
and still do so in very large numbers
and still do so in very large numbers
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te surađivati i fleksibilno
a ipak u velikim brojevima
a ipak u velikim brojevima
03:30
is us, Homo sapiens.
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smo mi, Homo sapiens.
03:32
One versus one, or even 10 versus 10,
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Jedan na jedan,
čak i 10 na 10,
čak i 10 na 10,
03:37
chimpanzees might be better than us.
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čimpanze mogu biti bolje od nas.
03:40
But, if you pit 1,000 humans
against 1,000 chimpanzees,
against 1,000 chimpanzees,
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Ali, ako smjestite 1.000 ljudi
protiv 1.000 čimpanzi,
protiv 1.000 čimpanzi,
03:45
the humans will win easily,
for the simple reason
for the simple reason
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ljudi će lako pobijediti,
iz jednostavnog razloga
iz jednostavnog razloga
03:48
that a thousand chimpanzees
cannot cooperate at all.
cannot cooperate at all.
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što tisuću čimpanzi
uopće ne može surađivati.
uopće ne može surađivati.
03:53
And if you now try to cram
100,000 chimpanzees
100,000 chimpanzees
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A ako sad pokušate
ugurati 100.000 čimpanzi
ugurati 100.000 čimpanzi
03:57
into Oxford Street,
or into Wembley Stadium,
or into Wembley Stadium,
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u Oxford Street,
ili na Wembley stadion,
ili na Wembley stadion,
04:01
or Tienanmen Square or the Vatican,
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ili trg Tienanmen ili Vatikan,
04:03
you will get chaos, complete chaos.
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dobit ćete kaos, potpuni kaos.
04:06
Just imagine Wembley Stadium
with 100,000 chimpanzees.
with 100,000 chimpanzees.
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Samo zamislite stadion na Wembleyu
sa 100.000 čimpanzi.
sa 100.000 čimpanzi.
04:10
Complete madness.
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Potpuno ludilo.
04:12
In contrast, humans normally
gather there in tens of thousands,
gather there in tens of thousands,
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Nasuprot, ljudi se normalno
okupljaju tamo u desecima tisuća,
okupljaju tamo u desecima tisuća,
04:18
and what we get is not chaos, usually.
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i što dobijemo nije kaos, obično.
04:21
What we get is extremely sophisticated
and effective networks of cooperation.
and effective networks of cooperation.
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Što dobijemo su krajnje profinjene
i učinkovite mreže suradnje.
i učinkovite mreže suradnje.
04:28
All the huge achievements
of humankind throughout history,
of humankind throughout history,
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Sva ogromna postignuća
ljudskog roda kroz povijest,
ljudskog roda kroz povijest,
04:33
whether it's building the pyramids
or flying to the moon,
or flying to the moon,
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bila to gradnja piramida
ili let na mjesec,
ili let na mjesec,
04:36
have been based not
on individual abilities,
on individual abilities,
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bila su temeljena
ne na sposobnostima pojedinca
ne na sposobnostima pojedinca
04:39
but on this ability to cooperate
flexibly in large numbers.
flexibly in large numbers.
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nego na toj sposobnosti
fleksibilne suradnje u velikim brojevima.
fleksibilne suradnje u velikim brojevima.
04:43
Think even about this very talk
that I'm giving now:
that I'm giving now:
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Mislite čak i o upravo ovom govoru
koji vam trenutno pružam:
koji vam trenutno pružam:
04:47
I'm standing here in front of an audience
of about 300 or 400 people,
of about 300 or 400 people,
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Stojim ovdje ispred publike
od oko 300 ili 400 ljudi,
od oko 300 ili 400 ljudi,
04:53
most of you are complete strangers to me.
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većina vas meni ste potpuni stranci.
04:56
Similarly, I don't really know
all the people who have organized
all the people who have organized
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Jednako, zapravo i ne znam
sve ljude koji su organizirali
sve ljude koji su organizirali
05:01
and worked on this event.
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i radili na ovom događaju.
05:03
I don't know the pilot
and the crew members of the plane
and the crew members of the plane
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Ne znam pilota
ni članove posade na avionu
ni članove posade na avionu
05:07
that brought me over here,
yesterday, to London.
yesterday, to London.
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koji me doveo ovdje,
jučer, u London.
jučer, u London.
05:11
I don't know the people
who invented and manufactured
who invented and manufactured
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Ne znam ljude koji su
izumili i proizveli
izumili i proizveli
05:15
this microphone and these cameras,
which are recording what I'm saying.
which are recording what I'm saying.
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ovaj mikrofon i ove kamere,
koje snimaju što govorim.
koje snimaju što govorim.
05:20
I don't know the people
who wrote all the books and articles
who wrote all the books and articles
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Ne znam ljude
koji su napisali sve knjige i članke
koji su napisali sve knjige i članke
05:23
that I read in preparation for this talk.
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koje sam pročitao u pripremi za ovaj govor.
05:26
And I certainly don't know all the people
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I sigurno ne znam sve ljude
05:29
who might be watching this talk
over the Internet,
over the Internet,
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koji bi mogli gledati ovaj govor
putem Interneta,
putem Interneta,
05:32
somewhere in Buenos Aires or in New Delhi.
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negdje u Buenos Airesu ili u New Delhiju.
05:36
Nevertheless, even though
we don't know each other,
we don't know each other,
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Ipak, čak iako
ne znamo jedni druge,
ne znamo jedni druge,
05:39
we can work together to create
this global exchange of ideas.
this global exchange of ideas.
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možemo zajedno raditi kako bismo
stvorili ovu globalnu razmjenu ideja.
stvorili ovu globalnu razmjenu ideja.
05:46
This is something chimpanzees cannot do.
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To je nešto što čimpanze ne mogu učiniti.
05:49
They communicate, of course,
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One komuniciraju, naravno,
05:50
but you will never catch a chimpanzee
traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
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ali nikad nećete uloviti čimpanzu kako
putuje nekom udaljenom čoporu čimpanzi
putuje nekom udaljenom čoporu čimpanzi
05:56
to give them a talk about bananas
or about elephants,
or about elephants,
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kako bi im održao govor
o bananama ili o slonovima,
o bananama ili o slonovima,
06:00
or anything else that might
interest chimpanzees.
interest chimpanzees.
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ili čemu već drugom
što bi moglo interesirati čimpanze.
što bi moglo interesirati čimpanze.
06:05
Now cooperation is, of course,
not always nice;
not always nice;
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Sad suradnja nije, naravno,
uvijek lijepa;
uvijek lijepa;
06:08
all the horrible things humans
have been doing throughout history --
have been doing throughout history --
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sve strašne stvari koje su
ljudi činili kroz povijest --
ljudi činili kroz povijest --
06:12
and we have been doing
some very horrible things --
some very horrible things --
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a činili smo neke
vrlo strašne stvari --
vrlo strašne stvari --
06:15
all those things are also based
on large-scale cooperation.
on large-scale cooperation.
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sve te stvari se također temelje
na suradnji velikih razmjera.
na suradnji velikih razmjera.
06:20
Prisons are a system of cooperation;
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Zatvori su sustav suradnje;
06:23
slaughterhouses are a system
of cooperation;
of cooperation;
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Klaonice su sustav suradnje;
06:26
concentration camps
are a system of cooperation.
are a system of cooperation.
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Koncentracijski kampovi
su sustav suradnje.
su sustav suradnje.
06:29
Chimpanzees don't have slaughterhouses
and prisons and concentration camps.
and prisons and concentration camps.
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Čimpanze nemaju klaonice
ni zatvore ni koncentracijske kampove.
ni zatvore ni koncentracijske kampove.
06:36
Now suppose I've managed
to convince you perhaps that yes,
to convince you perhaps that yes,
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Sad pretpostavimo kako sam uspio
uvjeriti vas kako možda da,
uvjeriti vas kako možda da,
06:40
we control the world because we can
cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
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mi kontroliramo svijet stoga što možemo
fleksibilno surađivati u velikim brojevima.
fleksibilno surađivati u velikim brojevima.
06:45
The next question that immediately arises
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Slijedeće pitanje koje odmah nastaje
06:48
in the mind of an inquisitive listener is:
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u umu radoznalog slušatelja je:
06:51
How, exactly, do we do it?
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Kako, točno, mi to činimo?
06:54
What enables us alone, of all the animals,
to cooperate in such a way?
to cooperate in such a way?
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Što nam to omogućuje, nama
među svim životinjama, surađivati na takav način?
među svim životinjama, surađivati na takav način?
07:01
The answer is our imagination.
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Odgovor je naša mašta.
07:04
We can cooperate flexibly
with countless numbers of strangers,
with countless numbers of strangers,
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Možemo surađivati fleksibilno
sa bezbrojnim strancima,
sa bezbrojnim strancima,
07:10
because we alone, of all
the animals on the planet,
the animals on the planet,
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jer samo mi, od svih
životinja na planeti,
životinja na planeti,
07:14
can create and believe fictions,
fictional stories.
fictional stories.
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možemo stvarati i vjerovati izmišljotine,
izmišljene priče.
izmišljene priče.
07:19
And as long as everybody believes
in the same fiction,
in the same fiction,
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I sve dok svi vjeruju
u iste izmišljotine,
u iste izmišljotine,
07:23
everybody obeys and follows
the same rules,
the same rules,
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svi će se povinovati i
slijediti ista pravila,
slijediti ista pravila,
07:27
the same norms, the same values.
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iste norme, iste vrijednosti.
07:30
All other animals use
their communication system
their communication system
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Sve druge životinje koriste
svoj sustav komunikacije
svoj sustav komunikacije
07:34
only to describe reality.
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samo za opisati stvarnost.
07:37
A chimpanzee may say, "Look!
There's a lion, let's run away!"
There's a lion, let's run away!"
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Čimpanza može reći:
"Gle! Tamo je lav, bježimo!"
"Gle! Tamo je lav, bježimo!"
07:41
Or, "Look! There's a banana tree
over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
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Ili: "Gle! Tamo je stablo banane!
Hajdemo uzeti banane!"
Hajdemo uzeti banane!"
07:45
Humans, in contrast, use their language
not merely to describe reality,
not merely to describe reality,
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Ljudi, nasuprot, koriste svoj jezik
ne tek za opisivanje stvarnosti,
ne tek za opisivanje stvarnosti,
07:52
but also to create new realities,
fictional realities.
fictional realities.
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već također i kako bi stvorili
nove stvarnosti, izmišljene stvarnosti.
nove stvarnosti, izmišljene stvarnosti.
07:57
A human can say, "Look,
there is a god above the clouds!
there is a god above the clouds!
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Ljudsko biće može reći: "Gle,
tamo je bog iznad oblaka!"
tamo je bog iznad oblaka!"
08:01
And if you don't do what I tell you to do,
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A ako ne učiniš ono što ti kažem da učiniš,
08:03
when you die, God will punish you
and send you to hell."
and send you to hell."
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kad umreš, Bog će te kazniti
i poslati te u pakao."
i poslati te u pakao."
08:06
And if you all believe this story
that I've invented,
that I've invented,
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I ako svi vjerujete u
ovu priču koju sam izmislio,
ovu priču koju sam izmislio,
08:10
then you will follow the same
norms and laws and values,
norms and laws and values,
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tada ćete slijediti iste
norme i zakone i vrijednosti,
norme i zakone i vrijednosti,
08:14
and you can cooperate.
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i možete surađivati.
08:16
This is something only humans can do.
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To je nešto što samo ljudi mogu.
08:19
You can never convince a chimpanzee
to give you a banana
to give you a banana
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3841
Nikad nećete moći uvjeriti
čimpanzu da vam da bananu
čimpanzu da vam da bananu
08:23
by promising him, "... after you die,
you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
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obećajući joj: "... nakon što umreš,
ići ćeš u raj za čimpanze ..."
ići ćeš u raj za čimpanze ..."
08:26
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:27
"... and you'll receive lots and lots
of bananas for your good deeds.
of bananas for your good deeds.
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3262
"... i primiti ćeš puno i prepuno
banana za svoja dobra djela.
banana za svoja dobra djela.
08:31
So now give me this banana."
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1422
Pa mi hajde sada daj ovu bananu."
08:32
No chimpanzee will ever
believe such a story.
believe such a story.
136
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2758
Nijedna čimpanza neće
povjerovati u takvu priču.
povjerovati u takvu priču.
08:35
Only humans believe such stories,
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Samo ljudi vjeruju u takve priče,
08:38
which is why we control the world,
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što je razlog zašto mi kontroliramo svijet,
08:40
whereas the chimpanzees are locked up
in zoos and research laboratories.
in zoos and research laboratories.
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dok su čimpanze zaključane u
zoološkim vrtovima i laboratorijima.
zoološkim vrtovima i laboratorijima.
08:46
Now you may find it acceptable that yes,
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Sad, može vam biti prihvatljivo kako da,
08:49
in the religious field, humans cooperate
by believing in the same fictions.
by believing in the same fictions.
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6140
u polju religije, ljudi surađuju
vjerujući u iste izmišljotine.
vjerujući u iste izmišljotine.
08:56
Millions of people come together
to build a cathedral or a mosque
to build a cathedral or a mosque
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Milijuni ljudi se udružuju
kako bi sagradili katedralu ili džamiju
kako bi sagradili katedralu ili džamiju
09:01
or fight in a crusade or a jihad, because
they all believe in the same stories
they all believe in the same stories
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5742
ili se borili u križarskom ratu ili džihadu,
jer svi vjeruju u iste priče
jer svi vjeruju u iste priče
09:06
about God and heaven and hell.
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2713
o Bogu i raju i paklu.
09:09
But what I want to emphasize
is that exactly the same mechanism
is that exactly the same mechanism
145
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5239
Ali što želim naglasiti
je kako se točno isti mehanizam
je kako se točno isti mehanizam
09:15
underlies all other forms
of mass-scale human cooperation,
of mass-scale human cooperation,
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5864
nalazi i ispod svih ostalih oblika
ljudske suradnje masivnih razmjera,
ljudske suradnje masivnih razmjera,
09:21
not only in the religious field.
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2520
ne samo u polju religije.
09:23
Take, for example, the legal field.
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Uzmite, na primjer, polje prava.
09:26
Most legal systems today in the world
are based on a belief in human rights.
are based on a belief in human rights.
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5977
Većina pravnih sustava danas na svijetu
temeljeni su na vjeri u ljudska prava.
temeljeni su na vjeri u ljudska prava.
09:33
But what are human rights?
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Ali što su ljudska prava?
09:35
Human rights, just like God and heaven,
are just a story that we've invented.
are just a story that we've invented.
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4702
Ljudska su prava, baš poput Boga i raja,
samo priča koju smo izmislli.
samo priča koju smo izmislli.
09:40
They are not an objective reality;
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2318
Ona nisu objektivna stvarnost;
09:42
they are not some biological effect
about homo sapiens.
about homo sapiens.
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3666
ona nisu neka biološka posljedica oko homo sapiensa.
09:46
Take a human being,
cut him open, look inside,
cut him open, look inside,
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3799
Uzmite ljudsko biće,
rasporite ga, pogledajte unutra,
rasporite ga, pogledajte unutra,
09:50
you will find the heart, the kidneys,
neurons, hormones, DNA,
neurons, hormones, DNA,
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5127
naći ćete srce, bubrege,
neurone, hormone, DNA,
neurone, hormone, DNA,
09:55
but you won't find any rights.
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ali nećete naći nikakva prava.
09:58
The only place you find rights
are in the stories
are in the stories
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3921
Jedino mjesto gdje
pronalazite prava je u pričama
pronalazite prava je u pričama
10:02
that we have invented and spread around
over the last few centuries.
over the last few centuries.
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4133
koje smo izmislili i širili
tijekom zadnjih nekoliko stoljeća.
tijekom zadnjih nekoliko stoljeća.
10:06
They may be very positive stories,
very good stories,
very good stories,
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One mogu biti vrlo pozitivne priče,
vrlo dobre priče,
vrlo dobre priče,
10:11
but they're still just fictional stories
that we've invented.
that we've invented.
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3563
ali i dalje su tek izmaštane priče
koje smo izmislili.
koje smo izmislili.
10:15
The same is true of the political field.
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2520
Stvar je ista u polju politike.
10:18
The most important factors
in modern politics are states and nations.
in modern politics are states and nations.
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6370
Najvažniji faktori
u modernoj politici su države i nacije.
u modernoj politici su države i nacije.
10:25
But what are states and nations?
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1800
Ali što su države i nacije?
10:27
They are not an objective reality.
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2125
One nisu objektivna stvarnost.
10:29
A mountain is an objective reality.
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2713
Planina je objektivna stvarnost.
10:32
You can see it, you can touch it,
you can ever smell it.
you can ever smell it.
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3284
Možete ju vidjeti, možete ju dotaknuti,
možete ju čak i namirisati.
možete ju čak i namirisati.
10:36
But a nation or a state,
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1772
Ali nacija ili država,
10:38
like Israel or Iran or France or Germany,
168
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3780
poput Izraela ili Irana
ili Francuske ili Njemačke,
ili Francuske ili Njemačke,
10:41
this is just a story that we've invented
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2740
to je samo priča koju smo izmislili
10:44
and became extremely attached to.
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632587
1974
i postali uz nju jako vezani.
10:46
The same is true of the economic field.
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2504
Stvar je ista u polju ekonomije.
10:49
The most important actors today
in the global economy
in the global economy
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3706
Najvažniji čimbenici danas
u globalnoj ekonomiji
u globalnoj ekonomiji
10:53
are companies and corporations.
173
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2262
su trgovačka društva i korporacije.
10:56
Many of you today, perhaps, work
for a corporation,
for a corporation,
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3731
Puno vas danas, možda,
radi za korporaciju,
radi za korporaciju,
11:00
like Google or Toyota or McDonald's.
175
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3050
kakva je Google ili Toyota ili McDonald's.
11:03
What exactly are these things?
176
651577
1818
Što su točno te stvari?
11:05
They are what lawyers call legal fictions.
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3947
One su što odvjetnici nazivaju legalnim fikcijama.
11:10
They are stories invented and maintained
178
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3476
To su priče izmišljene i održavane
11:13
by the powerful wizards we call lawyers.
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661859
3333
od moćnih čarobnjaka
koje nazivamo odvjetnici.
koje nazivamo odvjetnici.
11:17
(Laughter)
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1445
(Smijeh)
11:18
And what do corporations do all day?
181
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3419
A što korporacije rade po čitav dan?
11:22
Mostly, they try to make money.
182
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2853
Uglavnom, pokušavaju stvoriti novac.
11:25
Yet, what is money?
183
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1333
Ipak, što je novac?
11:26
Again, money is not an objective reality;
it has no objective value.
it has no objective value.
184
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5166
Opet, novac nije objektivna stvarnost;
nema objektivnu vrijednost.
nema objektivnu vrijednost.
11:31
Take this green piece
of paper, the dollar bill.
of paper, the dollar bill.
185
679958
3317
Uzmite ovaj zeleni list papira,
novčanicu dolara.
novčanicu dolara.
11:35
Look at it -- it has no value.
186
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2377
Pogledajte ju -- nema vrijednost.
11:37
You cannot eat it, you cannot drink it,
187
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2234
Ne možete je pojesti, ne možete je popiti,
11:39
you cannot wear it.
188
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1292
ne možete je obući.
11:41
But then came along
these master storytellers --
these master storytellers --
189
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4041
Ali tada su nadošli
ti majstori pripovjedači --
ti majstori pripovjedači --
11:45
the big bankers,
190
693698
1484
veliki bankari,
11:47
the finance ministers,
191
695206
1440
ministri financija,
11:48
the prime ministers --
192
696670
1354
premijeri --
11:50
and they tell us a very convincing story:
193
698048
2478
i pričaju nam vrlo
uvjerljivu priču:
uvjerljivu priču:
11:52
"Look, you see this green piece of paper?
194
700550
1958
"Gledajte,
vidite li ovaj zeleni komad papira?
vidite li ovaj zeleni komad papira?
11:54
It is actually worth 10 bananas."
195
702532
2583
On zapravo vrijedi 10 banana."
11:57
And if I believe it, and you believe it,
196
705591
2109
Te ako ja u to vjerujem,
i vi u to vjerujete
i vi u to vjerujete
11:59
and everybody believes it,
197
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1516
i svi u to vjeruju,
12:01
it actually works.
198
709264
1864
to zbilja prolazi.
12:03
I can take this worthless piece of paper,
199
711152
2913
Mogu uzeti ovaj bezvrijedni komad papira,
12:06
go to the supermarket,
200
714089
1637
otići u supermarket,
12:07
give it to a complete stranger
whom I've never met before,
whom I've never met before,
201
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4007
dati ga potpunom neznancu
kojeg nikad ranije nisam sreo,
kojeg nikad ranije nisam sreo,
12:11
and get, in exchange, real bananas
which I can actually eat.
which I can actually eat.
202
719781
4685
i dobiti, u zamjenu,
prave banane koje zaista mogu pojesti.
prave banane koje zaista mogu pojesti.
12:16
This is something amazing.
203
724870
1721
To je nešto zapanjujuće.
12:18
You could never do it with chimpanzees.
204
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2078
Ne biste nikad to mogli
uraditi sa čimpanzama.
uraditi sa čimpanzama.
12:20
Chimpanzees trade, of course:
205
728717
1945
Čimpanze trguju, naravno:
12:22
"Yes, you give me a coconut,
I'll give you a banana."
I'll give you a banana."
206
730686
2750
"Da, ti mi daš kokosov orah,
ja ti dam bananu."
ja ti dam bananu."
12:25
That can work.
207
733460
1238
To može proći.
12:26
But, you give me
a worthless piece of paper
a worthless piece of paper
208
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2992
Ali, ti mi daš
bezvrijedni komad papira
bezvrijedni komad papira
12:29
and you except me to give you a banana?
209
737738
2014
i očekuješ da ti ja dam bananu?
12:31
No way!
210
739776
1152
Nema šanse!
12:32
What do you think I am, a human?
211
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1581
Za što me držiš, za čovjeka?
12:34
(Laughter)
212
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2373
(Smijeh)
12:36
Money, in fact, is
the most successful story
the most successful story
213
744954
4119
Novac, zapravo, je
najuspješnija priča
najuspješnija priča
12:41
ever invented and told by humans,
214
749097
2656
koju su ljudi
ikad izmislili i ispričali,
ikad izmislili i ispričali,
12:43
because it is the only story
everybody believes.
everybody believes.
215
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4343
jer to je jedina priča
u koju svi vjeruju.
u koju svi vjeruju.
12:48
Not everybody believes in God,
216
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2790
Svatko ne vjeruje u Boga,
12:51
not everybody believes in human rights,
217
759506
3025
svatko ne vjeruje u ljudska prava,
12:54
not everybody believes in nationalism,
218
762555
2785
svatko ne vjeruje u nacionalizam,
12:57
but everybody believes in money,
and in the dollar bill.
and in the dollar bill.
219
765364
3743
ali svatko vjeruje u novac,
i u novčanicu dolara.
i u novčanicu dolara.
13:01
Take, even, Osama Bin Laden.
220
769514
1981
Uzmite, čak, Osamu Bin Ladena.
13:03
He hated American politics
and American religion
and American religion
221
771519
3687
Mrzio je Američku politiku
i Američku religiju
i Američku religiju
13:07
and American culture,
222
775230
1449
i Američku kulturu,
13:08
but he had no objection
to American dollars.
to American dollars.
223
776703
2806
ali nije imao prigovora
na Američke dolare.
na Američke dolare.
13:11
He was quite fond of them, actually.
224
779533
2095
Jako im je bio privržen, zapravo.
13:13
(Laughter)
225
781652
1903
(Smijeh)
13:16
To conclude, then:
226
784166
1700
Zaključak:
13:17
We humans control the world
because we live in a dual reality.
because we live in a dual reality.
227
785890
5768
Mi ljudi kontroliramo svijet
jer živimo u dvojnoj stvarnosti.
jer živimo u dvojnoj stvarnosti.
13:24
All other animals live
in an objective reality.
in an objective reality.
228
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3913
Sve druge životinje žive
u objektivnoj stvarnosti.
u objektivnoj stvarnosti.
13:28
Their reality consists
of objective entities,
of objective entities,
229
796992
4552
Njihova se stvarnost
sastoji od objektivnih entiteta,
sastoji od objektivnih entiteta,
13:33
like rivers and trees
and lions and elephants.
and lions and elephants.
230
801568
3943
poput rijeka i drveća
i lavova i slonova.
i lavova i slonova.
13:38
We humans, we also live
in an objective reality.
in an objective reality.
231
806067
3683
Mi ljudi, mi također živimo
u objektivnoj stvarnosti.
u objektivnoj stvarnosti.
13:41
In our world, too, there are rivers
and trees and lions and elephants.
and trees and lions and elephants.
232
809774
5068
U našem svijetu također postoje
rijeke i drveće i lavovi i slonovi.
rijeke i drveće i lavovi i slonovi.
13:47
But over the centuries,
233
815421
1845
Ali kroz stoljeća,
13:49
we have constructed on top
of this objective reality
of this objective reality
234
817290
4727
sagradili smo povrh
te objektivne stvarnosti
te objektivne stvarnosti
13:54
a second layer of fictional reality,
235
822041
3493
drugi sloj izmišljene stvarnosti,
13:57
a reality made of fictional entities,
236
825558
3564
stvarnosti sastavljene od izmišljenih entiteta,
14:01
like nations, like gods,
like money, like corporations.
like money, like corporations.
237
829146
4533
poput nacija, poput bogova,
poput novca, poput korporacija.
poput novca, poput korporacija.
14:06
And what is amazing is that
as history unfolded,
as history unfolded,
238
834481
4634
A što je zapanjujuće je kako
je tijekom razvoja povijesti
je tijekom razvoja povijesti
14:11
this fictional reality became
more and more powerful
more and more powerful
239
839139
5396
ta izmišljena stvarnost
postajala sve moćnija i moćnija
postajala sve moćnija i moćnija
14:16
so that today, the most powerful
forces in the world
forces in the world
240
844559
4501
tako da danas,
najmoćnije sile u svijetu su
najmoćnije sile u svijetu su
14:21
are these fictional entities.
241
849084
1965
ti izmišljeni entiteti.
14:23
Today, the very survival of rivers
and trees and lions and elephants
and trees and lions and elephants
242
851715
6794
Danas, samo preživljavanje
rijeka i drveća i lavova i slonova
rijeka i drveća i lavova i slonova
14:30
depends on the decisions and wishes
of fictional entities,
of fictional entities,
243
858533
5105
ovisi o odlukama i željama
izmišljenih entiteta,
izmišljenih entiteta,
14:35
like the United States, like Google,
like the World Bank --
like the World Bank --
244
863662
4537
poput Sjedinjenih država, poput Googla,
poput Svjetske banke --
poput Svjetske banke --
14:40
entities that exist only
in our own imagination.
in our own imagination.
245
868223
4039
entiteta koji postoje
samo u našoj mašti.
samo u našoj mašti.
14:44
Thank you.
246
872929
1152
Hvala Vam.
14:46
(Applause)
247
874105
4571
(Pljesak)
14:56
Bruno Giussani: Yuval, you have
a new book out.
a new book out.
248
884299
2210
Bruno Giussani: Yuval,
izašla ti je nova knjiga.
izašla ti je nova knjiga.
14:58
After Sapiens, you wrote another one,
249
886533
1803
Nakon Sapiensa, napisao si i drugu,
15:00
and it's out in Hebrew, but not
yet translated into ...
yet translated into ...
250
888360
2587
koja je izašla na Hebrejskom,
ali još nije prevedena na ...
ali još nije prevedena na ...
15:02
Yuval Noah Harari: I'm working on
the translation as we speak.
the translation as we speak.
251
890971
2929
Yuval Noah Harari: Upravo
radim na prijevodu.
radim na prijevodu.
15:05
BG: In the book, if I
understand it correctly,
understand it correctly,
252
893924
2168
BG: U knjizi, ako
sam shvatio ispravno,
sam shvatio ispravno,
15:08
you argue that the amazing breakthroughs
that we are experiencing right now
that we are experiencing right now
253
896116
5629
tvrdiš kako zapanjujući proboji
kroz koje upravo prolazimo
kroz koje upravo prolazimo
15:13
not only will potentially
make our lives better,
make our lives better,
254
901769
2259
neće samo moguće
učiniti naše živote boljima,
učiniti naše živote boljima,
15:16
but they will create -- and I quote you --
255
904052
2236
nego će i stvoriti -- citiram te --
15:18
"... new classes and new class struggles,
just as the industrial revolution did."
just as the industrial revolution did."
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"... nove klase i nove klasne borbe,
baš kako ih je stvorila i industrijska revolucija."
baš kako ih je stvorila i industrijska revolucija."
15:22
Can you elaborate for us?
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Možeš li nam pojasniti?
15:24
YNH: Yes. In the industrial revolution,
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YNH: Da. U industrijskoj revoluciji,
15:26
we saw the creation of a new class
of the urban proletariat.
of the urban proletariat.
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vidjeli smo stvaranje nove klase
urbanog proleterijata.
urbanog proleterijata.
15:31
And much of the political and social
history of the last 200 years involved
history of the last 200 years involved
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I puno političke i društvene
povijesti zadnjih 200 godina bavi se
povijesti zadnjih 200 godina bavi se
15:36
what to do with this class,
and the new problems and opportunities.
and the new problems and opportunities.
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što činiti s tom klasom,
i novim problemima i prilikama.
i novim problemima i prilikama.
15:40
Now, we see the creation of a new
massive class of useless people.
massive class of useless people.
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Sad, vidimo stvaranje nove
masivne klase beskorisnih ljudi.
masivne klase beskorisnih ljudi.
15:44
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:46
As computers become better and better
in more and more fields,
in more and more fields,
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Kako računala postaju bolja i bolja
u više i više područja,
u više i više područja,
15:51
there is a distinct possibility that
computers will out-perform us
computers will out-perform us
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postoji izrazita mogućnost
kako će nas računala nadmašiti
kako će nas računala nadmašiti
15:56
in most tasks and will make
humans redundant.
humans redundant.
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u većini zadataka
te učiniti ljude suvišnima.
te učiniti ljude suvišnima.
15:59
And then the big political
and economic question
and economic question
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A onda će veliko
političko i ekonomsko pitanje
političko i ekonomsko pitanje
16:02
of the 21st century will be,
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21. stoljeća biti:
16:05
"What do we need humans for?",
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"Za što trebamo ljude?",
16:07
or at least, "What do we need
so many humans for?"
so many humans for?"
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ili barem: "Za što trebamo toliko ljudi?"
16:10
BG: Do you have an answer in the book?
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BG: Imaš li odgovor u knjizi?
16:13
YNH: At present, the best guess
we have is to keep them happy
we have is to keep them happy
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YNH: Trenutno, najbolje je nagađanje
kako ih trebamo držati sretnima
kako ih trebamo držati sretnima
16:17
with drugs and computer games ...
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pomoću droge i video igara ...
16:19
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
16:20
but this doesn't sound
like a very appealing future.
like a very appealing future.
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Ali to ne zvuči
kao jako privlačna budućnost.
kao jako privlačna budućnost.
16:23
BG: Ok, so you're basically saying
in the book and now,
in the book and now,
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BG: Ok, dakle ti u biti tvrdiš
u knjizi i sada,
u knjizi i sada,
16:26
that for all the discussion
about the growing evidence
about the growing evidence
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kako uz svu raspravu
oko rastućih dokaza
oko rastućih dokaza
16:28
of significant economic inequality,
we are just kind of at the beginning
we are just kind of at the beginning
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o značajnoj ekonomskoj nejednakosti,
mi smo tek nekako na početku
mi smo tek nekako na početku
16:32
of the process?
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procesa?
16:34
YNH: Again, it's not a prophecy;
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YNH: Ponovo, to nije proročanstvo;
16:35
it's seeing all kinds
of possibilities before us.
of possibilities before us.
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to je gledanje svakakvih
mogućnosti pred nama.
mogućnosti pred nama.
16:39
One possibility is this creation
of a new massive class of useless people.
of a new massive class of useless people.
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Jedna je mogućnost to stvaranje
nove masivne klase beskorisnih ljudi.
nove masivne klase beskorisnih ljudi.
16:44
Another possibility is
the division of humankind
the division of humankind
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Druga je mogućnost
podjela čovječanstva
podjela čovječanstva
16:47
into different biological castes,
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u različite biološke kaste,
16:50
with the rich being upgraded
into virtual gods,
into virtual gods,
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gdje se bogati
dograđuju u prividne bogove,
dograđuju u prividne bogove,
16:55
and the poor being degraded
to this level of useless people.
to this level of useless people.
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a siromašni snizuju
do te razine beskorisnih ljudi.
do te razine beskorisnih ljudi.
16:59
BG: I feel there is another TED talk
coming up in a year or two.
coming up in a year or two.
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BG: Osjećam kako nam novi TED talk
dolazi za godinu ili dvije.
dolazi za godinu ili dvije.
17:02
Thank you, Yuval, for making the trip.
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Hvala ti, Yuval, što si doputovao.
17:04
YNH: Thanks!
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YNH: Hvala!
17:05
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Yuval Noah Harari - Historian, authorIn his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake.
Why you should listen
In his book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, Yuval Noah Harari explores the projects, dreams and nightmares that will shape the 21st century -- from overcoming death to creating artificial life. He maps the future and asks fundamental questions: Where do we go from here? How will we protect this fragile world from our own destructive powers? The book has sold four million copies since its publication in 2016.
Harari's previous book, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, explores what made homo sapiens the most successful species on the planet. His answer: We are the only animal that can believe in things that exist purely in our imagination, such as gods, states, money, human rights, corporations and other fictions, and we have developed a unique ability to use these stories to unify and organize groups and ensure cooperation. Sapiens has sold eight million copies and been translated into more than 50 languages. Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg and President Barack Obama have recommended it as a must-read.
Harari lectures as a Professor of history at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he specializes in world history, medieval history and military history. His current research focuses on macro-historical questions: What is the relationship between history and biology? What is the essential difference between Homo sapiens and other animals? Is there justice in history? Does history have a direction? Did people become happier as history unfolded? Harari has written for newspapers such as The Guardian, Financial Times, the Times, Nature magazine and the Wall Street Journal.
Harari's new book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, will take the pulse of our current global climate, focusing on the biggest questions of the present moment: What is really happening right now? What are today’s greatest challenges and choices? What should we pay attention to? The book will be published in multiple languages in September 2018.
Yuval Noah Harari | Speaker | TED.com