Yuval Noah Harari: What explains the rise of humans?
Yuval Noah Harari: Apa penyebab kemajuan manusia?
In his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake. Full bio
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were insignificant animals.
nenek moyang kita tidak berarti.
about prehistoric humans
manusia pre-historis adalah
much greater than that of jellyfish
tidak lebih penting dari ubur-ubur
atau burung pelatuk.
we control this planet.
kita mengontrol planet ini.
from insignificant apes,
dari kera yang sepele,
in a corner of Africa,
between us and all the other animals
antara keduanya
tentang saya,
to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
dari seekor anjing, babi, atau simpanse.
on the individual level,
pada level individu,
to a chimpanzee.
dengan simpanse.
and put us together on some lonely island,
berada dalam satu pulau terpencil,
to see who survives better,
untuk melihat siapa yang lebih baik,
on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
adalah simpanse, bukan saya.
wrong with me personally.
of you, and placed you alone
bertahan hidup lebih baik.
and all other animals
dengan makhluk lain
level individu;
because they are the only animals
karena mereka adalah makhluk satu-satunya
and in very large numbers.
dalam jumlah besar.
the bees, the ants --
lebah, dan semut --
but they don't do so flexibly.
namun tidak terlalu fleksibel.
in which a beehive can function.
bagaimana sarang lebah dapat berfungsi.
or a new danger,
atau ancaman baru,
the social system overnight.
sistem kerja sama baru secara cepat.
execute the queen
membunuh ratu lebahnya
of worker bees.
untuk lebah pekerja.
the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
lumba-lumba, simpanse --
secara lebih fleksibel,
dalam kelompok kecil,
one of the other.
antara satu sama lain.
dan Anda juga simpanse,
dengan Anda.
secara personal.
cooperate with you?
bagaimana kita bisa bekerja sama?
the two abilities together
menggabungkan dua kemampuan
and still do so in very large numbers
dan melakukannya dalam kelompok yang besar
Homo sapien.
bahkan 10 lawan 10,
lebih baik dari kita.
against 1,000 chimpanzees,
1000 manusia melawan 1000 simpanse,
for the simple reason
karena alasan yang sederhana
cannot cooperate at all.
sama sekali.
100,000 chimpanzees
or into Wembley Stadium,
atau Wembley Stadium,
atau Vatikan,
with 100,000 chimpanzees.
dengan 100,000 simpanse.
gather there in tens of thousands,
berkumpul di sana,
and effective networks of cooperation.
yang canggih dan efektif.
of humankind throughout history,
dalam sejarah,
or flying to the moon,
atau terbang ke bulan,
on individual abilities,
kemampuan individu,
flexibly in large numbers.
secara fleksibel dalam jumlah besar.
that I'm giving now:
of about 300 or 400 people,
berjumlah 300 atau 400 orang,
kebanyakan dari Anda.
all the people who have organized
and the crew members of the plane
dan kru penerbangan
yesterday, to London.
kemarin, ke London.
who invented and manufactured
yang menemukan dan memproduksi
which are recording what I'm saying.
yang merekam apa yang saya katakan.
who wrote all the books and articles
penulis buku dan artikel
selama mempersiapkan seminar ini.
semua orang
over the Internet,
di dunia maya,
atau New Delhi.
we don't know each other,
tidak mengenal satu sama lain,
this global exchange of ideas.
untuk bertukar pikiran secara global.
yang simpanse tidak bisa lakukan.
tentu saja,
traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
yang pergi ke kelompok simpanse lain
or about elephants,
tentang pisang atau gajah
interest chimpanzees.
menarik bagi simpanse.
not always nice;
tidak selalu baik;
have been doing throughout history --
pernah lakukan sepanjang sejarah --
some very horrible things --
on large-scale cooperation.
kerja sama dalam skala besar.
suatu sistem kerja sama;
of cooperation;
juga bentuk kerja sama;
are a system of cooperation.
adalah suatu kerja sama.
and prisons and concentration camps.
punya penjara atau kamp tawanan.
to convince you perhaps that yes,
meyakinkan anda bahwa
cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
bekerja sama fleksibel dalam jumlah besar.
yang langsung muncul
cara kita melakukannya?
to cooperate in such a way?
makhluk yang bisa melakukannya?
with countless numbers of strangers,
dengan orang yang tidak kita kenal,
the animals on the planet,
satu-satunya makhluk di bumi
fictional stories.
dan mempercayai cerita fiktif.
in the same fiction,
cerita yang sama,
the same rules,
peraturan yang sama,
their communication system
There's a lion, let's run away!"
"Lihat! Ada singa, ayo lari!"
over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
Ayo kita ambil pisangnya!"
not merely to describe reality,
tidak hanya untuk menggambarkan realita,
fictional realities.
menciptakan realita fiktif.
there is a god above the clouds!
"Lihat, Tuhan berada di atas langit!
mengingkari saya
and send you to hell."
menyiksa kalian di neraka."
that I've invented,
pada cerita yang saya buat ini,
norms and laws and values,
hukum, dan nilai yang sama,
bekerja sama.
yang bisa melakukan ini.
to give you a banana
memberi Anda pisang
you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
kamu bisa pergi ke surga simpanse."
of bananas for your good deeds.
banyak pisang sebagai imbalan.
believe such a story.
yang akan percaya cerita ini.
pada cerita semacam itu,
menguasai bumi,
in zoos and research laboratories.
di kebun binatang dan laboratorium.
by believing in the same fictions.
dengan mempercayai cerita yang sama.
to build a cathedral or a mosque
membangun katedral atau masjid
they all believe in the same stories
karena mereka percaya cerita yang sama
is that exactly the same mechanism
saya ingin tekankan adalah
of mass-scale human cooperation,
kerja sama manusia dalam skala yang masif,
are based on a belief in human rights.
didasarkan pada kepercayaan akan HAM.
are just a story that we've invented.
hanyalah cerita yang kita ciptakan.
about homo sapiens.
cut him open, look inside,
tiliklah ke dalamnya,
neurons, hormones, DNA,
neuron, hormon, DNA,
HAM apapun.
are in the stories
bisa temukan HAM, hanyalah dalam cerita
over the last few centuries.
dalam beberapa abad terakhir.
very good stories,
kisah yang sangat terpuji.
that we've invented.
yang kita buat-buat.
in modern politics are states and nations.
adalah bangsa dan negara.
you can ever smell it.
bahkan menciumnya.
in the global economy
dalam ekonomi global saat ini
for a corporation,
mungkin bekerja untuk perusahaan,
yang dibuat dan dipertahankan
yang kita sebut pengacara.
sepanjang hari?
menghasilkan uang.
it has no objective value.
ia tidak memiliki nilai obyektif.
of paper, the dollar bill.
these master storytellers --
para pendongeng ulung --
yang sangat meyakinkan:
yang tak bernilai ini,
whom I've never met before,
yang saya tidak pernah kenal sebelumnya,
which I can actually eat.
sebagai gantinya.
tentunya:
I'll give you a banana."
aku beri kamu pisang."
a worthless piece of paper
selembar kertas begitu saja
aku tukar dengan pisang?
the most successful story
konsep yang paling sukses
oleh manusia,
everybody believes.
konsep yang dipercaya semua orang.
and in the dollar bill.
dan mata uang dolar.
and American religion
dan agama di Amerika,
to American dollars.
dolar Amerika.
because we live in a dual reality.
karena kita hidup dalam realita ganda.
in an objective reality.
realita obyektif.
of objective entities,
benda-benda yang obyektif,
and lions and elephants.
harimau, dan gajah.
in an objective reality.
and trees and lions and elephants.
pohon, harimau, dan gajah.
of this objective reality
di atas realita obyektif ini
realita fiktif,
dari konsep-konsep fiktif,
like money, like corporations.
uang, dan perusahaan.
as history unfolded,
seiring dengan sejarah,
more and more powerful
sedemikian kuatnya
forces in the world
di dunia
and trees and lions and elephants
hutan, harimau, dan gajah
of fictional entities,
dan keinginan konsep-konsep fiktif,
like the World Bank --
Bank Dunia --
in our own imagination.
dalam imajinasi kita semata.
a new book out.
ada satu buku Anda
yet translated into ...
tapi belum diterjemahkan ...
the translation as we speak.
menerjemahkannya.
understand it correctly,
kalau saya tidak salah,
that we are experiencing right now
yang kita alami saat ini
make our lives better,
hidup kita lebih baik,
saya kutip Anda --
just as the industrial revolution did."
seperti halnya revolusi industri."
of the urban proletariat.
berupa proletariat perkotaan.
history of the last 200 years involved
dalam 200 tahun terakhir melibatkan
and the new problems and opportunities.
serta kesempatan barunya.
massive class of useless people.
segolongan besar orang yang tidak berguna.
in more and more fields,
ilmu komputer dalam segala bidang,
computers will out-perform us
komputer akan melampaui kita
humans redundant.
dan membuat manusia tidak berguna.
and economic question
so many humans for?"
masih perlu begitu banyak manusia?"
we have is to keep them happy
adalah untuk menghibur mereka
like a very appealing future.
masa depan yang menyenangkan.
in the book and now,
about the growing evidence
bertambahnya bukti tentang
we are just kind of at the beginning
kita baru saja
of possibilities before us.
of a new massive class of useless people.
segolongan besar orang yang tidak berguna.
the division of humankind
into virtual gods,
to this level of useless people.
coming up in a year or two.
untuk TED lagi tahun depan.
Yuval.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Yuval Noah Harari - Historian, authorIn his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake.
Why you should listen
In his book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, Yuval Noah Harari explores the projects, dreams and nightmares that will shape the 21st century -- from overcoming death to creating artificial life. He maps the future and asks fundamental questions: Where do we go from here? How will we protect this fragile world from our own destructive powers? The book has sold four million copies since its publication in 2016.
Harari's previous book, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, explores what made homo sapiens the most successful species on the planet. His answer: We are the only animal that can believe in things that exist purely in our imagination, such as gods, states, money, human rights, corporations and other fictions, and we have developed a unique ability to use these stories to unify and organize groups and ensure cooperation. Sapiens has sold eight million copies and been translated into more than 50 languages. Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg and President Barack Obama have recommended it as a must-read.
Harari lectures as a Professor of history at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he specializes in world history, medieval history and military history. His current research focuses on macro-historical questions: What is the relationship between history and biology? What is the essential difference between Homo sapiens and other animals? Is there justice in history? Does history have a direction? Did people become happier as history unfolded? Harari has written for newspapers such as The Guardian, Financial Times, the Times, Nature magazine and the Wall Street Journal.
Harari's new book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, will take the pulse of our current global climate, focusing on the biggest questions of the present moment: What is really happening right now? What are today’s greatest challenges and choices? What should we pay attention to? The book will be published in multiple languages in September 2018.
Yuval Noah Harari | Speaker | TED.com