Yuval Noah Harari: What explains the rise of humans?
یووال نواه حراری: چه چیزی ترقی بشریت را توجیه میکند؟
In his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake. Full bio
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were insignificant animals.
عادی بودند.
about prehistoric humans
ماقبل تاریخ دانست
much greater than that of jellyfish
we control this planet.
کنترل میکنیم
from insignificant apes,
in a corner of Africa,
کار خود بودند،
between us and all the other animals
و سایر حیوانات
من میخواهم مطمئن شوم--
to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
بسیار برتر میکند.
on the individual level,
to a chimpanzee.
هستم.
and put us together on some lonely island,
جزیره متروکه بگذارید،
to see who survives better,
ببینیم کدامیک بهتر عمل میکنیم،
on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
نه روی خودم.
wrong with me personally.
شخصیت من نیست،
of you, and placed you alone
قرار بگیرید
and all other animals
because they are the only animals
حکمرانی میکنند که تنها حیواناتی هستند
and in very large numbers.
اجتماعهای پرتعداد با هم تعامل کنند.
the bees, the ants --
but they don't do so flexibly.
در این کار انعطاف زیادی ندارند.
in which a beehive can function.
وجود دارد.
or a new danger,
در برابر کندو قرار بگیرد،
the social system overnight.
یک شب از نو بسازند.
execute the queen
of worker bees.
ایجاد کنند.
the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
one of the other.
شکل میگیرد.
شامپانزه هستید،
cooperate with you?
همکاری کنم؟
the two abilities together
را با هم ترکیب کنند
and still do so in very large numbers
عمل کنند،
against 1,000 chimpanzees,
۱٫۰۰۰ شامپانزه قرار دهیم،
for the simple reason
به هیچ وجه نمیتوانند با هم همکاری کنند،
cannot cooperate at all.
100,000 chimpanzees
or into Wembley Stadium,
هرج و مرج کامل.
with 100,000 chimpanzees.
تصور کنید.
gather there in tens of thousands,
کنار هم جمع میشوند
and effective networks of cooperation.
و موثر همکاری است.
of humankind throughout history,
or flying to the moon,
on individual abilities,
flexibly in large numbers.
در اجتماع به دست آمدهاند.
that I'm giving now:
ارائه آن هستم فکر کنید:
of about 300 or 400 people,
all the people who have organized
رویداد را برنامه ریزی کرده
and the crew members of the plane
yesterday, to London.
نمیشناختم.
who invented and manufactured
که درحال ضبط صحبتهای من هستند را
which are recording what I'm saying.
who wrote all the books and articles
آماده کردن مطالبم
از طریق اینترنت
over the Internet,
we don't know each other,
this global exchange of ideas.
جهانی ایدهها، با هم همکاری کنیم.
قادر به انجام آن نیستند.
traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
or about elephants,
فیلها یا هر موضوع دیگری
interest chimpanzees.
سفر کند.
not always nice;
have been doing throughout history --
انجام دادهاند--
some very horrible things --
on large-scale cooperation.
بوده است.
of cooperation;
همکاری هستند.
are a system of cooperation.
سیستم همکاری هستند.
and prisons and concentration camps.
کمپ بازپروری ندارند.
to convince you perhaps that yes,
شما را قانع کنم که بله،
cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
در تعداد بالا با انعطاف با هم تعامل کنیم.
to cooperate in such a way?
قادر میسازد که اینگونه رفتار کنیم؟
with countless numbers of strangers,
بی شماری از غریبهها تعامل کنیم
the animals on the planet,
fictional stories.
تخیلی را باور کنیم.
in the same fiction,
ایمان داشته باشیم
the same rules,
their communication system
There's a lion, let's run away!"
یه شیر اونجاست، باید بزنیم به چاک!"
over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
بریم چند تا موز بخوریم!"
not merely to describe reality,
بیان واقعیات استفاده نمیکنند،
fictional realities.
واقعیات تخیلی هم استفاده میکنند.
there is a god above the clouds!
"نگاه کن، خدایی در آن سوی ابرهاست!
and send you to hell."
و تو را به جهنم خواهد فرستاد."
that I've invented,
ساختم باور کنید،
norms and laws and values,
یکسانی پیروی خواهید کرد،
آن هستند.
to give you a banana
مرگ به بهشت شامپانزهها رهسپار خواهی بود"
you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
را به شما بدهد.
of bananas for your good deeds.
موز به تو اعطا خواهد شد.
believe such a story.
باورمیکنند،
حکم میرانیم
in zoos and research laboratories.
آزمایشگاههای تحقیقاتی نگهداری میشوند.
بیابید که بله،
by believing in the same fictions.
تخیلات مشابه با هم تعامل دارند.
to build a cathedral or a mosque
یا مسجد گرد هم میآیند
they all believe in the same stories
میکنند، چون تمام آنها به داستانهای مشابه
is that exactly the same mechanism
دقیقا ساز و کار مشابهی
of mass-scale human cooperation,
تعاملات انسانی در ابعاد بزرگ را
بگیرید.
are based on a belief in human rights.
حقوق بشر تنظیم شدهاند.
are just a story that we've invented.
تنها داستانهایی ساخته دست ما هستند.
about homo sapiens.
نیستند.
cut him open, look inside,
کرده نگاهی به درون آن بیاندازیم،
neurons, hormones, DNA,
او را خواهیم یافت
are in the stories
درون داستانهایی است
over the last few centuries.
آنها پرداختهایم.
very good stories,
داستانهایی عالی،
that we've invented.
ما ساختهایم.
in modern politics are states and nations.
ملتها هستند.
you can ever smell it.
بویید.
in the global economy
for a corporation,
تخیلات قانونی مینامند.
و نگه داشتهاند.
it has no objective value.
و هیچ ارزش عینی ندارد.
of paper, the dollar bill.
these master storytellers --
میرسند--
تعریف میکنند:
باور کنید،
whom I've never met before,
بدهم
which I can actually eat.
که واقعا قابل خوردن هستند.
همچین کاری کرد.
I'll give you a banana."
یک موز به تو میدهم."
a worthless piece of paper
به من میدهی
the most successful story
everybody believes.
باور دارند.
and in the dollar bill.
البته اسکناس دلار.
and American religion
to American dollars.
because we live in a dual reality.
که در یک واقعیت دوگانه زندگی میکنیم.
in an objective reality.
به سر میبرند.
of objective entities,
and lions and elephants.
in an objective reality.
زندگی میکنیم
and trees and lions and elephants.
و فیلها وجود دارند.
of this objective reality
like money, like corporations.
as history unfolded,
طول تاریخ
more and more powerful
forces in the world
در جهان
and trees and lions and elephants
شیرها و فیلها
of fictional entities,
like the World Bank --
بستگی دارد.
in our own imagination.
a new book out.
چاپ کردی.
yet translated into ...
انگلیسی ...
the translation as we speak.
روی ترجمه هستم.
understand it correctly,
that we are experiencing right now
حال حاضر شاهد آنها هستیم،
make our lives better,
میبخشند،
just as the industrial revolution did."
ایجاد میکنند، درست مثل انقلاب صنعتی".
of the urban proletariat.
بودیم.
history of the last 200 years involved
اجتماعی ۲۰۰ سال گذشته
and the new problems and opportunities.
و مشکلات و موقعیتهای جدید.
massive class of useless people.
از انسانهای بیفایده هستیم.
in more and more fields,
پیشرفت کردهاند،
computers will out-perform us
قابل رویت است
humans redundant.
زائد و بیفایده خواهد کرد.
and economic question
so many humans for?"
نیاز داریم؟"
we have is to keep them happy
نگهشون داریم...
like a very appealing future.
نمیرسد.
in the book and now,
بیان میکنی که،
about the growing evidence
we are just kind of at the beginning
ما تنها در آغاز
of possibilities before us.
of a new massive class of useless people.
انسانهای بی فایده است.
the division of humankind
into virtual gods,
خدایان مجازی،
to this level of useless people.
coming up in a year or two.
در یکی دوسال آینده خواهیم داشت.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Yuval Noah Harari - Historian, authorIn his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake.
Why you should listen
In his book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, Yuval Noah Harari explores the projects, dreams and nightmares that will shape the 21st century -- from overcoming death to creating artificial life. He maps the future and asks fundamental questions: Where do we go from here? How will we protect this fragile world from our own destructive powers? The book has sold four million copies since its publication in 2016.
Harari's previous book, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, explores what made homo sapiens the most successful species on the planet. His answer: We are the only animal that can believe in things that exist purely in our imagination, such as gods, states, money, human rights, corporations and other fictions, and we have developed a unique ability to use these stories to unify and organize groups and ensure cooperation. Sapiens has sold eight million copies and been translated into more than 50 languages. Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg and President Barack Obama have recommended it as a must-read.
Harari lectures as a Professor of history at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he specializes in world history, medieval history and military history. His current research focuses on macro-historical questions: What is the relationship between history and biology? What is the essential difference between Homo sapiens and other animals? Is there justice in history? Does history have a direction? Did people become happier as history unfolded? Harari has written for newspapers such as The Guardian, Financial Times, the Times, Nature magazine and the Wall Street Journal.
Harari's new book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, will take the pulse of our current global climate, focusing on the biggest questions of the present moment: What is really happening right now? What are today’s greatest challenges and choices? What should we pay attention to? The book will be published in multiple languages in September 2018.
Yuval Noah Harari | Speaker | TED.com