ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jeff Iliff - Neuroscientist
Jeff Iliff is a neuroscientist who explores the unique functions of the brain.

Why you should listen
Neuroscientist Jeff Iliff 's research follows two main paths. The first is the exploration of how the brain’s support cells, called glia, contribute to maintaining the proper environment for neuronal function and how their failure in conditions like vascular dementia, stroke, and traumatic brain injury leads to neurodegeneration. The second seeks to define the basic cellular mechanisms by which brain blood flow is coordinated up and down the vascular tree. Now an Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine at Oregon Health & Science University, Jeff was a part of a University of Rochester Medical Center team that discovered a brain cleansing system, which they dubbed the “glymphatic system.”
More profile about the speaker
Jeff Iliff | Speaker | TED.com
TEDMED 2014

Jeff Iliff: One more reason to get a good night's sleep

Jeff Iliff: Unha razón máis para durmir ben toda a noite

Filmed:
5,135,628 views

O cerebro emprega un cuarto da enerxía total do organismo, pero supón só un dous por cento da masa corporal. Como recibe, e máis importante, como se desfai este órgano único dos nutrientes vitais? Novas investigacións suxiren que ten que ver co sono.
- Neuroscientist
Jeff Iliff is a neuroscientist who explores the unique functions of the brain. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Sleep.
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Durmir.
00:14
It's something we spend about
a third of our lives doing,
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Algo ao que lle dedicamos preto
dun terzo da nosa vida
00:17
but do any of us really understand what it's all about?
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mais algún de nós
realmente sabe de que se trata?
00:20
Two thousand years ago, Galen,
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Hai dous mil anos, Galeno,
00:22
one of the most prominent medical researchers
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un dos investigadores médicos
máis destacados da Antigüidade
00:25
of the ancient world,
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00:26
proposed that while we're awake,
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postulou que mentres estamos espertos,
00:28
our brain's motive force, its juice,
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a forza motriz do cerebro, o seu zume,
00:31
would flow out to all the other parts of the body,
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fluía cara a todas
as outras partes do corpo
00:34
animating them but leaving the brain all dried up,
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animándoas pero deixando o cerebro seco.
Pensaba que cando durmimos
00:38
and he thought that when we sleep,
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00:40
all this moisture that filled the rest of the body
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toda esta humidade
que enchía o resto do corpo
00:42
would come rushing back,
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volvía rapidamente
para hidratar o cerebro
00:44
rehydrating the brain
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00:46
and refreshing the mind.
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e refrescar a mente.
00:48
Now, that sounds completely ridiculous to us now,
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Isto hoxe soa totalmente ridículo,
00:51
but Galen was simply trying to explain
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mais Galeno só trataba de explicar
unha cousa sobre o sono
00:53
something about sleep
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00:54
that we all deal with every day.
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coa que lidamos a diario.
00:57
See, we all know based on our own experience
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Todos sabemos, pola nosa experiencia,
que durmir aclara a mente
00:59
that when you sleep, it clears your mind,
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01:02
and when you don't sleep,
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e non durmir deixa a cabeza turbia.
01:03
it leaves your mind murky.
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01:06
But while we know a great deal more about sleep now
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Pese a que hoxe sabemos
moitísimo máis sobre o sono
01:08
than when Galen was around,
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que cando vivía Galeno,
01:10
we still haven't understood why it is that sleep,
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aínda non comprendemos por que o sono,
de todas as nosas actividades
01:13
of all of our activities, has this incredible
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ten esta incríbel función reparadora
para a mente.
01:16
restorative function for the mind.
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01:18
So today I want to tell you about
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Así que hoxe quero falar
sobre investigacións recentes
01:20
some recent research
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01:21
that may shed new light on this question.
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que poden botar luz sobre esta cuestión.
01:24
We've found that sleep may actually be
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Atopamos que o sono pode ser en realidade
01:27
a kind of elegant design solution
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unha especie de solución
elegante de deseño
01:30
to some of the brain's most basic needs,
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para algunhas das necesidades
máis básicas do cerebro,
01:32
a unique way that the brain
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un xeito único en que o cerebro
01:34
meets the high demands and the narrow margins
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resolve as amplas esixencias
e as estreitas marxes
01:37
that set it apart from all the other organs of the body.
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que o fan distinto
do resto de órganos do corpo.
01:42
So almost all the biology that we observe
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Case toda a bioloxía que observamos
01:45
can be thought of as a series of problems
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pode pensarse como unha serie de problemas
01:48
and their corresponding solutions,
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e as súas solucións correspondentes.
01:50
and the first problem that every organ must solve
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O primeiro problema
que todo órgano ten que resolver
é o do continuo fornecemento de nutrientes
para alimentar todas as células do corpo.
01:53
is a continuous supply of nutrients to fuel
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01:56
all those cells of the body.
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01:57
In the brain, that is especially critical;
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No cerebro é especialmente crítico;
02:00
its intense electrical activity uses up
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a súa intensa actividade eléctrica emprega
02:02
a quarter of the body's entire energy supply,
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un cuarto de todo o abastecemento
de enerxía do corpo,
02:05
even though the brain accounts
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a pesar de que o cerebro constitúe
só arredor dun 2% da masa total do corpo.
02:07
for only about two percent of the body's mass.
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02:10
So the circulatory system
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O sistema circulatorio soluciona
o problema de reparto de nutrientes
02:11
solves the nutrient delivery problem
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usando vasos sanguíneos,
que levan nutrientes e osíxeno
02:14
by sending blood vessels to supply nutrients
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02:16
and oxygen to every corner of our body.
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a cada recanto do noso corpo.
02:20
You can actually see it in this video here.
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Podémolo ver neste vídeo.
Estamos a ver os vasos sanguíneos
do cerebro dun rato vivo.
02:23
Here, we're imaging blood vessels
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02:24
in the brain of a living mouse.
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Os vasos sanguíneos forman
unha complexa rede
02:27
The blood vessels form a complex network
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02:30
that fills the entire brain volume.
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que enche todo o volume do cerebro.
02:32
They start at the surface of the brain,
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Comezan na súa superficie
e despois penetran no tecido.
02:34
and then they dive down into the tissue itself,
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02:37
and as they spread out, they supply nutrients
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A medida que se espallan, levan nutrientes
02:39
and oxygen to each and every cell in the brain.
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e osíxeno a todas e cada unha
das células do cerebro.
02:45
Now, just as every cell requires
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Dado que todas as células precisan
nutrientes para funcionar,
02:48
nutrients to fuel it,
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02:50
every cell also produces waste as a byproduct,
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cada célula tamén produce refugallos
como subproduto
02:53
and the clearance of that waste
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e a limpeza deses refugallos
é o segundo problema básico
02:55
is the second basic problem
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02:57
that each organ has to solve.
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que ten que resolver cada órgano.
03:00
This diagram shows the body's lymphatic system,
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Este diagrama amosa o sistema linfático,
03:02
which has evolved to meet this need.
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que evolucionou
para satisfacer esta necesidade.
03:05
It's a second parallel network of vessels
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É unha segunda rede paralela de vasos
que se estende ao longo do corpo.
03:07
that extends throughout the body.
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03:09
It takes up proteins and other waste
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Recolle as proteínas e outros residuos
dos espazos intercelulares
03:11
from the spaces between the cells,
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03:13
it collects them, and then dumps them into the blood
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para despois vertelos no sangue
e que poidan ser eliminados.
03:16
so they can be disposed of.
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03:18
But if you look really closely at this diagram,
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Se mirades ben este diagrama
veredes algo
03:20
you'll see something
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03:22
that doesn't make a lot of sense.
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que non ten moito sentido.
03:24
So if we were to zoom into this guy's head,
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Se ampliamos a cabeza deste individuo
03:27
one of the things that you would see there
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unha das cousas que se ven
é que non hai vasos linfáticos no cerebro.
03:29
is that there are no lymphatic vessels in the brain.
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03:33
But that doesn't make a lot of sense, does it?
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Mais isto non ten moito sentido, non si?
03:36
I mean, the brain is this intensely active organ
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Quero dicir, o cerebro é un órgano
cunha intensa actividade
03:39
that produces a correspondingly
large amount of waste
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que produce unha cantidade
igualmente grande de residuos
03:42
that must be efficiently cleared.
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que hai que limpar eficazmente.
03:44
And yet, it lacks lymphatic vessels, which means that
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E aínda así non ten vasos linfáticos,
o que significa
03:47
the approach that the rest of the body takes
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que a solución que adopta
o resto do corpo
03:49
to clearing away its waste
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para limpar os residuos
non funciona no cerebro.
03:51
won't work in the brain.
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Entón como soluciona o cerebro
o problema da limpeza dos seus residuos?
03:54
So how, then, does the brain solve
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03:56
its waste clearance problem?
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03:58
Well, that seemingly mundane question
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Esta cuestión, aparentemente trivial,
04:02
is where our group first jumped into this story,
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é a que motivou ao noso grupo
a entrar nesta historia.
04:05
and what we found
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E o que atopamos ao entrarmos no cerebro,
04:07
as we dove down into the brain,
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04:09
down among the neurons and the blood vessels,
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entre as neuronas e os vasos sanguíneos,
foi que a solución do cerebro
04:12
was that the brain's solution
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04:15
to the problem of waste clearance,
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para o problema da limpeza de residuos
era totalmente inesperada.
04:17
it was really unexpected.
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04:19
It was ingenious,
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Era enxeñosa pero tamén fermosa.
04:22
but it was also beautiful.
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04:25
Let me tell you about what we found.
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Vouvos contar o que atopamos.
04:27
So the brain has this large pool
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O cerebro ten unha bolsa grande
04:29
of clean, clear fluid called cerebrospinal fluid.
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de fluído limpo e claro,
chamado líquido cefalorraquídeo,
04:33
We call it the CSF.
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que abreviamos como LCR.
04:34
The CSF fills the space that surrounds the brain,
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O LCR enche o espazo que rodea o cerebro,
de modo que os residuos
do interior do cerebro
04:38
and wastes from inside the brain
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04:39
make their way out to the CSF,
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saen cara ao LCR,
04:42
which gets dumped, along with
the waste, into the blood.
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que é vertido no sangue
xunto cos residuos.
04:45
So in that way, it sounds a lot like
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Isto semella moi parecido
ao sistema linfático, verdade?
04:46
the lymphatic system, doesn't it?
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04:49
But what's interesting is that the fluid and the waste
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Pero o máis interesante é
que o líquido mais os residuos
04:51
from inside the brain,
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do interior do cerebro
non chegan así como así
04:53
they don't just percolate their way randomly
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04:55
out to these pools of CSF.
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ata as bolsas do LCR.
04:58
Instead, there is a specialized network of plumbing
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Ao contrario, hai
unha rede especializada de condutos
05:02
that organizes and facilitates this process.
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que organiza e facilita este proceso.
05:05
You can see that in these videos.
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Podédelo ver nestes vídeos.
05:08
Here, we're again imaging into the brain
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Aquí estamos vendo outra vez
o cerebro de ratos vivos.
05:11
of living mice.
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05:12
The frame on your left shows
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A imaxe da esquerda amosa
o que sucede na superficie do cerebro,
05:14
what's happening at the brain's surface,
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05:16
and the frame on your right shows
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mentres que a da dereita amosa
o que ocorre dentro do cerebro,
05:18
what's happening down below the surface of the brain
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05:20
within the tissue itself.
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no interior do propio tecido.
05:21
We've labeled the blood vessels in red,
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Marcamos os vasos sanguíneos en vermello
05:24
and the CSF that's surrounding the brain
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e o LCR que rodea o cerebro
vai aparecer en verde.
05:26
will be in green.
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05:27
Now, what was surprising to us
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O que nos sorprendeu
foi que o líquido do exterior do cerebro
05:29
was that the fluid on the outside of the brain,
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05:32
it didn't stay on the outside.
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non se mantiña no exterior,
senón que era bombeado
05:35
Instead, the CSF was pumped back into
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05:39
and through the brain
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outra vez cara ao interior do cerebro
polo exterior dos vasos sanguíneos
05:41
along the outsides of the blood vessels,
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05:44
and as it flushed down into the brain
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e a medida que se filtraba no cerebro
polo exterior dos vasos
05:46
along the outsides of these vessels,
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05:48
it was actually helping to clear away,
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estaba axudando a desfacerse,
a limpar os residuos
05:51
to clean the waste from the spaces
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dos espazos intercelulares do cerebro.
05:53
between the brain's cells.
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05:56
If you think about it,
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Se vos parades a pensalo,
05:58
using the outsides of these blood vessels like this
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empregar así o exterior
dos vasos sanguíneos
06:01
is a really clever design solution,
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é unha solución de deseño moi intelixente,
06:04
because the brain is enclosed
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dado que o cerebro está encerrado
nun cranio ríxido
06:07
in a rigid skull
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06:08
and it's packed full of cells,
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e está repleto de células,
non hai espazo dentro del
06:10
so there is no extra space inside it
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06:13
for a whole second set of vessels
like the lymphatic system.
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para un segundo conxunto de vasos
coma o sistema linfático.
06:17
Yet the blood vessels,
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Mais os vasos sanguíneos
si se estenden desde a superficie
06:18
they extend from the surface of the brain
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06:20
down to reach every single cell in the brain,
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ata o interior para chegar
a todas as células do cerebro,
06:23
which means that fluid
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o que significa que o líquido
que circula polo exterior destes vasos
06:24
that's traveling along the outsides of these vessels
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06:27
can gain easy access to the entire brain's volume,
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pode chegar facilmente
a todo o volume do cerebro,
06:31
so it's actually this really clever way
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polo que é unha maneira moi intelixente
06:33
to repurpose one set of vessels, the blood vessels,
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de facer que un conxunto de vasos,
os vasos sanguíneos,
06:37
to take over and replace the function
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asuma e substitúa a función
06:40
of a second set of vessels, the lymphatic vessels,
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dun segundo conxunto de vasos,
os vasos linfáticos,
06:43
to make it so you don't need them.
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e evite así que sexan necesarios.
06:45
And what's amazing is that no other organ
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E o máis impresionante é
que ningún outro órgano
06:48
takes quite this approach
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adopta esta solución para desfacerse
dos residuos intercelulares.
06:49
to clearing away the waste from between its cells.
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06:52
This is a solution that is entirely unique to the brain.
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É unha solución
completamente única do cerebro.
06:58
But our most surprising finding
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Pero o descubrimento máis sorprendente
foi que todo isto,
07:00
was that all of this,
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07:03
everything I just told you about,
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todo o que vos acabo de contar,
o deste líquido que percorre o cerebro
07:05
with all this fluid rushing through the brain,
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07:08
it's only happening in the sleeping brain.
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só ocorre no cerebro durmido.
07:12
Here, the video on the left
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Aquí, o vídeo da esquerda
amosa canto LCR se está a mover
07:14
shows how much of the CSF is moving
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07:16
through the brain of a living mouse while it's awake.
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polo cerebro dun rato vivo
que está esperto.
07:20
It's almost nothing.
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Practicamente nada.
07:22
Yet in the same animal,
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Mais no mesmo animal,
se agardamos un pouco a que adormeza,
07:23
if we wait just a little while until it's gone to sleep,
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07:26
what we see is that the CSF
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vemos o LCR circular polo cerebro,
07:29
is rushing through the brain,
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e descubrimos que no mesmo momento
en que o cerebro comeza a durmir,
07:31
and we discovered that at the same time
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07:34
when the brain goes to sleep,
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as neuronas semellan encoller,
abrindo espazos entre elas
07:36
the brain cells themselves seem to shrink,
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07:39
opening up spaces in between them,
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e permitindo que o líquido penetre
e limpe os residuos.
07:41
allowing fluid to rush through
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07:43
and allowing waste to be cleared out.
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Entón parece que Galeno,
en realidade, estaba no certo
07:46
So it seems that Galen may actually have been
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07:48
sort of on the right track when he wrote about
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cando escribía sobre un fluído
que percorría o cerebro
07:51
fluid rushing through the brain
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07:53
when sleep came on.
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cando comezabamos a durmir.
07:55
Our own research, now it's 2,000 years later,
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A nosa investigación, 2000 anos despois,
suxire que o que sucede
07:58
suggests that what's happening is that
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08:00
when the brain is awake
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é que cando o cerebro está esperto
e na súa máxima actividade,
08:03
and is at its most busy,
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08:05
it puts off clearing away the waste
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adía a limpeza dos residuos
dos espazos intercelulares
08:07
from the spaces between its cells until later,
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e despois, cando durme
e non precisa estar tan activo
08:10
and then, when it goes to sleep
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08:12
and doesn't have to be as busy,
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08:14
it shifts into a kind of cleaning mode
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entra nunha especie de modo de limpeza
08:17
to clear away the waste
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para desfacerse dos residuos
dos espazos intercelulares,
08:19
from the spaces between its cells,
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residuos que foron acumulándose
durante o día.
08:20
the waste that's accumulated throughout the day.
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Polo que en realidade é un pouco coma nós,
08:22
So it's actually a little bit like how you or I,
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cando atrasamos as tarefas da casa
durante a semana,
08:25
we put off our household chores during the work week
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cando non temos tempo de facelas,
08:28
when we don't have time to get to it,
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08:29
and then we play catch up on all
the cleaning that we have to do
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e despois poñémonos ao día
e facemos toda a limpeza
cando chega a fin de semana.
08:33
when the weekend rolls around.
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08:35
Now, I've just talked a lot about waste clearance,
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Ata agora falei moito
sobre a limpeza de residuos,
08:39
but I haven't been very specific
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mais non fun moi específico
sobre os tipos de residuos
08:40
about the kinds of waste
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08:42
that the brain needs to be clearing
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que o cerebro ten que eliminar
durante o sono para manterse saudábel.
08:44
during sleep in order to stay healthy.
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O residuo en que se centraron
os estudos máis recentes
08:46
The waste product that these recent studies
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08:48
focused most on is amyloid-beta,
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é a beta-amiloide,
unha proteína que se fabrica no cerebro
todo o tempo.
08:50
which is a protein that's made
in the brain all the time.
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3195
Agora mesmo o meu cerebro
está a producir beta-amiloide
08:54
My brain's making amyloid-beta right now,
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1858
08:55
and so is yours.
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e tamén os vosos.
Pero en pacientes con alzhéimer,
a beta-amiloide acumúlase
08:58
But in patients with Alzheimer's disease,
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2002
09:00
amyloid-beta builds up and aggregates
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2599
e concéntrase nos espazos entre neuronas
no canto de ser limpada como debería.
09:02
in the spaces between the brain's cells,
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2013
09:04
instead of being cleared away
like it's supposed to be,
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3426
09:08
and it's this buildup of amyloid-beta
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2010
E esta acumulación de beta-amiloide
cremos que é un dos pasos chave
09:10
that's thought to be one of the key steps
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09:12
in the development of that terrible disease.
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no desenvolvemento
desta terrible enfermidade.
09:15
So we measured how fast amyloid-beta is cleared
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3094
Medimos a velocidade
con que a beta-amiloide
é eliminada do cerebro cando está esperto
e cando está a durmir,
09:18
from the brain when it's awake
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09:19
versus when it's asleep,
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1778
e achamos que, efectivamente,
a limpeza da beta-amiloide
09:21
and we found that indeed,
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1878
09:23
the clearance of amyloid-beta
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1890
09:25
is much more rapid from the sleeping brain.
224
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4519
é moito máis rápida no cerebro
que está a durmir.
09:29
So if sleep, then,
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Polo tanto, se o sono é parte da solución
que ten o cerebro
09:31
is part of the brain's solution
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1958
09:33
to the problem of waste clearance,
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561342
2010
para o problema da limpeza de residuos,
09:35
then this may dramatically change how we think
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2376
entón pode mudar drasticamente
a forma de pensarmos a relación
09:37
about the relationship between sleep,
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2235
entre o sono, a beta-amiloide
e a enfermidade de alzhéimer.
09:40
amyloid-beta, and Alzheimer's disease.
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3356
Algúns estudos clínicos recentes suxiren
09:43
A series of recent clinical studies
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571319
1958
09:45
suggest that among patients
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1833
que entre pacientes
que aínda non desenvolveron alzhéimer,
09:47
who haven't yet developed Alzheimer's disease,
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3094
09:50
worsening sleep quality and sleep duration
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3066
o empeoramento da calidade
e da duración do sono
están asociadas a unha maior cantidade
de beta-amiloide no cerebro.
09:53
are associated with a greater amount
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2018
09:55
of amyloid-beta building up in the brain,
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2812
09:58
and while it's important to point out
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1867
Porén, cómpre sinalar que estes estudos
non demostran que a falta de sono
10:00
that these studies don't prove
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1710
10:01
that lack of sleep or poor sleep
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2189
ou o sono escaso
provoquen a enfermidade de alzhéimer,
10:04
cause Alzheimer's disease,
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2407
pero si suxiren
que a dificultade do cerebro
10:06
they do suggest that the failure of the brain
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2610
10:09
to keep its house clean
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596883
1912
para manter a súa casa limpa
eliminando residuos coma a beta-amiloide
10:10
by clearing away waste like amyloid-beta
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2756
pode contribuír ao desenvolvemento
de doenzas como o alzhéimer.
10:13
may contribute to the development
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1902
10:15
of conditions like Alzheimer's.
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3617
Entón, o que esta nova investigación di
10:19
So what this new research tells us, then,
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1905
é que o que todos vós xa sabiades
sobre o sono,
10:21
is that the one thing that all of you
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2327
10:23
already knew about sleep,
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1408
10:24
that even Galen understood about sleep,
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2653
o que incluso Galeno xa sabía,
que refresca e despexa a mente,
10:27
that it refreshes and clears the mind,
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3071
pode ser unha parte importante
da función do sono.
10:30
may actually be a big part
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1541
10:32
of what sleep is all about.
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2317
Mirade, vós e mais eu
durmimos todas as noites
10:34
See, you and I, we go to sleep
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1518
10:36
every single night,
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1733
mais os nosos cerebros nunca descansan.
10:37
but our brains, they never rest.
255
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3003
Mentres o noso corpo está parado
e a nosa mente vaga por aí en soños,
10:40
While our body is still
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1834
10:42
and our mind is off walking in dreams somewhere,
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3071
a elegante maquinaria do cerebro
está en silencio traballando duro
10:45
the elegant machinery of the brain
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1676
10:47
is quietly hard at work
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635127
1980
10:49
cleaning and maintaining
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2193
limpando e mantendo esta máquina
incribelmente complexa.
10:51
this unimaginably complex machine.
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2835
10:54
Like our housework,
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1041
Igual que as tarefas de casa,
é un labor sucio e ingrato
10:55
it's a dirty and a thankless job,
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2749
pero tamén importante.
10:58
but it's also important.
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2255
Na casa, se estamos sen limpar a cociña
11:00
In your house, if you stop cleaning your kitchen
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2403
11:02
for a month,
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1908
durante un mes
11:04
your home will become completely unlivable
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2439
o fogar convértese rapidamente
nun lugar no que é imposíbel vivir.
11:07
very quickly.
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1607
11:08
But in the brain, the consequences
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2088
Pero no cerebro, as consecuencias
de atrasarse na limpeza
11:10
of falling behind may be much greater
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2931
poden ser moito máis graves
que a vergoña de ter os mesados sucios,
11:13
than the embarrassment of dirty countertops,
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2728
11:16
because when it comes to cleaning the brain,
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2564
porque cando se trata de limpar o cerebro,
son a saúde e a función da mente
e do corpo as que están en xogo;
11:19
it is the very health and function
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2376
11:21
of the mind and the body that's at stake,
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2945
11:24
which is why understanding these
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2241
e por iso comprender hoxe
estas funcións básicas
de mantemento do cerebro
11:26
very basic housekeeping functions of the brain today
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4272
11:30
may be critical for preventing and treating
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2993
pode ser crucial para previr e tratar
doenzas da mente o día de mañá.
11:33
diseases of the mind tomorrow.
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3028
Grazas.
11:36
Thank you.
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2048
(Aplauso)
11:38
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jeff Iliff - Neuroscientist
Jeff Iliff is a neuroscientist who explores the unique functions of the brain.

Why you should listen
Neuroscientist Jeff Iliff 's research follows two main paths. The first is the exploration of how the brain’s support cells, called glia, contribute to maintaining the proper environment for neuronal function and how their failure in conditions like vascular dementia, stroke, and traumatic brain injury leads to neurodegeneration. The second seeks to define the basic cellular mechanisms by which brain blood flow is coordinated up and down the vascular tree. Now an Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine at Oregon Health & Science University, Jeff was a part of a University of Rochester Medical Center team that discovered a brain cleansing system, which they dubbed the “glymphatic system.”
More profile about the speaker
Jeff Iliff | Speaker | TED.com

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