TED2018
Prosanta Chakrabarty: Four billion years of evolution in six minutes
Prosanta Chakrabarty: Četiri milijarde godina evolucije u šest minuta
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Jesu li ljudi nastali od majmuna ili riba? U ovom poučnom govoru, ihtiolog i član TED-a, Prosanta Chakrabarty, razbija neke ukorijenjene mitove o evoluciji, ohrabrujući nas da se prisjetimo da smo malen dio složenog, četiri milijarde godina dugog procesa - i ne na kraju linije. "Mi nismo cilj evolucije.", kaže Chakrabarty, " Razmišljajte o nama kao o mladim listovima na ovom prastarom i ogromnom drvu života -- povezanim nevidljivim granama ne samo jedni s drugima, nego i s našim izumrlim rođacima i evolucijskim predcima.
Prosanta Chakrabarty - Ichthyologist
Prosanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet. Full bio
Prosanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
If we evolved from monkeys,
why are there still monkeys?
why are there still monkeys?
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Ako smo se mi razvili iz majmuna,
zašto još postoje majmuni?
zašto još postoje majmuni?
00:17
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:18
Well, because we're not monkeys,
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Pa, zato što nismo majmuni,
00:20
we're fish.
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nego ribe.
00:22
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:23
Now, knowing you're a fish
and not a monkey
and not a monkey
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Znati da smo ribe, a ne majmuni
00:26
is actually really important
to understanding where we came from.
to understanding where we came from.
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zapravo je jako važno
zbog razumijevanja odakle smo nastali.
zbog razumijevanja odakle smo nastali.
00:30
I teach one of the largest
evolutionary biology classes in the US,
evolutionary biology classes in the US,
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Predajem jedan od najvećih
kolegija o evolucijskoj biologiji u SAD-u
kolegija o evolucijskoj biologiji u SAD-u
00:34
and when my students finally understand
why I call them fish all the time,
why I call them fish all the time,
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i kada moji studenti napokon shvate
zašto ih stalno zovem ribama,
zašto ih stalno zovem ribama,
00:38
then I know I'm getting my job done.
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onda znam da dobro odrađujem svoj posao.
00:40
But I always have to start my classes
by dispelling some hardwired myths,
by dispelling some hardwired myths,
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No, uvijek moram započeti svoja predavanja
razbijanjem ukorijenjenih mitova
razbijanjem ukorijenjenih mitova
00:45
because without really knowing it,
many of us were taught evolution wrong.
many of us were taught evolution wrong.
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jer iako toga nismo bili zaista svjesni,
puno nas je krivo naučeno o evoluciji.
puno nas je krivo naučeno o evoluciji.
00:50
For instance, we're taught
to say "the theory of evolution."
to say "the theory of evolution."
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Na primjer, naučeni smo reći
"teorija evolucije".
"teorija evolucije".
00:54
There are actually many theories,
and just like the process itself,
and just like the process itself,
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U stvari, postoji puno teorija
i baš kao i sam proces,
i baš kao i sam proces,
00:58
the ones that best fit the data
are the ones that survive to this day.
are the ones that survive to this day.
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one koje se najbolje uklapaju
su one koje su se i održale do danas.
su one koje su se i održale do danas.
01:03
The one we know best
is Darwinian natural selection.
is Darwinian natural selection.
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Najpoznatija je Darwinova teorija
evolucije prirodnom selekcijom.
evolucije prirodnom selekcijom.
01:06
That's the process by which organisms
that best fit an environment
that best fit an environment
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Ona opisuje proces kojim organizmi
koji se najbolje prilagođavaju okolišu
koji se najbolje prilagođavaju okolišu
01:10
survive and get to reproduce,
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preživljavaju i razmnožavaju se,
01:13
while those that are less fit
slowly die off.
slowly die off.
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dok oni koji se slabije uklapaju
polako i odumiru.
polako i odumiru.
01:16
And that's it.
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I to je to.
01:17
Evolution is as simple as that,
and it's a fact.
and it's a fact.
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Evolucija je tako jednostavna,
i to je činjenica.
i to je činjenica.
01:21
Evolution is a fact
as much as the "theory of gravity."
as much as the "theory of gravity."
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Evolucija je činjenica
koliko i "teorija gravitacije".
koliko i "teorija gravitacije".
01:26
You can prove it just as easily.
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Jednako lako je možemo dokazati.
01:28
You just need to look at your bellybutton
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Samo trebate pogledati svoj pupak
01:30
that you share
with other placental mammals,
with other placental mammals,
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kojeg dijelite s ostalim pravim sisavcima,
01:32
or your backbone that you share
with other vertebrates,
with other vertebrates,
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ili kralježnicu koju dijelite
s ostalim kralježnjacima,
s ostalim kralježnjacima,
01:35
or your DNA that you share
with all other life on earth.
with all other life on earth.
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ili vašu DNK koju dijelite
sa svime što je živo na Zemlji.
sa svime što je živo na Zemlji.
01:39
Those traits didn't pop up in humans.
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Te se osobine nisu
prvo pojavile kod ljudi.
prvo pojavile kod ljudi.
01:41
They were passed down
from different ancestors
from different ancestors
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One su predane od različitih predaka
01:44
to all their descendants, not just us.
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svim njihovim potomcima, ne samo nama.
01:47
But that's not really
how we learn biology early on, is it?
how we learn biology early on, is it?
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Ali, ne počinjemo baš tako
učiti biologiju, zar ne?
učiti biologiju, zar ne?
01:51
We learn plants and bacteria
are primitive things,
are primitive things,
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Učimo da su biljke i bakterije
primitivne vrste,
primitivne vrste,
01:54
and fish give rise to amphibians
followed by reptiles and mammals,
followed by reptiles and mammals,
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ribe se razvijaju u vodozemce,
dalje idu gmazovi i sisavci,
dalje idu gmazovi i sisavci,
01:57
and then you get you,
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a onda ste nastali vi,
01:59
this perfectly evolved creature
at the end of the line.
at the end of the line.
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savršeno evoluirano biće na kraju linije.
02:03
But life doesn't evolve in a line,
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No, život se ne razvija pravocrtno
02:05
and it doesn't end with us.
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i ne završava s nama.
02:08
But we're always shown evolution
portrayed something like this,
portrayed something like this,
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Evolucija nam je uvijek prikazana ovako,
02:12
a monkey and a chimpanzee,
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majmun i čimpanza,
02:14
some extinct humans,
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neki izumrli ljudi
02:15
all on a forward and steady march
to becoming us.
to becoming us.
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koji su svi na stalnom maršu
kako bi postali mi.
kako bi postali mi.
02:19
But they don't become us
any more than we would become them.
any more than we would become them.
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No, oni ne postaju mi
ništa više nego bismo mi postali oni.
ništa više nego bismo mi postali oni.
02:23
We're also not the goal of evolution.
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Također, mi nismo cilj evolucije.
02:27
But why does it matter?
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Ali, zašto je to važno?
02:28
Why do we need to understand
evolution the right way?
evolution the right way?
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Zašto moramo pravilno razumjeti evoluciju?
02:32
Well, misunderstanding evolution
has led to many problems,
has led to many problems,
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Pa, nerazumijevanje evolucije
je dovelo do mnogih problema,
je dovelo do mnogih problema,
02:36
but you can't ask that age-old question,
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ali ne možete pitati to prastaro pitanje,
02:40
"Where are we from?"
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"Odakle smo nastali?",
02:42
without understanding
evolution the right way.
evolution the right way.
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bez pravilnog razumijevanja evolucije.
02:45
Misunderstanding it has led
to many convoluted and corrupted views
to many convoluted and corrupted views
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Nerazumijevanje je dovelo
do mnogih zamršenih i iskvarenih gledišta
do mnogih zamršenih i iskvarenih gledišta
02:50
of how we should treat
other life on earth,
other life on earth,
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o tome kako bismo se trebali odnositi
prema životu na Zemlji
prema životu na Zemlji
02:53
and how we should treat each other
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te jedni prema drugima
02:55
in terms of race and gender.
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u smislu rase i spola.
02:59
So let's go back four billion years.
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Vratimo se unazad 4 milijarde godina.
03:02
This is the single-celled organism
we all came from.
we all came from.
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Ovo je jednostanični organizam
od kojeg smo svi nastali.
od kojeg smo svi nastali.
03:06
At first, it gave rise
to other single-celled life,
to other single-celled life,
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Na početku je doveo
do drugog jednostaničnog života,
do drugog jednostaničnog života,
03:09
but these are still evolving to this day,
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ali oni još uvijek evoluiraju
03:11
and some would say
the Archaea and Bacteria
the Archaea and Bacteria
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i neki bi rekli da su
prabakterije i bakterije,
prabakterije i bakterije,
03:14
that make up most of this group
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koje čine većinu ove grupe,
03:16
is the most successful on the planet.
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najuspješnije na planetu.
03:18
They are certainly going
to be here well after us.
to be here well after us.
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Svakako će biti tu dugo poslije nas.
03:21
About three billion years ago,
multicellularity evolved.
multicellularity evolved.
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Prije otprilike 3 milijarde godina
nastala je višestaničnost.
nastala je višestaničnost.
03:25
This includes your fungi
and your plants and your animals.
and your plants and your animals.
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To uključuje gljivice, biljke i životinje.
03:29
The first animals to develop
a backbone were fishes.
a backbone were fishes.
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Prve životinje koje su
razvile kralježnicu bile su ribe.
razvile kralježnicu bile su ribe.
03:33
So technically,
all vertebrates are fishes,
all vertebrates are fishes,
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Tehnički, svi kralježnjaci su ribe,
03:37
so technically, you and I are fish.
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tehnički, vi i ja smo ribe.
03:40
So don't say I didn't warn you.
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Nemojte reći da vas nisam upozorio.
03:43
One fish lineage came onto land
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Jedna vrsta riba je došla na kopno
03:45
and gave rise to, among other things,
the mammals and reptiles.
the mammals and reptiles.
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iz kojih su, između ostalih,
nastali sisavci i gmazovi.
nastali sisavci i gmazovi.
03:49
Some reptiles become birds,
some mammals become primates,
some mammals become primates,
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Neki gmazovi su postali ptice,
neki sisavci su postali primati,
neki sisavci su postali primati,
03:53
some primates become monkeys with tails,
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neki primati su postali majmuni s repom,
03:56
and others become the great apes,
including a variety of human species.
including a variety of human species.
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ostali su postali čovjekoliki majmuni,
uključujući raznolikost ljudskih vrsta.
uključujući raznolikost ljudskih vrsta.
04:01
So you see, we didn't evolve from monkeys,
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Prema tome, nismo nastali od majmuna,
04:03
but we do share
a common ancestor with them.
a common ancestor with them.
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ali dijelimo zajedničkog pretka.
04:06
All the while, life
around us kept evolving:
around us kept evolving:
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Cijelo vrijeme život oko nas je evoluirao;
04:09
more bacteria, more fungi,
lots of fish, fish, fish.
lots of fish, fish, fish.
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više bakterija, više gljivica,
puno ribe, ribe, ribe.
puno ribe, ribe, ribe.
04:13
If you couldn't tell --
yes, they're my favorite group.
yes, they're my favorite group.
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Ako niste primijetili,
da, oni su mi omiljena skupina.
da, oni su mi omiljena skupina.
04:16
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:17
As life evolves, it also goes extinct.
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Kako život evoluira, također i izumire.
04:20
Most species just last
for a few million years.
for a few million years.
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Većina vrsta traje
samo nekoliko milijuna godina.
samo nekoliko milijuna godina.
04:23
So you see, most life on earth
that we see around us today
that we see around us today
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Tako da, većina života na Zemlji
kojeg vidimo oko nas,
kojeg vidimo oko nas,
04:26
are about the same age as our species.
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otprilike je jednako stara kao naša vrsta.
04:28
So it's hubris,
it's self-centered to think,
it's self-centered to think,
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Oholo je i umišljeno misliti,
04:32
"Oh, plants and bacteria are primitive,
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"Biljke i bakterije su primitivne,
04:34
and we've been here
for an evolutionary minute,
for an evolutionary minute,
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a mi smo ovdje evolucijski kratko
04:37
so we're somehow special."
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pa smo nekako posebni."
04:39
Think of life as being this book,
an unfinished book for sure.
an unfinished book for sure.
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Mislite o životu kao o knjizi,
zasigurno nedovršenoj knjizi.
zasigurno nedovršenoj knjizi.
04:44
We're just seeing the last
few pages of each chapter.
few pages of each chapter.
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Mi samo gledamo zadnjih
par stranica svakog poglavlja.
par stranica svakog poglavlja.
04:48
If you look out
on the eight million species
on the eight million species
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Ako pogledate osam milijuna vrsta
04:50
that we share this planet with,
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s kojima dijelimo ovaj planet,
04:52
think of them all being
four billion years of evolution.
four billion years of evolution.
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razmišljajte o njima svima kao o
četiri milijarde godina evolucije.
četiri milijarde godina evolucije.
04:56
They're all the product of that.
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Oni su svi proizvod toga.
04:59
Think of us all as young leaves
on this ancient and gigantic tree of life,
on this ancient and gigantic tree of life,
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Mislite o svima nama kao mladim listovima
na ovom prastarom, ogromnom drvu života,
na ovom prastarom, ogromnom drvu života,
05:04
all of us connected by invisible branches
not just to each other,
not just to each other,
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svi povezani nevidljivim granama,
ne samo jedni s drugima,
ne samo jedni s drugima,
05:08
but to our extinct relatives
and our evolutionary ancestors.
and our evolutionary ancestors.
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nego i s našim izumrlim rođacima
i našim evolucijskim predcima.
i našim evolucijskim predcima.
05:12
As a biologist, I'm still
trying to learn, with others,
trying to learn, with others,
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Kao biolog, još uvijek
pokušavam naučiti, s drugima,
pokušavam naučiti, s drugima,
05:15
how everyone's related to each other,
who is related to whom.
who is related to whom.
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kako su svi srodni jedni drugima,
tko je u rodu s kime.
tko je u rodu s kime.
05:20
Perhaps it's better still
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Možda je još uvijek bolje
05:23
to think of us
as a little fish out of water.
as a little fish out of water.
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misliti o nama kao o
maloj ribi izvan vode.
maloj ribi izvan vode.
05:26
Yes, one that learned to walk and talk,
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Da, ona koja je naučila hodati i pričati,
05:29
but one that still has
a lot of learning to do
a lot of learning to do
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ali koja još uvijek ima
puno toga za naučiti
puno toga za naučiti
05:32
about who we are and where we came from.
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o tome tko smo i odakle smo došli.
05:35
Thank you.
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Hvala.
05:36
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Prosanta Chakrabarty - IchthyologistProsanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet.
Why you should listen
Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty is an Associate Professor and Curator of Fishes at the Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Science at Louisiana State University.
Chakrabarty is a systematist and an ichthyologist studying the evolution and biogeography of both freshwater and marine fishes. His work includes studies of Neotropical (Central and South America, Caribbean) and Indo-West Pacific (Indian and Western Pacific Ocean) fishes. His natural history collecting efforts include trips to Japan, Australia, Taiwan, Madagascar, Panama, Kuwait and many other countries. He has discovered over a dozen new species including new anglerfishes and cavefishes.
The LSU Museum of Natural Science fish collection that Chakrabarty oversees includes nearly half a million fish specimens and nearly 10,000 DNA samples covering most major groups of fishes. He earned his PhD at the University of Michigan and his undergraduate degree is from McGill University in Montreal. He has written two books including A Guide to Academia: Getting into and Surviving Grad School, Postdocs and a Research Job. He is also a former Program Director at the National Science Foundation. He was named a TED Fellow in 2016 and a TED Senior Fellow in 2018.
Prosanta Chakrabarty | Speaker | TED.com