TED2017
Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar: What happens in your brain when you pay attention?
Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar: Što se dogodi u vašem mozgu kada obratite pažnju?
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Pažnja nije samo nešto na što se fokusiramo, to je također ono što mozak isfiltrira. Istraživajući obrasce u mozgu dok se ljud pokušavaju fokusirati, računalni neuroznanstvenik Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar se nada da će približiti mozak i kompjuter. gradeći modele koji će pomoći izliječiti ADHD i pomoći onima koji su izgubili mogućnost komuniciranja. Poslušajte više o tome u ovom kratkom, zanimljivom govoru.
Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar - Neuroscientist
Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar is a computational neuroscientist, researching brain signals and their usage in brain-machine interfaces. Full bio
Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar is a computational neuroscientist, researching brain signals and their usage in brain-machine interfaces. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Paying close attention to something:
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Obratiti pažnju na nešto;
00:15
Not that easy, is it?
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nije jednostavno, zar ne?
00:17
It's because our attention is pulled
in so many different directions at a time,
in so many different directions at a time,
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To je zato što našu pažnju u isto
vrijeme odvlače različite stvari,
vrijeme odvlače različite stvari,
00:22
and it's in fact pretty impressive
if you can stay focused.
if you can stay focused.
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i zapravo je fascinantno što
možete ostati fokusirani.
možete ostati fokusirani.
00:28
Many people think that attention
is all about what we are focusing on,
is all about what we are focusing on,
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Mnogu ljudi misle da je za pažnju
bitno na što se fokusiramo,
bitno na što se fokusiramo,
00:32
but it's also about what information
our brain is trying to filter out.
our brain is trying to filter out.
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ali bitno je i koje informacije
mozak pokušava filtrirati.
mozak pokušava filtrirati.
00:38
There are two ways
you direct your attention.
you direct your attention.
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Postoje dva načina da
obratite pažnju.
obratite pažnju.
00:41
First, there's overt attention.
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Prvi je očita pažnja.
00:43
In overt attention,
you move your eyes towards something
you move your eyes towards something
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U očitoj pažnji, pokrećete
oči prema nečemu
oči prema nečemu
00:47
in order to pay attention to it.
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kako bi obratili pažnju.
00:50
Then there's covert attention.
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Postoji i prikrivena pažnja.
00:52
In covert attention,
you pay attention to something,
you pay attention to something,
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U prikrivenoj pažnji, obraćate
pažnju na nešto
pažnju na nešto
00:56
but without moving your eyes.
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ali bez pokretanja očiju.
00:59
Think of driving for a second.
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Dobar primjer je vožnja.
01:02
Your overt attention,
your direction of the eyes,
your direction of the eyes,
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Očita pažnja, smjer pogleda,
01:06
are in front,
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je naprijed,
01:07
but that's your covert attention
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ali je vaša prikrivena pažnja ta
01:09
which is constantly scanning
the surrounding area,
the surrounding area,
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koja konstantno pregledava okolinu,
01:13
where you don't actually look at them.
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dok ne gledate u nju.
01:17
I'm a computational neuroscientist,
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Ja sam računalni neuroznanstvenik,
01:19
and I work on cognitive
brain-machine interfaces,
brain-machine interfaces,
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i radim na kognitivnim
mozak-mašina sučeljima,
mozak-mašina sučeljima,
01:22
or bringing together
the brain and the computer.
the brain and the computer.
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to jest, približavam mozak i računalo.
01:26
I love brain patterns.
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Volim obrasce mozga.
01:28
Brain patterns are important for us
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Obrasci mozga su bitni za nas
01:30
because based on them
we can build models for the computers,
we can build models for the computers,
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jer na temelju njih možemo
sagraditi modele za računala,
sagraditi modele za računala,
01:33
and based on these models
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i na temelju tih modela
01:35
computers can recognize
how well our brain functions.
how well our brain functions.
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računalo može prepoznati
koliko dobro naš mozak radi.
koliko dobro naš mozak radi.
01:39
And if it doesn't function well,
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I ako ne radi dobro,
01:42
then these computers themselves
can be used as assistive devices
can be used as assistive devices
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sama računala mogu se
koristiti za ocjenu stanja
koristiti za ocjenu stanja
01:46
for therapies.
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u terapiji.
01:48
But that also means something,
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Ali to znači da ako
01:51
because choosing the wrong patterns
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odaberemo pogrešne obrasce,
01:53
will give us the wrong models
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dobit ćemo pogrešne modele
01:55
and therefore the wrong therapies.
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i time pogrešnu terapiju.
01:57
Right?
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Zar ne?
01:59
In case of attention,
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U slučaju pažnje,
02:01
the fact that we can
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činjenica da možemo
02:03
shift our attention not only by our eyes
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promjeniti našu patnju ne samo očima
02:07
but also by thinking --
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već i samim mišljenjem --
02:09
that makes covert attention
an interesting model for computers.
an interesting model for computers.
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to čini prikrivenu pažnju
zanimljivim modelom za računala.
zanimljivim modelom za računala.
02:14
So I wanted to know
what are the brainwave patterns
what are the brainwave patterns
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Htio sam znati koji su obrasci
moždanih valova
moždanih valova
02:17
when you look overtly
or when you look covertly.
or when you look covertly.
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kada se radi o očitoj
ili prikrivenoj pažnji.
ili prikrivenoj pažnji.
02:22
I set up an experiment for that.
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Postavio sam za to eksperiment.
02:24
In this experiment
there are two flickering squares,
there are two flickering squares,
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U eksperimentu postoje dva
trepteća kvadrata,
trepteća kvadrata,
02:27
one of them flickering
at a slower rate than the other one.
at a slower rate than the other one.
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jedan treperi sporije od drugog.
02:32
Depending on which of these flickers
you are paying attention to,
you are paying attention to,
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ovisno o tome na koji se obrati pažnja,
02:36
certain parts of your brain
will start resonating in the same rate
will start resonating in the same rate
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određeni dijelovi mozga
počinju rezonirati istom frekvencijom
počinju rezonirati istom frekvencijom
02:41
as that flickering rate.
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kojom kvadrat treperi.
02:44
So by analyzing your brain signals,
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Analizirajući vaše signale u mozgu,
02:46
we can track where exactly
you are watching
you are watching
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možemo pratiti gdje točno gledate
02:50
or you are paying attention to.
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ili na što obraćate pažnju.
02:55
So to see what happens in your brain
when you pay overt attention,
when you pay overt attention,
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Da vidite što se dešava u vašem mozgu
kada se služite očitom pažnjom,
kada se služite očitom pažnjom,
02:59
I asked people to look directly
in one of the squares
in one of the squares
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pitao sam ljude da gledaju
u jedan od kvadrata
u jedan od kvadrata
03:02
and pay attention to it.
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i obrate pažnju na njega.
03:04
In this case, not surprisingly,
we saw that these flickering squares
we saw that these flickering squares
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U tom slučaju, očekivano, vidjeli
smo da su se ovi trepteći pravokutnici
smo da su se ovi trepteći pravokutnici
03:10
appeared in their brain signals
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pojavili u signalima mozga
03:12
which was coming
from the back of their head,
from the back of their head,
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koji dolaze iz stražnjeg dijela glave,
03:15
which is responsible for the processing
of your visual information.
of your visual information.
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koji obrađuje vidne informacije.
03:20
But I was really interested
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Ali mene je zanimalo
03:22
to see what happens in your brain
when you pay covert attention.
when you pay covert attention.
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što se desi kada obraćamo
prikrivenu pažnju.
prikrivenu pažnju.
03:26
So this time I asked people
to look in the middle of the screen
to look in the middle of the screen
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Ovaj put sam pitao ljude
da gledaju u sredinu monitora
da gledaju u sredinu monitora
03:30
and without moving their eyes,
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i bez pomjeranja očiju
03:33
to pay attention
to either of these squares.
to either of these squares.
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obrate pažnju na kvadrate.
03:37
When we did that,
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Kad smo to napravili,
03:38
we saw that both of these flickering rates
appeared in their brain signals,
appeared in their brain signals,
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vidjeli smo obje frekvencije titranja u
signalima u mozgu,
signalima u mozgu,
03:42
but interestingly,
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ali zanimljivo,
03:44
only one of them,
which was paid attention to,
which was paid attention to,
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jedna od njih, na koju je
osoba obraćala pažnju,
osoba obraćala pažnju,
03:48
had stronger signals,
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imala je jače signale,
03:49
so there was something in the brain
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što znači da postoji nešto u mozgu
03:52
which was handling this information
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što obrađuje ove informacije
03:54
so that thing in the brain was basically
the activation of the frontal area.
the activation of the frontal area.
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i to je zapravo bila
aktivacija čeone regije
aktivacija čeone regije
04:02
The front part of your brain
is responsible
is responsible
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Čeona regija mozga odgovorna je za
04:05
for higher cognitive functions as a human.
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više kognitivne funkcije kod ljudi.
04:09
The frontal part,
it seems that it works as a filter
it seems that it works as a filter
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Čeoni režanj izgleda
funkcionira kao filter
funkcionira kao filter
04:14
trying to let information come in
only from the right flicker
only from the right flicker
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pokušavajući pustiti informacije samo
iz onog kvadrata
iz onog kvadrata
04:19
that you are paying attention to
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na koji obraćate pažnju,
04:21
and trying to inhibit the information
coming from the ignored one.
coming from the ignored one.
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i pokušavajući inhibirati informacije
iz ignoriranog kvadrata.
iz ignoriranog kvadrata.
04:27
The filtering ability of the brain
is indeed a key for attention,
is indeed a key for attention,
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Mogućnost filtracije mozga
je ključ pažnje
je ključ pažnje
04:32
which is missing in some people,
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koji nedostaje u nekih ljudi,
04:35
for example in people with ADHD.
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na primjer ljudi s ADHD-om.
04:38
So a person with ADHD
cannot inhibit these distractors,
cannot inhibit these distractors,
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Ljudi s ADHD-om ne mogu
inhibirati distrakciju
inhibirati distrakciju
04:43
and that's why they can't focus
for a long time on a single task.
for a long time on a single task.
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i zato se ne mogu fokusirati
dugo na jedan zadatak.
dugo na jedan zadatak.
04:49
But what if this person
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Ali što ako ova osoba
04:51
could play a specific computer game
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može igrati određenu računalnu igru
04:54
with his brain connected to the computer,
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dok je mozak spojen na računalo,
04:58
and then train his own brain
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i tako naučiti mozak
05:01
to inhibit these distractors?
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da inhibira te distrakcije?
05:05
Well, ADHD is just one example.
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ADHD je samo jedan primjer.
05:09
We can use these cognitive
brain-machine interfaces
brain-machine interfaces
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Možemo koristiti ova kognitivna
mozak-mašina sučelja
mozak-mašina sučelja
05:12
for many other cognitive fields.
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za razna kognitivna polja.
05:15
It was just a few years ago
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Prije nekoliko godina
05:17
that my grandfather had a stroke,
and he lost complete ability to speak.
and he lost complete ability to speak.
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je moj djed imao moždani udar,
i izgubio mogućnost govora.
i izgubio mogućnost govora.
05:24
He could understand everybody,
but there was no way to respond,
but there was no way to respond,
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Mogao je razumjeti svakoga,
ali nije mogao odgovoriti,
ali nije mogao odgovoriti,
05:28
even not writing
because he was illiterate.
because he was illiterate.
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čak ni napisati, bio je nepismen.
05:32
So he passed away in silence.
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Umro je u tišini.
05:36
I remember thinking at that time:
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Sjećam se da sam tada razmišljao;
05:39
What if we could have a computer
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što ako imamo računalo
05:43
which could speak for him?
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koje govori umjesto njega?
05:45
Now, after years that I am in this field,
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Sad, nakon godina u ovom polju znanosti,
05:48
I can see that this might be possible.
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vidim da je to možda i moguće.
05:52
Imagine if we can find brainwave patterns
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Zamislite da možete pronaći
moždane valove
moždane valove
05:55
when people think
about images or even letters,
about images or even letters,
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kada ljudi misle o slikama ili slovima,
05:59
like the letter A generates
a different brainwave pattern
a different brainwave pattern
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na primjer, slovo A stvara
drugačije moždane valove
drugačije moždane valove
06:02
than the letter B, and so on.
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nego slovo B, i tako dalje.
06:04
Could a computer one day
communicate for people who can't speak?
communicate for people who can't speak?
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Može li računalo jednog dana
komunicirati za ljude koji ne mogu?
komunicirati za ljude koji ne mogu?
06:09
What if a computer
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Što ako nam računalo
06:11
can help us understand
the thoughts of a person in a coma?
the thoughts of a person in a coma?
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može pomoći razumjeti
misli osobe u komi?
misli osobe u komi?
06:17
We are not there yet,
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Nismo još došli do toga,
06:19
but pay close attention.
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ali obratite pažnju.
06:22
We will be there soon.
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Bit ćemo tamo ubrzo.
06:23
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
06:25
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar - NeuroscientistMehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar is a computational neuroscientist, researching brain signals and their usage in brain-machine interfaces.
Why you should listen
Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar is a research scientist interested in brain-wave patterns generated by neural activities in the brain. Since embarking on his research on neuroscience, Ordikhani-Seyedlar has been working on different brain functions such as learning, memory, pain and, more recently, visual attention in humans. He also conducted a part of his research on monkeys when he was in Dr. Miguel Nicolelis' lab at Duke University. His findings help implement more accurate brain-machine interfaces to treat people who are suffering from attention deficiency.
After receiving his Ph.D in Biomedical Engineering, Ordikhani-Seyedlar was offered a postdoctoral position by Duke University to develop algorithms to process large-scale neuronal activity and brain-machine interfaces. However, due to political complications in the United States, Ordikhani-Seyedlar -- an Iranian citizen -- changed his plan to continue his brain research outside the US for some time.
As a passionate neuroscientist and neuroengineer, Ordikhani-Seyedlar's aim is to improve brain pattern detectability in computers. This enhances the ability of brain-machine interfaces substantially to better target the defected brain function which in turn enhances the sustainability of treatment effect.
Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar | Speaker | TED.com