TED2015
Dan Ariely: How equal do we want the world to be? You'd be surprised
Dan Ariely: Sejauh apa kita menginginkan kesetaraan dunia? Anda pasti terkejut.
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Berita mengenai peningkatan ketidaksetaraan dalam masyarakat meresahkan kita semua. Tapi mengapa? Dan Ariely mengungkap beberapa penelitian baru yang mengejutkan mengenai apa yang kita anggap adil dalam pemerataan kekayaan di masyarakat ... kemudian menunjukkan bagaimana distribusi tersebut mempengaruhi kehidupan kita.
Dan Ariely - Behavioral economist
The dismal science of economics is not as firmly grounded in actual behavior as was once supposed. In "Predictably Irrational," Dan Ariely told us why. Full bio
The dismal science of economics is not as firmly grounded in actual behavior as was once supposed. In "Predictably Irrational," Dan Ariely told us why. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
It would be nice to be
objective in life,
objective in life,
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Betapa menyenangkan jika kita bisa
objektif dalam hidup,
objektif dalam hidup,
00:15
in many ways.
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dalam berbagai hal.
00:17
The problem is that we have
these color-tinted glasses
these color-tinted glasses
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Masalahnya adalah,
kita punya 'kacamata berwarna'
kita punya 'kacamata berwarna'
00:20
as we look at all kinds of situations.
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saat kita memandang berbagai situasi.
00:25
For example, think about
something as simple as beer.
something as simple as beer.
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Contohnya, pikirkan sesuatu
yang sederhana seperti bir.
yang sederhana seperti bir.
Jika saya beri Anda
beberapa bir untuk dicicipi
beberapa bir untuk dicicipi
00:29
If I gave you a few beers to taste
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00:31
and I asked you to rate them
on intensity and bitterness,
on intensity and bitterness,
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dan saya minta Anda menilai
ketajaman dan kepahitannya,
ketajaman dan kepahitannya,
00:35
different beers would occupy
different space.
different space.
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bir yang satu akan terasa
berbeda dari bir lainnya.
berbeda dari bir lainnya.
00:39
But what if we tried
to be objective about it?
to be objective about it?
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Tapi bagaimana jika kita coba
bersikap objektif tentangnya?
bersikap objektif tentangnya?
00:41
In the case of beer,
it would be very simple.
it would be very simple.
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Dalam uji bir, sangat sederhana.
Bagaimana jika kita cicipi
dengan mata tertutup?
dengan mata tertutup?
00:43
What if we did a blind taste?
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00:46
Well, if we did the same thing,
you tasted the same beer,
you tasted the same beer,
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Jika kita lakukan yang sama,
Anda mencicipi bir yg sama,
Anda mencicipi bir yg sama,
00:48
now in the blind taste,
things would look slightly different.
things would look slightly different.
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tapi dengan mata tertutup,
hasilnya akan sedikit berbeda.
hasilnya akan sedikit berbeda.
00:52
Most of the beers will go into one place.
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Kebanyakan bir akan terasa sama.
00:55
You will basically not
be able to distinguish them,
be able to distinguish them,
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Pada dasarnya Anda tak bisa membedakannya,
00:57
and the exception, of course,
will be Guinness.
will be Guinness.
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dan pengecualiannya, tentu saja, Guinness.
01:00
(Laughter)
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(Tertawa)
01:02
Similarly, we can think about physiology.
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Sama halnya jika kita berpikir
tentang fisiologi.
tentang fisiologi.
01:05
What happens when people expect
something from their physiology?
something from their physiology?
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Apa yang terjadi jika orang berharap
sesuatu dari fisiogi mereka?
sesuatu dari fisiogi mereka?
01:08
For example, we sold people
pain medications.
pain medications.
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Misalnya, kita menjual
obat peredam rasa sakit.
obat peredam rasa sakit.
01:11
Some people, we told them
the medications were expensive.
the medications were expensive.
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Kepada beberapa orang,
kita bilang obatnya mahal.
kita bilang obatnya mahal.
ke sebagian lain, kita bilang ini murah.
01:13
Some people, we told them it was cheap.
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01:15
And the expensive
pain medication worked better.
pain medication worked better.
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Dan obat peredam rasa sakit
yang mahal lebih manjur.
yang mahal lebih manjur.
01:18
It relieved more pain from people,
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Obat itu meredam rasa sakit lebih baik,
01:21
because expectations
do change our physiology.
do change our physiology.
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karena harapan sungguh
mengubah fisiologi kita.
mengubah fisiologi kita.
01:24
And of course, we all know that in sports,
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Dan tentunya, dalam olahraga,
01:26
if you are a fan of a particular team,
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jika Anda penggemar tim tertentu,
01:28
you can't help but see the game
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sulit bagi Anda untuk
tidak melihat permainan
tidak melihat permainan
01:31
develop from the perspective of your team.
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berjalan dari sudut pandang tim Anda.
01:34
So all of those are cases in which
our preconceived notions
our preconceived notions
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Jadi semua itu adalah
kasus di mana praduga
kasus di mana praduga
01:38
and our expectations color our world.
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dan harapan mewarnai dunia kita.
01:42
But what happened
in more important questions?
in more important questions?
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Namun bagaimana dengan
masalah yang lebih penting?
masalah yang lebih penting?
01:45
What happened with questions
that had to do with social justice?
that had to do with social justice?
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Apa yang terjadi dengan masalah
yang berhubungan dengan keadilan sosial?
yang berhubungan dengan keadilan sosial?
01:49
So we wanted to think about
what is the blind tasting version
what is the blind tasting version
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Jadi kita ingin berpikir tentang
versi mata tertutup
versi mata tertutup
01:52
for thinking about inequality?
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terhadap ketidaksetaraan?
01:55
So we started looking at inequality,
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Jadi kami mulai melihat ketidaksetaraan,
01:57
and we did some large-scale surveys
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dan kami mengadakan survey berskala besar
01:59
around the U.S. and other countries.
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di AS dan negara lain.
02:02
So we asked two questions:
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Kami mengajukan dua pertanyaan:
02:04
Do people know what kind of
level of inequality we have?
level of inequality we have?
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Apakah orang tahu
tingkat ketidaksetaraan yang terjadi?
tingkat ketidaksetaraan yang terjadi?
02:07
And then, what level of inequality
do we want to have?
do we want to have?
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Lalu, berapa tingkat kesetaraan
yang kita inginkan?
yang kita inginkan?
02:11
So let's think about the first question.
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Mari kita bahas pertanyaan pertama.
Bayangkan saya mengumpulkan
semua orang di Amerika
semua orang di Amerika
02:14
Imagine I took all the people in the U.S.
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02:16
and I sorted them from
the poorest on the right
the poorest on the right
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dan saya mengurutkannya dari
yang termiskin di sisi kanan
yang termiskin di sisi kanan
02:19
to the richest on the left,
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sampai yang terkaya di sisi kiri,
02:21
and then I divided them into five buckets:
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kemudian saya membaginya
dalam lima keranjang:
dalam lima keranjang:
02:24
the poorest 20 percent,
the next 20 percent,
the next 20 percent,
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20 persen yang termiskin,
20 persen selanjutnya,
20 persen selanjutnya,
02:26
the next, the next,
and the richest 20 percent.
and the richest 20 percent.
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selanjutnya lagi, dan lagi,
dan 20% yang terkaya.
dan 20% yang terkaya.
02:29
And then I asked you to tell me
how much wealth do you think
how much wealth do you think
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Kemudian saya minta Anda mengatakan
berapa kekayaan menurut Anda
berapa kekayaan menurut Anda
02:32
is concentrated in each of those buckets.
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yang terkonsentrasi
pada tiap keranjang tersebut?
pada tiap keranjang tersebut?
Jadi, untuk menyederhanakan,
bayangkan saya tanya Anda,
bayangkan saya tanya Anda,
02:35
So to make it simpler,
imagine I ask you to tell me,
imagine I ask you to tell me,
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02:37
how much wealth do you think
is concentrated
is concentrated
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berapa kekayaan
yang menurut Anda terkonsentrasi
yang menurut Anda terkonsentrasi
02:40
in the bottom two buckets,
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pada dua keranjang paling bawah,
02:42
the bottom 40 percent?
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40% paling bawah?
02:44
Take a second. Think about it
and have a number.
and have a number.
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Pikirkan sejenak dan sebut angkanya.
02:47
Usually we don't think.
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Biasanya, kita tidak memikirkannya.
02:49
Think for a second,
have a real number in your mind.
have a real number in your mind.
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Pikirkan sejenak,
bayangkan angka di pikiran Anda.
bayangkan angka di pikiran Anda.
02:51
You have it?
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Sudah?
02:53
Okay, here's what lots
of Americans tell us.
of Americans tell us.
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Baik, inilah yang dikatakan
sebagian besar orang Amerika.
sebagian besar orang Amerika.
02:56
They think that the bottom 20 percent
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Menurut mereka 20% terbawah
02:58
has about 2.9 percent of the wealth,
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memiliki sekitar 2.9% kekayaan,
03:00
the next group has 6.4,
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kelompok selanjutnya 6.4%,
03:02
so together it's slightly more than nine.
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bila dijumlahkan
sedikit lebih besar dari 9%.
sedikit lebih besar dari 9%.
03:05
The next group, they say, has 12 percent,
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Kelompok selanjutnya,
menurut mereka, punya 12%,
menurut mereka, punya 12%,
03:08
20 percent,
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20%,
03:10
and the richest 20 percent, people think
has 58 percent of the wealth.
has 58 percent of the wealth.
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dan 20% kelompok terkaya,
menurut mereka punya 58% kekayaan.
menurut mereka punya 58% kekayaan.
Anda bisa lihat bagaimana ini berkaitan
dengan apa yang Anda pikirkan.
dengan apa yang Anda pikirkan.
03:15
You can see how this relates
to what you thought.
to what you thought.
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03:18
Now, what's reality?
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Nah, apa kenyataannya?
03:19
Reality is slightly different.
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Kenyataannya sedikit berbeda.
03:21
The bottom 20 percent
has 0.1 percent of the wealth.
has 0.1 percent of the wealth.
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20% kelompok terbawah punya 0.1% kekayaan.
03:25
The next 20 percent
has 0.2 percent of the wealth.
has 0.2 percent of the wealth.
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20% selanjutnya punya 0.2% kekayaan.
03:28
Together, it's 0.3.
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Jika dijumlahkan, menjadi 0.3%.
03:30
The next group has 3.9,
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Kelompok selanjutnya punya 3.9%,
03:34
11.3,
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lalu 11.3%.
03:36
and the richest group
has 84-85 percent of the wealth.
has 84-85 percent of the wealth.
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dan kelompok terkaya
punya 84-85% kekayaan.
punya 84-85% kekayaan.
03:42
So what we actually have
and what we think we have
and what we think we have
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Jadi kenyataan sebenarnya
dan pendapat kita
dan pendapat kita
03:45
are very different.
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sangat berbeda.
03:47
What about what we want?
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Bagaimana dengan yang kita inginkan?
03:49
How do we even figure this out?
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Bagaimana kita bahkan mengetahuinya?
03:51
So to look at this,
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Jadi untuk membahasnya,
untuk tahu apa yang kita inginkan,
03:52
to look at what we really want,
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03:54
we thought about
the philosopher John Rawls.
the philosopher John Rawls.
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kami mengacu pada filsuf John Rawls.
03:57
If you remember John Rawls,
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Jika Anda ingat John Rawls,
03:59
he had this notion
of what's a just society.
of what's a just society.
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ia punya pemikiran tentang
masyarakat yang adil.
masyarakat yang adil.
Dia mengatakan,
masyarakat yang adil
masyarakat yang adil
04:02
He said a just society
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04:04
is a society that if
you knew everything about it,
you knew everything about it,
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adalah masyarakat yang jika
Anda tahu mengenai segalanya,
Anda tahu mengenai segalanya,
04:06
you would be willing
to enter it in a random place.
to enter it in a random place.
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Anda akan bersedia
masuk di kategori mana pun.
masuk di kategori mana pun.
04:09
And it's a beautiful definition,
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Dan itu penjelasan yang indah,
karena jika Anda kaya,
Anda mungkin ingin yang kaya
Anda mungkin ingin yang kaya
04:10
because if you're wealthy,
you might want the wealthy
you might want the wealthy
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punya lebih banyak,
yang miskin lebih sedikit.
yang miskin lebih sedikit.
04:13
to have more money, the poor to have less.
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04:15
If you're poor, you might
want more equality.
want more equality.
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Jika miskin, Anda ingin kesetaraan lebih.
Jika Anda ingin menjadi
bagian masyarakat itu
bagian masyarakat itu
04:17
But if you're going
to go into that society
to go into that society
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04:19
in every possible situation,
and you don't know,
and you don't know,
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di setiap situasi, dan Anda tidak tahu,
04:22
you have to consider all the aspects.
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Anda harus mempertimbangkan segala aspek.
Ini agak mirip dengan uji rasa bir
dengan mata tertutup di mana
dengan mata tertutup di mana
04:24
It's a little bit like blind tasting
in which you don't know
in which you don't know
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04:27
what the outcome will be
when you make a decision,
when you make a decision,
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Anda tak tahu apa hasilnya
ketika Anda membuat keputusan,
ketika Anda membuat keputusan,
04:30
and Rawls called this
the "veil of ignorance."
the "veil of ignorance."
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dan Rawls menyebutnya "tudung keacuhan".
04:34
So, we took another group,
a large group of Americans,
a large group of Americans,
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Jadi, kami meminta kelompok lainnya,
sekolompok besar orang Amerika,
sekolompok besar orang Amerika,
04:37
and we asked them the question
in the veil of ignorance.
in the veil of ignorance.
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dan kami bertanya pada mereka
menggunakan tudung keacuhan.
menggunakan tudung keacuhan.
04:40
What are the characteristics of a country
that would make you want to join it,
that would make you want to join it,
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Apa ciri dari sebuah negara yang akan
membuat Anda ingin bergabung dengannya,
membuat Anda ingin bergabung dengannya,
04:44
knowing that you could end
randomly at any place?
randomly at any place?
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dengan mengetahui bahwa
Anda bisa berada di kategori mana pun?
Anda bisa berada di kategori mana pun?
04:47
And here is what we got.
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Dan ini yang kami dapatkan.
Apa yang ingin orang beri
untuk kelompok pertama,
untuk kelompok pertama,
04:49
What did people want to give
to the first group,
to the first group,
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04:51
the bottom 20 percent?
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20% paling bawah?
04:53
They wanted to give them
about 10 percent of the wealth.
about 10 percent of the wealth.
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Mereka ingin memberinya
sekitar 10% kekayaan mereka.
sekitar 10% kekayaan mereka.
04:56
The next group, 14 percent of the wealth,
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Kelompok selanjutnya, 14% kekayaan,
04:59
21, 22 and 32.
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21, 22 dan 32.
05:04
Now, nobody in our sample
wanted full equality.
wanted full equality.
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Nah, tak seorang pun di sampel kami
menginginkan kesetaraan utuh.
menginginkan kesetaraan utuh.
05:07
Nobody thought that socialism
is a fantastic idea in our sample.
is a fantastic idea in our sample.
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Tak satu pun berpikir bahwa sosalisme
adalah ide cemerlang pada sampel kami.
adalah ide cemerlang pada sampel kami.
05:12
But what does it mean?
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Tapi apa artinya itu?
05:13
It means that we have this knowledge gap
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Artinya, kita punya jurang pengetahuan
05:15
between what we have
and what we think we have,
and what we think we have,
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antara apa yang kita punya
dan yang kita kira punya,
dan yang kita kira punya,
05:18
but we have at least as big a gap
between what we think is right
between what we think is right
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namun kita juga punya jurang besar
antara yang kita anggap benar
antara yang kita anggap benar
05:22
to what we think we have.
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dengan yang kita kira punya.
Nah, kita bisa bertanya
tidak hanya tentang kekayaan.
tidak hanya tentang kekayaan.
05:24
Now, we can ask these questions,
by the way, not just about wealth.
by the way, not just about wealth.
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05:28
We can ask it about other things as well.
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Kita bisa bertanya juga
tentang hal lainnya.
tentang hal lainnya.
05:30
So for example, we asked people
from different parts of the world
from different parts of the world
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Misalnya, kami bertanya kepada orang
dari berbagai belahan dunia
dari berbagai belahan dunia
05:34
about this question,
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tentang pertanyaan ini,
05:36
people who are liberals and conservatives,
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penganut paham liberal dan konservatif,
dan mereka intinya
memberi jawaban yang sama.
memberi jawaban yang sama.
05:38
and they gave us basically
the same answer.
the same answer.
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05:40
We asked rich and poor,
they gave us the same answer,
they gave us the same answer,
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yang kaya dan yang miskin,
jawabannya sama,
jawabannya sama,
05:43
men and women,
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pria dan wanita,
05:44
NPR listeners and Forbes readers.
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pendengar NPR dan pembaca Forbes.
05:47
We asked people in England,
Australia, the U.S. --
Australia, the U.S. --
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Kami bertanya pada orang
di Inggris, Australia, Amerika --
di Inggris, Australia, Amerika --
05:50
very similar answers.
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jawabannya sangat mirip.
Kami bahkan bertanya pada
sejumlah fakultas di universitas.
sejumlah fakultas di universitas.
05:52
We even asked different
departments of a university.
departments of a university.
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Kami mengunjungi Harvard
dan mendatangi hampir semua fakultas,
dan mendatangi hampir semua fakultas,
05:54
We went to Harvard and we checked
almost every department,
almost every department,
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05:57
and in fact, from Harvard Business School,
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dan bahkan, dari Harvard Business School,
05:59
where a few people wanted the wealthy
to have more and the [poor] to have less,
to have more and the [poor] to have less,
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di mana beberapa menginginkan yang kaya
punya lebih dan yang kaya lebih sedikit,
punya lebih dan yang kaya lebih sedikit,
06:03
the similarity was astonishing.
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kesamaannya mencengangkan.
Saya tahu beberapa dari Anda
belajar di Harvard Business School.
belajar di Harvard Business School.
06:05
I know some of you went
to Harvard Business School.
to Harvard Business School.
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06:08
We also asked this question
about something else.
about something else.
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Kami juga bertanya tentang hal lain.
06:12
We asked, what about the ratio
of CEO pay to unskilled workers?
of CEO pay to unskilled workers?
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Kami bertanya, bagaimana perbandingan
gaji CEO dengan pekerja kasar?
gaji CEO dengan pekerja kasar?
06:17
So you can see what
people think is the ratio,
people think is the ratio,
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Jadi Anda dapat melihat
pendapat orang mengenai perbandingannya,
pendapat orang mengenai perbandingannya,
06:20
and then we can ask the question,
what do they think should be the ratio?
what do they think should be the ratio?
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kemudian kita bisa bertanya, mereka pikir
berapa seharusnya perbandingannya?
berapa seharusnya perbandingannya?
06:24
And then we can ask, what is reality?
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Lalu kita bisa bertanya,
bagaimana kenyataannya?
bagaimana kenyataannya?
Bagaimana kenyataannya? Anda bisa bilang,
yah, tak terlalu buruk, kan?
yah, tak terlalu buruk, kan?
06:26
What is reality? And you could say,
well, it's not that bad, right?
well, it's not that bad, right?
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06:30
The red and the yellow
are not that different.
are not that different.
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Yang merah dan yang kuning
tidak begitu berbeda.
tidak begitu berbeda.
06:32
But the fact is, it's because
I didn't draw them on the same scale.
I didn't draw them on the same scale.
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Tapi kenyataannya, itu karena saya
tidak menggambarnya dalam skala yang sama.
tidak menggambarnya dalam skala yang sama.
06:38
It's hard to see, there's yellow
and blue in there.
and blue in there.
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Sulit untuk melihat,
ada kuning dan biru di sana.
ada kuning dan biru di sana.
06:42
So what about other outcomes of wealth?
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Bagaimana bentuk kemakmuran lain?
06:44
Wealth is not just about wealth.
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Kemakmuran itu bukan cuma harta.
06:46
We asked, what about things like health?
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Kami bertanya,
bagaimana dengan kesehatan?
bagaimana dengan kesehatan?
06:48
What about availability
of prescription medication?
of prescription medication?
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Bagaimana dengan ketersediaan obat-obatan?
06:52
What about life expectancy?
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Bagaimana dengan angka harapan hidup?
06:54
What about life expectancy of infants?
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Bagaimana dengan angka harapan hidup bayi?
06:57
How do we want this to be distributed?
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Bagaimana kita menginginkan pemerataannya?
06:59
What about education for young people?
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Bagaimana dengan
pendidikan bagi anak muda?
pendidikan bagi anak muda?
07:02
And for older people?
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Dan bagi orang yang lebih tua?
07:04
And across all of those things,
what we learned was that people
what we learned was that people
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Dan dari semua itu,
yang kita pelajari bahwa orang
yang kita pelajari bahwa orang
07:07
don't like inequality of wealth,
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tidak menyukai ketidaksetaraan kemakmuran,
tapi ada hal lain di mana ketidaksetaraan,
yang merupakan bentuk kemakmuran lainnya,
yang merupakan bentuk kemakmuran lainnya,
07:10
but there's other things where inequality,
which is an outcome of wealth,
which is an outcome of wealth,
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07:13
is even more aversive to them:
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bahkan lebih bertolak belakang lagi:
07:15
for example, inequality
in health or education.
in health or education.
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misalnya, ketidaksetaraan
dalam kesehatan atau pendidikan.
dalam kesehatan atau pendidikan.
07:19
We also learned that people
are particularly open
are particularly open
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Kami juga mendapati bahwa
orang khususnya terbuka
orang khususnya terbuka
07:22
to changes in equality
when it comes to people
when it comes to people
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pada perubahan kesetaraan
jika mengenai mereka
jika mengenai mereka
07:24
who have less agency --
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yang punya kemandirian terbatas --
07:26
basically, young kids and babies,
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pada dasarnya, anak-anak dan bayi,
07:29
because we don't think of them
as responsible for their situation.
as responsible for their situation.
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karena kita tak menganggap mereka
bertanggung jawab terhadap situasi mereka.
bertanggung jawab terhadap situasi mereka.
07:34
So what are some lessons from this?
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Jadi, apa pelajaran yang dapat dipetik?
07:36
We have two gaps:
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Ada dua ketimpangan:
Ada ketimpangan pengetahuan
dan ada ketimpangan keinginan
dan ada ketimpangan keinginan
07:37
We have a knowledge gap
and we have a desirability gap
and we have a desirability gap
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07:40
And the knowledge gap
is something that we think about,
is something that we think about,
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Dan ketimpangan pengetahuan
adalah yang kita pikirkan,
adalah yang kita pikirkan,
bagaimana mendidik masyarakat?
07:42
how do we educate people?
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Bagaimana supaya orang memikirkan
ketidaksetaraan dengan cara berbeda
ketidaksetaraan dengan cara berbeda
07:44
How do we get people to think
differently about inequality
differently about inequality
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07:46
and the consequences of inequality
in terms of health, education,
in terms of health, education,
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dan konsekuensi ketidaksetaraan
dalam hal kesehatan, pendidikan,
dalam hal kesehatan, pendidikan,
07:50
jealousy, crime rate, and so on?
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kecemburuan, kriminalitas, dan seterusnya.
07:52
Then we have the desirability gap.
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Kemudian ada ketimpangan keinginan,
07:54
How do we get people to think differently
about what we really want?
about what we really want?
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Bagaimana kita buat orang memikirkan
apa yang mereka mau dengan cara berbeda?
apa yang mereka mau dengan cara berbeda?
07:58
You see, the Rawls definition,
the Rawls way of looking at the world,
the Rawls way of looking at the world,
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Anda lihat, definisi Rawls,
cara Rawls melihat dunia,
cara Rawls melihat dunia,
pendekatan uji rasa dengan mata tertutup,
08:02
the blind tasting approach,
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08:03
takes our selfish motivation
out of the picture.
out of the picture.
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membuang motivasi egois.
Bagaimana kita bisa menerapkannya
pada tingkat yg lebih tinggi
pada tingkat yg lebih tinggi
08:06
How do we implement that
to a higher degree
to a higher degree
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08:09
on a more extensive scale?
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dalam skala yang lebih luas?
08:11
And finally, we also have an action gap.
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Dan akhirnya, juga ada
ketimpangan tindakan.
ketimpangan tindakan.
08:14
How do we take these things
and actually do something about it?
and actually do something about it?
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Bagaimana kita menerima ketimpangan ini
dan memperbaikinya?
dan memperbaikinya?
Menurut saya, sebagian jawabannya
adalah berpikir tentang orang
adalah berpikir tentang orang
08:17
I think part of the answer
is to think about people
is to think about people
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08:20
like young kids and babies
that don't have much agency,
that don't have much agency,
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seperti anak-anak dan bayi
dengan kemandirian terbatas,
dengan kemandirian terbatas,
08:23
because people seem to be
more willing to do this.
more willing to do this.
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karena orang sepertinya lebih
bersedia untuk melakukannya.
bersedia untuk melakukannya.
08:27
To summarize, I would say,
next time you go to drink beer or wine,
next time you go to drink beer or wine,
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Untuk menyimpulkan, saya ingin bilang,
jika Anda pergi minum bir atau anggur,
jika Anda pergi minum bir atau anggur,
08:32
first of all, think about, what is it
in your experience that is real,
in your experience that is real,
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pertama-tama, pikirkan dahulu,
mana pengalaman Anda yang nyata,
mana pengalaman Anda yang nyata,
08:36
and what is it in your experience
that is a placebo effect
that is a placebo effect
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dan yang mana ada efek plasebo
08:40
coming from expectations?
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yang datang dari pengharapan?
08:41
And then think about what it also means
for other decisions in your life,
for other decisions in your life,
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Lalu coba pikirkan apa pula artinya
untuk keputusan lain di hidup Anda,
untuk keputusan lain di hidup Anda,
dan mudah-mudahan juga
bagi masalah kebijakan
bagi masalah kebijakan
08:45
and hopefully also for policy questions
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yang mempengaruhi kita semua.
08:47
that affect all of us.
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08:48
Thanks a lot.
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Terima kasih banyak.
(Tepuk tangan)
08:50
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Ariely - Behavioral economistThe dismal science of economics is not as firmly grounded in actual behavior as was once supposed. In "Predictably Irrational," Dan Ariely told us why.
Why you should listen
Dan Ariely is a professor of psychology and behavioral economics at Duke University and a founding member of the Center for Advanced Hindsight. He is the author of the bestsellers Predictably Irrational, The Upside of Irrationality, and The Honest Truth About Dishonesty -- as well as the TED Book Payoff: The Hidden Logic that Shapes Our Motivations.
Through his research and his (often amusing and unorthodox) experiments, he questions the forces that influence human behavior and the irrational ways in which we often all behave.
Dan Ariely | Speaker | TED.com