TEDxPennQuarter
Christopher McDougall: Are we born to run?
Christopher McDougall：我們是否生來就該奔跑？
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
3,807,943 views
Christopher McDougall 探索了人類想奔跑的慾望。奔跑是如何幫助早期人類生存——以及延自古老祖先的何種衝動在推動著今天的人類？在TEDxPennQuarter，McDougall向我們講述了一個有著金子般的心的馬拉松跑手，一個不可思議的極端跑手，以及生活在墨西哥的隱秘部族，他們以奔跑為生。
Christopher McDougall - Journalist, runner
Christopher McDougall is the author of "Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Super Athletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen." Full bio
Christopher McDougall is the author of "Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Super Athletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen." Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Running -- it's basically just right, left, right, left -- yeah?
0
0
3000
跑步：基本上就是右，左，右，左——對吧？
00:18
I mean, we've been doing it for two million years,
1
3000
2000
就是說，我們已經這樣跑了兩百萬年，
00:20
so it's kind of arrogant to assume
2
5000
3000
所以我這樣可能有點不知天高地厚
00:23
that I've got something to say
3
8000
2000
如果我說我知道一些東西
00:25
that hasn't been said and performed better a long time ago.
4
10000
3000
是很久以來都沒人能更好表述和演示過的。
00:28
But the cool thing about running, as I've discovered,
5
13000
2000
但是我所發現的關於跑步的最有意思的
00:30
is that something bizarre happens
6
15000
2000
就是有些奇怪的事情
00:32
in this activity all the time.
7
17000
2000
發生在這個運動的全過程。
00:34
Case in point: A couple months ago, if you saw the New York City Marathon,
8
19000
3000
舉個例子：幾個月前，如果你看了紐約城的馬拉松，
00:37
I guarantee you, you saw something
9
22000
2000
我敢肯定你看到了
00:39
that no one has ever seen before.
10
24000
3000
一些前所未見的東西。
00:42
An Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu
11
27000
2000
有一位埃塞俄比亞女子叫 Derartu Tulu
00:44
turns up at the starting line.
12
29000
2000
出現在起跑線上。
00:46
She's 37 years old,
13
31000
2000
她37歲，
00:48
she hasn't won a marathon of any kind in eight years,
14
33000
2000
在過去8年裡從未贏過任何一場馬拉松比賽，
00:50
and a few months previously
15
35000
2000
而就在幾個月前，
00:52
she almost died in childbirth.
16
37000
2000
她幾乎難產而死。
00:54
Derartu Tulu was ready to hang it up and retire from the sport,
17
39000
3000
Derartu Tulu 已經準備挂靴而去，退出體育運動，
00:57
but she decided she'd go for broke
18
42000
2000
但是她決定要全力以赴
00:59
and try for one last big payday
19
44000
2000
做一次最後的衝刺，
01:01
in the marquee event,
20
46000
2000
她選擇了一個盛會
01:03
the New York City Marathon.
21
48000
2000
紐約市馬拉松比賽。
01:05
Except -- bad news for Derartu Tulu -- some other people had the same idea,
22
50000
3000
但是——對Derartu Tulu來說有個壞消息——有人和她帶著同樣的想法，
01:08
including the Olympic gold medalist
23
53000
2000
包括奧運會金牌得主，
01:10
and Paula Radcliffe, who is a monster,
24
55000
3000
以及Paula Radcliffe，她簡直就是猛獸，
01:13
the fastest woman marathoner in history by far.
25
58000
4000
她是有史以來速度最快的馬拉松女選手。
01:17
Only 10 minutes off the men's world record,
26
62000
2000
與男子的世界紀錄就差10分鐘。
01:19
Paula Radcliffe is essentially unbeatable.
27
64000
3000
基本上Paula Radcliffe 是不可戰勝的。
01:22
That's her competition.
28
67000
2000
這就是她要面對的競賽。
01:24
The gun goes off, and she's not even an underdog.
29
69000
3000
槍響了，而她甚至不算是跟跑者；
01:27
She's under the underdogs.
30
72000
2000
她是跟跑者的跟跑者。
01:29
But the under-underdog hangs tough,
31
74000
2000
但是這個跟跑者的跟跑者頑強地堅持著。
01:31
and 22 miles into a 26-mile race,
32
76000
3000
在整個26英里賽程跑完22英里時，
01:34
there is Derartu Tulu
33
79000
2000
Derartu Tulu的位置
01:36
up there with the lead pack.
34
81000
2000
已在領跑隊伍中。
01:38
Now this is when something really bizarre happens.
35
83000
3000
就是現在，一件非常奇怪的事情發生了。
01:41
Paula Radcliffe, the one person who is sure to snatch the big paycheck
36
86000
3000
Paula Radcliffe，那個注定要從跟跑者的跟跑者
01:44
out of Derartu Tulu's under-underdog hands,
37
89000
3000
Derartu Tulu手裡奪取獎金支票的那個人，
01:47
suddenly grabs her leg and starts to fall back.
38
92000
3000
突然握住自己的腿開始落後。
01:50
So we all know what to do in this situation, right?
39
95000
2000
我們都知道這種情況該怎麼辦，是不是？
01:52
You give her a quick crack in the teeth with your elbow
40
97000
2000
你應該舉起你的胳膊肘衝著她的嘴來一下
01:54
and blaze for the finish line.
41
99000
2000
然後閃電一樣的奔向終點。
01:57
Derartu Tulu ruins the script.
42
102000
2000
Dearartu Tulu 卻出乎大家意料。
01:59
Instead of taking off,
43
104000
2000
她非但沒有拋開對手，
02:01
she falls back, and she grabs Paula Radcliffe,
44
106000
2000
反而落在後面，抓住Paula Radcliffe
02:03
says, "Come on. Come with us. You can do it."
45
108000
2000
說，“加油，跟上我們，你能行。”
02:05
So Paula Radcliffe, unfortunately, does it.
46
110000
2000
很不幸， Paula Radcliffe做到了。
02:07
She catches up with the lead pack
47
112000
2000
她追上了領跑者隊伍，
02:09
and is pushing toward the finish line.
48
114000
2000
一直衝向終點。
02:11
But then she falls back again.
49
116000
2000
但是接著她又一次落後了。
02:13
And the second time Derartu Tulu grabs her and tries to pull her.
50
118000
2000
而 Derartu Tulu 再次抓住她，試圖拉扯她前進。
02:15
And Paula Radcliffe at that point says,
51
120000
2000
這一次Paula Radcliffe 說，
02:17
"I'm done. Go."
52
122000
2000
“我不行了。你走吧。”
02:19
So that's a fantastic story, and we all know how it ends.
53
124000
3000
這是一個美妙的故事，我們都知道故事的結尾。
02:22
She loses the check,
54
127000
2000
她失去了獎金，
02:24
but she goes home with something bigger and more important.
55
129000
2000
但是她收穫了更偉大更重要的東西。
02:26
Except Derartu Tulu ruins the script again --
56
131000
3000
只不過Derartu Tulu 再次讓大家意外。
02:29
instead of losing, she blazes past the lead pack and wins,
57
134000
3000
她非但沒輸，反而超過了領跑組，贏得第一。
02:32
wins the New York City Marathon,
58
137000
2000
贏得紐約市馬拉松比賽，
02:34
goes home with a big fat check.
59
139000
2000
獲得巨額獎金。
02:36
It's a heartwarming story,
60
141000
2000
這是一個暖人肺腑的故事，
02:38
but if you drill a little bit deeper,
61
143000
2000
但是如果你仔細想想，
02:40
you've got to sort of wonder about what exactly was going on there.
62
145000
3000
你會想知道到底發生了什麼。
02:43
When you have two outliers in one organism,
63
148000
2000
當你從一個有機體上錄得兩次異常值時，
02:45
it's not a coincidence.
64
150000
2000
這不是一個巧合。
02:47
When you have someone who is more competitive and more compassionate
65
152000
3000
當在比賽中有一個人比任何人都
02:50
than anybody else in the race, again, it's not a coincidence.
66
155000
3000
更有競爭力也更有同情心，這也不是一個巧合。
02:53
You show me a creature with webbed feet and gills;
67
158000
3000
當你讓我看到一個動物有著扁平的足和鱗片時，
02:56
somehow water's involved.
68
161000
2000
它多少應該和水有關係。
02:58
Someone with that kind of heart, there's some kind of connection there.
69
163000
3000
一個有著那樣的心（臟）的人，一定和什麼東西有關。
03:01
And the answer to it, I think,
70
166000
2000
我認為答案
03:03
can be found down in the Copper Canyons of Mexico,
71
168000
3000
就在墨西哥的銅峽谷（Copper Canyons ），
03:06
where there's a tribe, a reclusive tribe,
72
171000
2000
在那裡有一個部落，一個隱居的部落，
03:08
called the Tarahumara Indians.
73
173000
2000
叫做 Tarahumara 族印第安人。
03:10
Now the Tarahumara are remarkable for three things.
74
175000
3000
現在Tarahumara族人因三件事而出名。
03:13
Number one is,
75
178000
2000
第一，
03:15
they have been living essentially unchanged
76
180000
2000
他們的生活基本沒發生變化
03:17
for the past 400 years.
77
182000
2000
已經400年。
03:19
When the conquistadors arrived in North America you had two choices:
78
184000
3000
當西班牙征服者到達北美時，你有兩個選擇：
03:22
you either fight back and engage or you could take off.
79
187000
3000
要麼還擊被征服要麼離開。
03:25
The Mayans and Aztecs engaged,
80
190000
2000
瑪雅人和阿茲特克人被征服了，
03:27
which is why there are very few Mayans and Aztecs.
81
192000
3000
這就是為什麼現在瑪雅人和阿茲特克人都很稀少。
03:30
The Tarahumara had a different strategy.
82
195000
2000
Tarahumara人有著不同的策略。
03:32
They took off and hid
83
197000
2000
他們逃走藏進了
03:34
in this labyrinthine, networking,
84
199000
2000
迷宮一般蜿蜒曲折
03:36
spiderwebbing system of canyons
85
201000
2000
如蛛網一般複雜的峽谷群中，
03:38
called the Copper Canyons,
86
203000
2000
這就是銅峽谷，
03:40
and there they remained since the 1600s --
87
205000
3000
他們從17世紀開始就一直生活在那裡——
03:43
essentially the same way they've always been.
88
208000
4000
一直以來基本沒有變化。
03:47
The second thing remarkable about the Tarahumara
89
212000
3000
Tarahumara人出名的第二件事是
03:50
is, deep into old age -- 70 to 80 years old --
90
215000
3000
直至高齡階段——70到80歲——
03:53
these guys aren't running marathons;
91
218000
2000
這些人跑的不是馬拉松，
03:55
they're running mega-marathons.
92
220000
2000
而是超級馬拉松。
03:57
They're not doing 26 miles;
93
222000
2000
他們不跑26英里，
03:59
they're doing 100, 150 miles at a time,
94
224000
3000
他們一次跑100，150英里。
04:02
and apparently without injury, without problems.
95
227000
3000
而且顯然不受任何損傷，也沒有其他問題。
04:05
The last thing that's remarkable about the Tarahumara
96
230000
2000
Tarahumara人出名的最後的一個事，
04:07
is that all the things that we're going to be talking about today,
97
232000
2000
就是我們今天所探討的所有東西
04:09
all the things that we're trying to come up with
98
234000
2000
所有那些我們想要弄明白的，
04:11
using all of our technology and brain power to solve --
99
236000
3000
動用我們所有的技術和腦力去解決的問題——
04:14
things like heart disease and cholesterol and cancer
100
239000
2000
像心髒病，膽固醇，癌症，
04:16
and crime and warfare and violence and clinical depression --
101
241000
3000
犯罪，戰爭，暴力和臨床性的抑鬱症——
04:19
all this stuff, the Tarahumara don't know what you're talking about.
102
244000
3000
所有這些東西，對Tarahumara 人來說都是聞所未聞的。
04:22
They are free
103
247000
2000
他們不受
04:24
from all of these modern ailments.
104
249000
2000
所有這些疾病的影響。
04:26
So what's the connection?
105
251000
2000
那麼這裡的關聯是什麼？
04:28
Again, we're talking about outliers --
106
253000
2000
我們在回去討論異常值。
04:30
there's got to be some kind of cause and effect there.
107
255000
2000
這裡肯定有某種因果關係。
04:32
Well, there are teams of scientists
108
257000
2000
有一些科學家
04:34
at Harvard and the University of Utah
109
259000
2000
在哈佛和猶他大學，
04:36
that are bending their brains to try to figure out
110
261000
2000
在絞盡腦汁想搞清楚的東西
04:38
what the Tarahumara have known forever.
111
263000
3000
卻是Tarahumara一直以來都知道的。
04:41
They're trying to solve those same kinds of mysteries.
112
266000
3000
他們試圖解決一些同類的奧秘。
04:44
And once again, a mystery wrapped inside of a mystery --
113
269000
3000
而再一次，一個秘密裡藏著另一個秘密——
04:47
perhaps the key to Derartu Tulu and the Tarahumara
114
272000
3000
也許解開 Derartu Tulu和Tarahumara人的秘密的鑰匙
04:50
is wrapped in three other mysteries, which go like this:
115
275000
3000
就在這三個秘密中，它們是：
04:53
three things -- if you have the answer, come up and take the microphone,
116
278000
2000
這三件事——如果你知道答案，請上台來對著話筒說，
04:55
because nobody else knows the answer.
117
280000
2000
因為沒別人知道答案。
04:57
And if you know it, then you are smarter than anybody else on planet Earth.
118
282000
3000
而如果你知道，你就比地球人的所有人都聰明。
05:00
Mystery number one is this:
119
285000
2000
第一個謎團：
05:02
Two million years ago the human brain exploded in size.
120
287000
3000
2百萬年前，人類的大腦突然增大。
05:05
Australopithecus had a tiny little pea brain.
121
290000
2000
南方古猿只有豌豆般大的大腦。
05:07
Suddenly humans show up -- Homo erectus --
122
292000
2000
突然，人類出現了——直立人——
05:09
big, old melon-head.
123
294000
2000
西瓜一般大的大腦。
05:11
To have a brain of that size,
124
296000
2000
要有這麼大的大腦，
05:13
you need to have a source of condensed caloric energy.
125
298000
3000
你需要具備濃縮的熱量能量源。
05:16
In other words, early humans are eating dead animals --
126
301000
2000
換言之，早期人類吃死去的動物——
05:18
no argument, that's a fact.
127
303000
2000
毫無疑問，這是事實。
05:20
The only problem is,
128
305000
2000
唯一的問題是，
05:22
the first edged weapons only appeared about 200,000 years ago.
129
307000
3000
最早的帶刃的武器只出現在20萬年前。
05:25
So, somehow, for nearly two million years,
130
310000
3000
因此不知怎樣在大約200萬年裡，
05:28
we are killing animals without any weapons.
131
313000
3000
我們在赤手空拳地獵取動物。
05:31
Now we're not using our strength
132
316000
2000
現在我們不怎麼使用自己的力量，
05:33
because we are the biggest sissies in the jungle.
133
318000
2000
因為我們是叢林裡最最膽小的傢伙。
05:35
Every other animal is stronger than we are --
134
320000
2000
所有別的動物都比我們更強壯。
05:37
they have fangs, they have claws, they have nimbleness, they have speed.
135
322000
3000
它們有尖牙，利爪，機敏和速度。
05:40
We think Usain Bolt is fast. Usain Bolt can get his ass kicked by a squirrel.
136
325000
3000
我們都知道Usain Bolt （世界百米冠軍）跑得很快，但他在松鼠面前簡直不值一提。
05:43
We're not fast.
137
328000
2000
我們跑的並不快。
05:45
That would be an Olympic event: turn a squirrel loose --
138
330000
2000
奧運會應該有這麼個比賽：放出一隻松鼠，
05:47
whoever catches the squirrel, you get a gold medal.
139
332000
3000
誰抓到松鼠誰得金牌。
05:50
So no weapons, no speed, no strength, no fangs, no claws --
140
335000
3000
那麼，沒有武器，沒有速度，沒有力量，沒有尖牙利爪。
05:53
how were we killing these animals? Mystery number one.
141
338000
3000
我們是如何獵殺這些動物的？這是第一個謎團。
05:56
Mystery number two:
142
341000
2000
第二個謎團:
05:58
Women have been in the Olympics for quite some time now,
143
343000
3000
婦女參加奧運會至今已經有相當長一段歷史了，
06:01
but one thing that's remarkable about all women sprinters --
144
346000
2000
但是有件事是在所有女短跑選手身上都很明顯的——
06:03
they all suck; they're terrible.
145
348000
2000
她們都跑太慢，慢的可怕。
06:05
There's not a fast woman on the planet
146
350000
2000
地球上就沒有跑的快的女人
06:07
and there never has been.
147
352000
2000
永遠也不會有。
06:09
The fastest woman to ever run a mile did it in 4:15.
148
354000
3000
一英里跑的最快的女選手用時4分15秒。
06:12
I could throw a rock and hit a high school boy
149
357000
2000
我扔個石頭隨便砸到一個高中男生
06:14
who can run faster than 4:15.
150
359000
2000
他也能跑的比4分15秒還快。
06:16
For some reason you guys are just really slow.
151
361000
2000
出於某些原因，你們跑的確實太慢了。
06:18
(Laughter)
152
363000
2000
（觀眾笑聲）
06:20
But you get to the marathon we were just talking about --
153
365000
3000
但是回到我們剛剛提到的馬拉松——
06:23
you guys have only been allowed to run the marathon for 20 years.
154
368000
2000
你們女人被允許跑馬拉松只是近20年的事。
06:25
Because, prior to the 1980s,
155
370000
2000
因為在80年代前，
06:27
medical science said that if a woman tried to run 26 miles --
156
372000
3000
醫學界認為如果一個女人試圖跑26英里——
06:30
does anyone know what would happen if you tried to run 26 miles,
157
375000
2000
有誰知道如果跑26英里會發生什麼嗎？
06:32
why you were banned from the marathon before the 1980s?
158
377000
4000
為什麼在80年代以前禁止你們跑馬拉松？
06:36
(Audience Member: Her uterus would be torn.) Her uterus would be torn.
159
381000
3000
（某觀眾：會撕裂子宮）她的子宮會撕裂。
06:39
Yes. You would have torn reproductive organs.
160
384000
2000
是的。會撕裂生殖器官。
06:41
The uterus would fall out, literally fall out of the body.
161
386000
3000
子宮會脫垂，真的脫到體外。
06:44
Now I've been to a lot of marathons,
162
389000
2000
我去過很多馬拉松比賽，
06:46
and I've yet to see any ...
163
391000
2000
我從來沒見過這種事發生。
06:48
(Laughter)
164
393000
3000
（觀眾笑聲）
06:51
So it's only been 20 years that women have been allowed to run the marathon.
165
396000
3000
所以自女子可以參加馬拉松以來只有20年。
06:54
In that very short learning curve,
166
399000
2000
在這麼短的學習曲線上，
06:56
you guys have gone from broken organs
167
401000
3000
你們從器官損傷一下跳躍到
06:59
up to the fact that you're only 10 minutes off
168
404000
2000
僅有10分鐘的差距就可以追上
07:01
the male world record.
169
406000
2000
男子的世界紀錄。
07:03
Then you go beyond 26 miles,
170
408000
2000
然後你們超越了26英里，
07:05
into the distance that medical science also told us would be fatal to humans --
171
410000
3000
達到的長度是醫學認為對全人類來說都是致命的——
07:08
remember Pheidippides died when he ran 26 miles --
172
413000
2000
還記得Pheidippides（公元前5世紀希臘長跑運動員）跑到26英里時死了——
07:10
you get to 50 and 100 miles,
173
415000
2000
你們跑了50到100英里，
07:12
and suddenly it's a different game.
174
417000
2000
然後突然之間變成了不同的比賽。
07:14
You can take a runner like Ann Trason, or Nikki Kimball, or Jenn Shelton,
175
419000
3000
長跑運動員如Ann Trason, Nikki Kimball, Jenn Shelton,
07:17
you put them in a race of 50 or 100 miles against anybody in the world
176
422000
3000
你讓他們和世界上隨便一些人比賽跑50到100英里，
07:20
and it's a coin toss who's going to win.
177
425000
2000
誰會贏就只能靠扔硬幣預測了。
07:22
I'll give you an example.
178
427000
2000
給你們一個例子。
07:24
A couple years ago, Emily Baer signed up for a race
179
429000
2000
幾年前，Emily Baer 報名參加名為
07:26
called the Hardrock 100,
180
431000
2000
硬石100（Hardrock 100）的比賽，
07:28
which tells you all you need to know about the race.
181
433000
3000
從名字你就能知道比賽的內容。
07:31
They give you 48 hours to finish this race.
182
436000
2000
你有48小時完成比賽。
07:33
Well Emily Baer -- 500 runners --
183
438000
2000
而Emily Baer 在500個選手中
07:35
she finishes in eighth place, in the top 10,
184
440000
2000
以第八的成績完成比賽，居於前十名。
07:37
even though she stopped at all the aid stations
185
442000
2000
她甚至在每個補給站都停下來
07:39
to breastfeed her baby during the race --
186
444000
3000
好在比賽中還能給自己的孩子餵母乳——
07:42
and yet, beat 492 other people.
187
447000
2000
但還是打敗了其他492個人。
07:44
So why is it that women get stronger
188
449000
2000
最後一個謎團：就是為什麼當距離越長
07:46
as distances get longer?
189
451000
2000
女人就越有力？
07:48
The third mystery is this:
190
453000
2000
最後一個謎團是這樣的：
07:50
At the University of Utah, they started tracking finishing times
191
455000
3000
在猶他大學，他們開始追踪那些跑馬拉松的人
07:53
for people running the marathon.
192
458000
2000
跑完全程的次數。
07:55
And what they found
193
460000
2000
他們發現
07:57
is that, if you start running the marathon at age 19,
194
462000
2000
如果你從19歲就開始跑馬拉松，
07:59
you will get progressively faster, year by year,
195
464000
2000
隨著年歲的增長你會越跑越快，
08:01
until you reach your peak at age 27.
196
466000
2000
直到27歲的時候到達頂峰。
08:03
And then after that, you succumb
197
468000
2000
然後，你屈服於
08:05
to the rigors of time.
198
470000
2000
時間的嚴酷。
08:07
And you'll get slower and slower,
199
472000
2000
你會跑的越來越慢，
08:09
until eventually you're back to running the same speed you were at age 19.
200
474000
3000
直到你逐漸回复到你19歲時的速度。
08:12
So about seven years, eight years to reach your peak,
201
477000
2000
因此大概在7到8年的時間裡你攀上頂峰，
08:14
and then gradually you fall off your peak,
202
479000
2000
然後逐漸從高峰滑落，
08:16
until you go back to the starting point.
203
481000
3000
直到你回到起點。
08:19
You would think it might take eight years to go back to the same speed,
204
484000
3000
你可能會以為要再花8年時間回到19歲的速度
08:22
maybe 10 years -- no, it's 45 years.
205
487000
3000
也可能是10年——不，是45年。
08:25
64-year-old men and women
206
490000
2000
60歲的男子和女子
08:27
are running as fast as they were at age 19.
207
492000
3000
和19歲時跑的一樣快。
08:30
Now I defy you to come up with any other physical activity --
208
495000
3000
我挑戰你們能舉出其他任何一種體育運動——
08:33
and please don't say golf -- something that actually is hard --
209
498000
4000
不過拜託別說高爾夫球——要真正有難度的運動——
08:37
where geriatrics are performing
210
502000
2000
在這個運動裡老年人的表現
08:39
as well as they did as teenagers.
211
504000
3000
與十幾歲時一樣。
08:42
So you have these three mysteries.
212
507000
2000
就這樣你面對這三個謎團。
08:44
Is there one piece in the puzzle
213
509000
2000
在這迷霧中是否有一小塊拼圖能
08:46
which might wrap all these things up?
214
511000
2000
把所有這些謎都收攏起來？
08:48
You've got to be really careful any time
215
513000
2000
任何時候你都要非常小心
08:50
someone looks back in prehistory and tries to give you some sort of global answer,
216
515000
3000
某個人會回顧史前時代然後就試圖丟給你一個整體上的答案，
08:53
because, it being prehistory,
217
518000
2000
因為那是史前時代，
08:55
you can say whatever the hell you want and get away with it.
218
520000
2000
你可以想說什麼就說什麼然後一走了之。
08:57
But I'll submit this to you:
219
522000
2000
但我要呈現給大家的是：
08:59
If you put one piece in the middle of this jigsaw puzzle,
220
524000
2000
如果你把一小塊碎片放在這個大拼圖的中央，
09:01
suddenly it all starts to form a coherent picture.
221
526000
3000
突然之間，它開始組成一幅條理清晰的圖畫。
09:04
If you wonder, why it is the Tarahumara don't fight
222
529000
2000
如果你想知道為什麼Tarahumara人不反抗，
09:06
and don't die of heart disease,
223
531000
2000
也沒有死於心髒病，
09:08
why a poor Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu
224
533000
3000
為什麼一個貧窮的埃塞俄比亞女子Derartu Tulu
09:11
can be the most compassionate and yet the most competitive,
225
536000
3000
會是最有同情心同時又是最有競爭力的選手，
09:14
and why we somehow were able
226
539000
2000
以及為什麼我們不知怎樣卻可以
09:16
to find food without weapons,
227
541000
2000
沒有武器而獲得食物，
09:18
perhaps it's because humans,
228
543000
2000
也許這只是因為人類，
09:20
as much as we like to think of ourselves as masters of the universe,
229
545000
3000
儘管我們喜歡把自己想像為宇宙的主人，
09:23
actually evolved as nothing more
230
548000
2000
但事實上我們只是進化為
09:25
than a pack of hunting dogs.
231
550000
2000
一群獵犬。
09:27
Maybe we evolved
232
552000
2000
也許我們進化為
09:29
as a hunting pack animal.
233
554000
2000
一種群體狩獵的動物。
09:31
Because the one advantage we have in the wilderness --
234
556000
2000
因為我們在荒野中所具備的一個優勢——
09:33
again, it's not our fangs and our claws and our speed --
235
558000
2000
再說一次，不是我們的牙齒爪子和速度——
09:35
the only thing we do really, really well is sweat.
236
560000
3000
我們能幹非常非常好的唯一一件事就是出汗。
09:38
We're really good at being sweaty and smelly.
237
563000
3000
我們很善於大汗淋漓渾身汗臭。
09:41
Better than any other mammal on Earth, we can sweat really well.
238
566000
3000
與地球上的任何其他動物相比，我們真的很能出汗。
09:44
But the advantage
239
569000
2000
但是這個
09:46
of that little bit of social discomfort
240
571000
2000
會造成小小的社交不適的優點
09:48
is the fact that, when it comes to running
241
573000
2000
其實質就是當在
09:50
under hot heat for long distances,
242
575000
3000
高溫下長距離奔跑時，
09:53
we're superb, we're the best on the planet.
243
578000
3000
我們是很出色的，我們是星球上最棒的。
09:56
You take a horse on a hot day,
244
581000
2000
你在一個炎熱天氣裡騎馬
09:58
and after about five or six miles, that horse has a choice.
245
583000
2000
經過5到6英里，這匹馬面臨一個選擇。
10:00
It's either going to breathe or it's going to cool off,
246
585000
3000
它要麼繼續喘氣，要麼讓自己降溫，
10:03
but it ain't doing both -- we can.
247
588000
2000
但它不能兩者同時進行——我們就能。
10:05
So what if we evolved as hunting pack animals?
248
590000
3000
所以要是我們就是進化為群體狩獵的動物呢？
10:08
What if the only natural advantage we had in the world
249
593000
4000
要是我們在這個世界上所擁有的唯一一個優勢
10:12
was the fact that we could get together as a group,
250
597000
2000
就是我們事實上組成一個群體，
10:14
go out there on that African Savannah, pick out an antelope
251
599000
3000
在非洲的熱帶大草原上看準一只羚羊，
10:17
and go out as a pack and run that thing to death?
252
602000
3000
成群結隊地追趕那個動物直到它倒地而亡？
10:20
That's all we could do.
253
605000
2000
那就是我們所能做的；
10:22
We could run really far on a hot day.
254
607000
2000
我們能在炎熱天氣裡跑很遠很遠。
10:24
Well if that's true, a couple other things had to be true as well.
255
609000
3000
如果這是事實，那必須還要加上另外幾個事實。
10:27
The key to being part of a hunting pack is the word "pack."
256
612000
3000
要成為一個狩獵群體的一員的關鍵在於「群體」。
10:30
If you go out by yourself, and you try to chase an antelope,
257
615000
2000
如果你單獨行動想追捕一隻羚羊，
10:32
I guarantee you there's going to be two cadavers out there in the Savannah.
258
617000
3000
我向你保證最後草原上將倒下兩具屍體。
10:35
You need a pack to pull together.
259
620000
2000
你需要一個群體集體合作。
10:37
You need to have those 64-, 65-year-olds
260
622000
2000
你需要有一些64，65歲的人，
10:39
who have been doing this for a long time
261
624000
2000
他們長期以來都在做這件事，
10:41
to understand which antelope you're actually trying to catch.
262
626000
2000
能了解你真正想追趕的是哪頭羚羊。
10:43
The herd explodes and it gathers back again.
263
628000
3000
羊群會散開然後又聚攏。
10:46
Those expert trackers have got to be part of the pack.
264
631000
2000
那些專業的追踪者必須成為群體的一員。
10:48
They can't be 10 miles behind.
265
633000
2000
他們不能落在後面10英里。
10:50
You need to have the women and the adolescents there
266
635000
2000
你還需要婦女和青少年加入
10:52
because the two times in your life you most benefit from animal protein
267
637000
3000
因為在人生中有兩個最需要蛋白質的階段
10:55
is when you are a nursing mother and a developing adolescent.
268
640000
3000
就是哺乳期的母親和生長發育時的青少年。
10:58
It makes no sense to have the antelope over there dead
269
643000
2000
要是一隻羚羊死在這裡
11:00
and the people who want to eat it 50 miles away.
270
645000
2000
而需要吃它的人卻在50英里以外那就毫無意義了。
11:02
They need to be part of the pack.
271
647000
2000
他們也必須是群體的成員。
11:04
You need to have those 27-year-old studs at the peak of their powers
272
649000
2000
你需要那些27歲到達巔峰狀態的領跑者
11:06
ready to drop the kill,
273
651000
2000
準備完成撲殺，
11:08
and you need to have those teenagers there
274
653000
2000
你還需要那些青少年在這裡
11:10
who are learning the whole thing all involved.
275
655000
2000
他們在全程參與中學習這一切。
11:12
The pack stays together.
276
657000
2000
這個群體必須在一起。
11:14
Another thing that has to be true about this pack: this pack cannot be really materialistic.
277
659000
3000
要讓這個群體存在需要的另一個事實是：這個群體不能太多物質。
11:17
You can't be hauling all your crap around, trying to chase the antelope.
278
662000
3000
你不可能拖著你的大包小包還去追趕那隻羚羊。
11:20
You can't be a pissed-off pack. You can't be bearing grudges,
279
665000
3000
你也不能是一群脾氣暴躁的人，你不能帶著不滿捕獵。
11:23
like, "I'm not chasing that guy's antelope.
280
668000
2000
例如：「我才不要追那個人的羚羊。
11:25
He pissed me off. Let him go chase his own antelope."
281
670000
2000
他讓我不爽。讓他自己追他自己的羊去吧。」
11:27
The pack has got to be able to swallow its ego,
282
672000
3000
這個群體的成員必須放下自己的自負，
11:30
be cooperative and pull together.
283
675000
2000
齊心協力，團結合作。
11:32
What you end up with, in other words,
284
677000
3000
換言之，你最終形成的
11:35
is a culture remarkably similar
285
680000
2000
是一種文化非常接近於
11:37
to the Tarahumara --
286
682000
2000
Tarahumara人的文化——
11:39
a tribe that has remained unchanged
287
684000
2000
這個部族自石器時代以來
11:41
since the Stone Age.
288
686000
2000
都一直保持不變。
11:43
It's a really compelling argument
289
688000
2000
這是個很有說服力的觀點
11:45
that maybe the Tarahumara are doing
290
690000
2000
即 Tarahumara 人所做的
11:47
exactly what all of us had done for two million years,
291
692000
3000
正是我們所有人2百萬年來所做的。
11:50
that it's us in modern times who have sort of gone off the path.
292
695000
3000
是我們這些現代人在某程度上偏離了這條道路。
11:53
You know, we look at running as this kind of alien, foreign thing,
293
698000
3000
要知道我們視跑步為陌生，異樣的事，
11:56
this punishment you've got to do because you ate pizza the night before.
294
701000
3000
是因為昨天晚上吃了批薩而不得不受的懲罰。
11:59
But maybe it's something different.
295
704000
2000
但也許並非如此。
12:01
Maybe we're the ones who have taken this natural advantage we had
296
706000
3000
也許我們本來擁有這一自然的優勢
12:04
and we spoiled it.
297
709000
2000
卻毀了它。
12:06
How do we spoil it? Well how do we spoil anything?
298
711000
3000
我們是怎麼毀掉它的呢？跟我們毀掉別的東西一樣。
12:09
We try to cash in on it.
299
714000
2000
我們試圖用它賺錢。
12:11
We try to can it and package it and make it "better"
300
716000
2000
我們試圖給它包裝打扮令它更好，
12:13
and sell it to people.
301
718000
2000
然後賣給顧客。
12:15
And what happened was we started creating
302
720000
2000
我們開始製造出
12:17
these fancy cushioned things,
303
722000
2000
這些好看的帶氣墊的東西，
12:19
which can make running "better," called running shoes.
304
724000
3000
它能令跑步更舒服，叫做跑鞋。
12:22
The reason I get personally pissed-off about running shoes
305
727000
3000
我對跑鞋有私人恩怨
12:25
is because I bought a million of them and I kept getting hurt.
306
730000
3000
我買了那麼多那麼多雙跑鞋可是我還是不斷受傷。
12:28
And I think that, if anybody in here runs --
307
733000
2000
然後我就想，如果這裡有人也跑步的話——
12:30
and I just had a conversation with Carol;
308
735000
2000
我剛和Carol討論過；
12:32
we talked for two minutes backstage, and she's talking about plantar fasciitis.
309
737000
3000
我們在後台聊了兩分鐘，然後她說到足底的筋膜炎。
12:35
You talk to a runner, I guarantee, within 30 seconds,
310
740000
3000
如果你和一個跑步的人聊天，我保證，30秒內，
12:38
the conversation turns to injury.
311
743000
2000
話題就會轉到傷病。
12:40
So if humans evolved as runners, if that's our one natural advantage,
312
745000
3000
如果人進化為跑手，如果這是我們唯一的自然優勢
12:43
why are we so bad at it? Why do we keep getting hurt?
313
748000
3000
那麼我們為什麼跑得這麼差？為什麼我們不斷受傷？
12:46
Curious thing about running and running injuries
314
751000
2000
有關跑步和跑步受傷的一個奇怪的事就是
12:48
is that the running injury is new to our time.
315
753000
3000
跑步受傷是我們這個時代的新產物。
12:51
If you read folklore and mythology,
316
756000
2000
如果你讀民間故事和神話，
12:53
any kind of myths, any kind of tall tales,
317
758000
2000
隨便哪種神話，隨便哪個童話，
12:55
running is always associated
318
760000
2000
奔跑總是伴隨著
12:57
with freedom and vitality and youthfulness and eternal vigor.
319
762000
3000
自由，力量，青春和永恆的活力。
13:00
It's only in our lifetime
320
765000
2000
只是到了我們這個時代
13:02
that running has become associated with fear and pain.
321
767000
2000
跑步才開始伴隨著恐懼和痛苦。
13:04
Geronimo used to say
322
769000
2000
Geronimo（19世紀反抗美國政府的北美印第安武士）曾經說過，
13:06
that, "My only friends are my legs. I only trust my legs."
323
771000
3000
「我唯一的朋友就是我的腿。我只信任我的腿。」
13:09
That's because an Apache triathlon
324
774000
2000
那是因為阿帕奇部落的鐵人三項運動
13:11
used to be you'd run 50 miles across the desert,
325
776000
2000
包括跑步50英里穿越沙漠，
13:13
engage in hand-to-hand combat, steal a bunch of horses
326
778000
2000
近身肉搏，偷一群馬，
13:15
and slap leather for home.
327
780000
2000
以及射擊。
13:17
Geronimo was never saying, "Ah, you know something,
328
782000
2000
Geronimo從來沒說過，「啊，你知道嗎，
13:19
my achilles -- I'm tapering. I got to take this week off,"
329
784000
3000
我的阿克琉斯之踵啊，——我在調整狀態。我這星期不能跑，」
13:22
or "I need to cross-train.
330
787000
2000
或說，「我需要交叉訓練。
13:24
I didn't do yoga. I'm not ready."
331
789000
3000
我沒做瑜伽。我沒準備好。」
13:27
Humans ran and ran all the time.
332
792000
2000
人能跑而且一直在跑。
13:29
We are here today. We have our digital technology.
333
794000
2000
我們活到今天，有數碼技術。
13:31
All of our science comes from the fact
334
796000
2000
我們所有的科學都來自於這個事實，
13:33
that our ancestors were able
335
798000
2000
即我們的祖先每天都能
13:35
to do something extraordinary every day,
336
800000
2000
做這件非比尋常的事，
13:37
which was just rely on their naked feet and legs
337
802000
2000
就是只是依靠光腳和腿
13:39
to run long distances.
338
804000
2000
長距離奔跑。
13:41
So how do we get back to that again?
339
806000
2000
那麼我們如何再次回到那個狀態？
13:43
Well, I would submit to you the first thing is
340
808000
2000
那麼我要告訴你們的第一件事就是
13:45
get rid of all packaging, all the sales, all the marketing.
341
810000
3000
擺脫所有的包裝，減價和推銷。
13:48
Get rid of all the stinking running shoes.
342
813000
2000
擺脫所有那些討厭的跑鞋。
13:50
Stop focusing on urban marathons,
343
815000
2000
不要再關注城市馬拉松，
13:52
which, if you do four hours, you suck.
344
817000
3000
那種東西你要跑4小時的話你真是太慢了。
13:55
If you do 3:59:59, you're awesome,
345
820000
2000
如果你3小時59分59秒就能完成那你真是太棒了。
13:57
because you qualified for another race.
346
822000
2000
因為你夠格參加另外一種比賽。
13:59
We need to get back to that sense of playfulness and joyfulness
347
824000
3000
我們需要找回那種遊戲和快樂的感覺，
14:02
and, I would say, nakedness,
348
827000
3000
我還想說，赤裸裸的感覺，
14:05
that has made the Tarahumara
349
830000
2000
正是它使得 Tarahumara族成為
14:07
one of the healthiest and serene cultures in our time.
350
832000
3000
我們這個時代最健康最平和的文化。
14:10
So what's the benefit? So what?
351
835000
2000
那麼好處在哪裡？又會怎樣？
14:12
So you burn off the Haagen-Dazs from the night before?
352
837000
3000
就只是能燃燒掉頭天晚上吃的哈根達斯了嗎？
14:15
But maybe there's another benefit there as well.
353
840000
3000
但也許還有另外一個好處。
14:18
Without getting a little too extreme about this,
354
843000
3000
我說的一點沒有將其極端化，
14:21
imagine a world
355
846000
2000
想像一個世界
14:23
where everybody could go out their door
356
848000
2000
每個人都能走出家門
14:25
and engage in the kind of exercise
357
850000
2000
參加某種運動
14:27
that's going to make them more relaxed, more serene,
358
852000
3000
可以使他們更放鬆，更平和，
14:30
more healthy,
359
855000
2000
更健康，
14:32
burn off stress --
360
857000
2000
釋放壓力——
14:34
where you don't come back into your office a raging maniac anymore,
361
859000
2000
在那裡你不再帶著極度的狂躁踏進辦公室，
14:36
where you don't go back home with a lot of stress on top of you again.
362
861000
2000
也不再背著一堆壓力回到家裡。
14:38
Maybe there's something between what we are today
363
863000
3000
也許在我們現在的狀態和
14:41
and what the Tarahumara have always been.
364
866000
3000
Tarahumara 人一直以來的狀態之間存在著某種東西。
14:44
I don't say let's go back to the Copper Canyons
365
869000
2000
我並不是說讓我們回到銅峽谷，
14:46
and live on corn and maize, which is the Tarahumara's preferred diet,
366
871000
3000
吃玉米為生，這是Tarahumara人的最愛。
14:49
but maybe there's somewhere in between.
367
874000
2000
但也許是中間的某個狀態。
14:51
And if we find that thing,
368
876000
2000
如果我們能夠找到那個狀態，
14:53
maybe there is a big fat Nobel Prize out there.
369
878000
3000
也許有個諾貝爾獎正等著我們拿呢。
14:56
Because if somebody could find a way
370
881000
3000
因為如果有人能想辦法
14:59
to restore that natural ability
371
884000
2000
恢復這種天然的能力
15:01
that we all enjoyed for most of our existence,
372
886000
2000
使我們能從鍛煉中得到最大的享受，
15:03
up until the 1970s or so,
373
888000
2000
我們直到70年代前一直都在享受的
15:05
the benefits, social and physical
374
890000
2000
社會和生理上的
15:07
and political and mental,
375
892000
3000
政治和精神上的益處，
15:10
could be astounding.
376
895000
2000
將會是驚人的。
15:12
So what I've been seeing today is there is a growing subculture
377
897000
3000
因此我到今天所看到的是一個正在成長中的次文化，
15:15
of barefoot runners, people who got rid of their shoes.
378
900000
3000
光腳跑步，人們丟掉他們的鞋子。
15:18
And what they have found uniformly is
379
903000
2000
他們無一例外地發現
15:20
you get rid of the shoes, you get rid of the stress,
380
905000
3000
當你丟掉鞋子，你也丟掉了壓力，
15:23
you get rid of the injuries and the ailments.
381
908000
2000
丟掉了傷痛和不適。
15:25
And what you find is something
382
910000
2000
你所找到的是
15:27
the Tarahumara have known for a very long time,
383
912000
2000
Tarahumara人一直以來都了解的，
15:29
that this can be a whole lot of fun.
384
914000
2000
而這一切都非常有趣。
15:31
I've experienced it personally myself.
385
916000
2000
我自己已經親身體驗過。
15:33
I was injured all my life, and then in my early 40s I got rid of my shoes
386
918000
3000
我一輩子都在受傷，而直到我40歲出頭我丟掉了我的鞋，
15:36
and my running ailments have gone away too.
387
921000
2000
而我因跑步而來的傷病也隨之消失了。
15:38
So hopefully it's something we can all benefit from.
388
923000
2000
因此希望這使我們大家都能獲益。
15:40
And I appreciate you guys listening to this story. Thanks very much.
389
925000
3000
謝謝大家聽我講的故事。非常感謝。
15:43
(Applause)
390
928000
2000
（觀眾鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christopher McDougall - Journalist, runnerChristopher McDougall is the author of "Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Super Athletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen."
Why you should listen
Longtime reporter Christopher McDougall is also a longtime runner -- and he brings his reporter's passion and eye for detail to the mysteries of running in his latest book. "Born to Run" examines humanity's inborn need to run and sweat, and it's filled with passion, odd facts, oddly pertinent digressions and deeply engaging journeys to running subcults (and cults-of-one). The book has inspired at least one fan site.
McDougall writes for Outside, Men's Health, New York and other magazines. His other, equally intriguing book, is Girl Trouble: The True Saga of Superstar Gloria Trevi and the Secret Teenage Sex Cult That Stunned the World.
Christopher McDougall | Speaker | TED.com