TED2015
Greg Gage: How to control someone else's arm with your brain
Greg Gage: Jak ovládat cizí paži pomocí vašeho mozku
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Greg Gage má misi: umožnit, aby byla neurověda dostupná všem. Při zábavném a trochu strašidelném pokusu tento neurovědec a TED Senior Fellow demonstruje, jak pomocí jednoduchého laciného zařízení připraví jednoho z diváků o svobodnou vůli. A nejde o kouzelnický trik, skutečně to funguje. Kdo neviděl, neuvěří.
Greg Gage - Neuroscientist
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:14
The brain is an amazing and complex organ.
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Mozek je úžasný, komplexní orgán.
00:17
And while many people
are fascinated by the brain,
are fascinated by the brain,
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Mnozí lidé jsou jím fascinovaní,
ale o tom,
ale o tom,
00:20
they can't really tell you that much
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jak funguje,
jaké má vlastnosti,
jaké má vlastnosti,
00:21
about the properties
about how the brain works
about how the brain works
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vám toho moc nepoví,
00:24
because we don't teach
neuroscience in schools.
neuroscience in schools.
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protože neurovědy se ve škole neučí.
00:26
And one of the reasons
why is that the equipment
why is that the equipment
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Mimo jiné proto,
že potřebné vybavení
že potřebné vybavení
00:28
is so complex and so expensive
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je velmi složité a strašně drahé.
00:31
that it's really only done at major
universities and large institutions.
universities and large institutions.
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Takže se s ním pracuje pouze
na univerzitách a jiných institucích.
na univerzitách a jiných institucích.
00:35
And so in order to be able
to access the brain,
to access the brain,
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Takže k tomu, abyste se
opravdu dostali k mozku,
opravdu dostali k mozku,
00:37
you really need to dedicate your life
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musíte mu zasvětit svůj život
00:39
and spend six and a half years
as a graduate student
as a graduate student
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a strávit šest a půl roku
na magisterském studiu,
na magisterském studiu,
00:42
just to become a neuroscientist
to get access to these tools.
to get access to these tools.
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aby z vás byl neurovědec,
který má přístup k potřebným nástrojům.
který má přístup k potřebným nástrojům.
00:45
And that's a shame
because one out of five of us,
because one out of five of us,
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A to je škoda,
protože každý pátý z nás
protože každý pátý z nás
00:47
that's 20 percent of the entire world,
will have a neurological disorder.
will have a neurological disorder.
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neboli 20 % světové populace,
trpí nějakou neurologickou poruchou.
trpí nějakou neurologickou poruchou.
00:51
And there are zero cures
for these diseases.
for these diseases.
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A na tyto nemoci zatím
neexistuje žádný lék.
neexistuje žádný lék.
00:54
And so it seems that
what we should be doing
what we should be doing
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Zdá se tedy, že bychom měli
00:57
is reaching back earlier
in the eduction process
in the eduction process
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upravit vzdělávací systém
a od začátku
a od začátku
00:59
and teaching students about neuroscience
so that in the future,
so that in the future,
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učit studenty o neurovědách,
aby se z nich v budoucnosti
aby se z nich v budoucnosti
01:04
they may be thinking about possibly
becoming a brain scientist.
becoming a brain scientist.
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mohli stát vědci,
odborníci na mozek.
odborníci na mozek.
01:08
When I was a graduate student,
my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,
my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,
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Ještě jako studenti
jsme se s kolegou Timem Marzullou
jsme se s kolegou Timem Marzullou
01:11
decided that what if we took
this complex equipment that we have
this complex equipment that we have
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rozhodli, že zkusíme
všechno to složité zařízení
všechno to složité zařízení
01:15
for studying the brain and made it simple
enough and affordable enough
enough and affordable enough
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pro studium mozku
zjednodušit a zlevnit,
zjednodušit a zlevnit,
01:19
that anyone that you know, an amateur
or a high school student,
or a high school student,
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tak aby se každý zájemce,
amatér nebo středoškolák,
amatér nebo středoškolák,
01:22
could learn and actually participate
in the discovery of neuroscience.
in the discovery of neuroscience.
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mohl učit a přispívat k objevům
na poli neurověd.
na poli neurověd.
01:25
And so we did just that.
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A tak jsme to prostě udělali.
01:27
A few years ago, we started
a company called Backyard Brains
a company called Backyard Brains
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Před pár lety jsme založili firmu
nazvanou Backyard Brains
nazvanou Backyard Brains
01:30
and we make DIY neuroscience equipment
and I brought some here tonight,
and I brought some here tonight,
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a vyrábíme neurovědecké vybavení
pro kutily, které tu mám s sebou,
pro kutily, které tu mám s sebou,
01:34
and I want to do some demonstrations.
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a chci vám i něco předvést.
01:37
You guys want to see some?
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Chcete to vidět?
01:38
So I need a volunteer.
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Potřebuju dobrovolníka.
01:41
So right before -- what is your name?
(Applause)
(Applause)
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Nejdříve – jak se jmenujete?
(potlesk)
(potlesk)
01:44
Sam Kelly: Sam.
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Sam Kelly: Sam
01:45
Greg Gage: All right, Sam, I'm going
to record from your brain.
to record from your brain.
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Greg Gage: OK, Sam, budu teď nahrávat
z vašeho mozku.
z vašeho mozku.
01:48
Have you had this before?
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Už vám to někdo dělal?
01:49
SK: No.
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SK: Ne.
01:50
GG: I need you to stick out
your arm for science,
your arm for science,
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GG: Natáhněte ruku,
01:53
roll up your sleeve a bit,
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trochu si vyhrňte rukáv.
01:54
So what I'm going to do,
I'm putting electrodes on your arm,
I'm putting electrodes on your arm,
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Já vám teď dám na paži elektrody
01:57
and you're probably wondering,
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a vy se možná divíte,
01:59
I just said I'm going to record from your
brain, what am I doing with your arm?
brain, what am I doing with your arm?
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proč na paži, když chci nahrávat
z vašeho mozku?
z vašeho mozku?
02:02
Well, you have about 80 billion neurons
inside your brain right now.
inside your brain right now.
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No, v mozku máte asi 80 miliard neuronů.
02:06
They're sending electrical messages
back and forth, and chemical messages.
back and forth, and chemical messages.
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Posílají elektrické a chemické
zprávy sem a tam.
zprávy sem a tam.
02:09
But some of your neurons
right here in your motor cortex
right here in your motor cortex
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Některé neurony z vaší motorické oblasti
02:12
are going to send messages down
when you move your arm like this.
when you move your arm like this.
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vyšlou dolů zprávy,
když takhle pohnete rukou.
když takhle pohnete rukou.
02:15
They're going to go down
across your corpus callosum,
across your corpus callosum,
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Ty zprávy projdou skrz propojení hemisfér
02:17
down onto your spinal cord
to your lower motor neuron
to your lower motor neuron
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dolů do míchy -
- do spodního motorického neuronu
- do spodního motorického neuronu
02:20
out to your muscles here,
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až sem, k vašim svalům.
02:21
and that electrical discharge
is going to be picked up
is going to be picked up
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A elektrický náboj té zprávy snímají
02:24
by these electrodes right here
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tyto elektrody
02:25
and we're going to be able to listen
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a my budeme moci poslouchat,
02:27
to exactly what your brain
is going to be doing.
is going to be doing.
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co přesně váš mozek chce udělat.
02:29
So I'm going to turn this on for a second.
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Já teď tohle na chvíli zapnu.
02:31
Have you ever heard
what your brain sounds like?
what your brain sounds like?
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Už jste někdy slyšela,
jak zní váš mozek?
jak zní váš mozek?
02:34
SK: No.
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SK: Ne.
02:35
GG: Let's try it out.
So go ahead and squeeze your hand.
So go ahead and squeeze your hand.
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GG: Tak to vyzkoušíme.
Stiskněte ruku.
Stiskněte ruku.
02:37
(Rumbling)
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(rachot)
02:38
So what you're listening to,
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To, co teď slyšíte,
02:40
so this is your motor units
happening right here.
happening right here.
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jsou motorické signály
v těchto místech.
v těchto místech.
02:44
Let's take a look at it as well.
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Můžeme se na ně i podívat.
02:46
So I'm going to stand over here,
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Já si stoupnu sem,
02:49
and I'm going to open up our app here.
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a otevřu naši aplikaci.
02:52
So now I want you to squeeze.
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Teď stiskněte ruku.
02:53
(Rumbling)
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(rachot)
02:54
So right here, these are the motor units
that are happening
that are happening
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Takže tady jsou motorické signály,
které putují
které putují
02:57
from her spinal cord
out to her muscle right here,
out to her muscle right here,
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z její míchy sem do svalů
03:00
and as she's doing it,
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a zatímco tiskne ruku,
03:01
you're seeing the electrical activity
that's happening here.
that's happening here.
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vidíte elektrickou aktivitu,
která se tam děje.
která se tam děje.
03:04
You can even click here
and try to see one of them.
and try to see one of them.
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Můžeme sem zkusit kliknout
a podívat se na jeden z nich.
a podívat se na jeden z nich.
03:06
So keep doing it really hard.
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Teď to výrazně opakujte.
03:08
So now we've paused
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Teď jsme se zastavili
03:09
on one motor action potential that's
happening right now inside of your brain.
happening right now inside of your brain.
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na jednom motorickém impulsu,
který se zrovna teď odehrává v mozku.
který se zrovna teď odehrává v mozku.
03:13
Do you guys want to see some more?
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Chcete vidět ještě něco?
03:15
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
03:16
That's interesting,
but let's get it better.
but let's get it better.
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Je to zajímavé,
ale bude to ještě lepší.
ale bude to ještě lepší.
03:18
I need one more volunteer.
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Potřebuju dalšího dobrovolníka.
03:21
What is your name, sir?
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Jak se jmenujete?
03:24
Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.
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Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.
03:25
GG: Miguel, all right.
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GG: Miguel, dobře.
03:26
You're going to stand right here.
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Postavte se sem.
03:27
So when you're moving your arm like this,
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Když takhle pohybujete rukou,
03:29
your brain is sending a signal
down to your muscles right here.
down to your muscles right here.
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váš mozek vysílá signály
sem dolů vašim svalům.
sem dolů vašim svalům.
03:33
I want you to move your arm as well.
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Teď také hýbejte rukou.
03:34
So your brain is going to send
a signal down to your muscles.
a signal down to your muscles.
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Váš mozek pošle zprávu
dolů do svalů.
dolů do svalů.
03:37
And so it turns out that there is
a nerve that's right here
a nerve that's right here
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Zhruba v těchto místech je nerv,
03:41
that runs up here that innervates
these three fingers,
these three fingers,
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který vede až sem a inervuje
tyto tři prsty,
tyto tři prsty,
03:44
and it's close enough to the skin
that we might be able
that we might be able
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a je tak blízko kůže,
že by se nám mohlo povést,
že by se nám mohlo povést,
03:47
to stimulate that so that what we can do
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nasimulovat kopii
03:49
is copy your brain signals
going out to your hand
going out to your hand
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signálů, které posílá váš mozek,
03:52
and inject it into your hand,
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a podstrčit vám je do paže,
03:54
so that your hand will move
when your brain tells your hand to move.
when your brain tells your hand to move.
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takže jeho ruka se bude hýbat,
když její mozek pošle signál její ruce.
když její mozek pošle signál její ruce.
03:57
So in a sense, she will take away
your free will
your free will
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Svům způsobem vás zbaví
svobodné vůle
svobodné vůle
04:00
and you will no longer have
any control over this hand.
any control over this hand.
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a už nebudete vládnout
touto rukou.
touto rukou.
04:03
You with me?
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Je to jasné?
04:05
So I just need to hook you up.
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Tak já vás propojím.
04:07
(Laughter)
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(smích)
04:09
So I'm going to find your ulnar nerve,
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Najdu teď váš loketní nerv,
04:11
which is probably right around here.
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který je asi někde tady.
04:14
You don't know what you're signing up for
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Ještě že netušíte,
04:16
when you come up.
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k čemu jste se to upsal.
04:17
So now I'm going to move away
and we're going to plug it in
and we're going to plug it in
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Teď jdu stranou a zapojíme
04:20
to our human-to-human interface over here.
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naše rozhraní člověk-člověk.
04:24
Okay, so Sam, I want you
to squeeze your hand again.
to squeeze your hand again.
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Sam, prosím zase stiskněte ruku.
04:29
Do it again. Perfect.
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A znovu. Skvělé.
04:31
So now I'm going to hook you up
over here so that you get the --
over here so that you get the --
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Teď vás tady propojím.
04:34
It's going to feel
a little bit weird at first,
a little bit weird at first,
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Nejdřív to bude trochu divný pocit.
04:36
this is going to feel like a --
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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Bude to jako když...
(smích)
(smích)
04:38
You know, when you lose your free will,
and someone else becomes your agent,
and someone else becomes your agent,
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Pochopitelně, když přijdete o svou vůli
a někdo jiný vámi pohybuje,
a někdo jiný vámi pohybuje,
04:42
it does feel a bit strange.
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je to divný pocit.
04:44
Now I want you to relax your hand.
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Teď uvolněte ruku.
04:46
Sam, you're with me?
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Sam, jste připravena?
04:47
So you're going to squeeze.
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Budete tisknout ruku.
04:48
I'm not going to turn it on yet,
so go ahead and give it a squeeze.
so go ahead and give it a squeeze.
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Já to ještě nezapínám,
pokračujte a pěkně ji stiskněte.
pokračujte a pěkně ji stiskněte.
04:52
So now, are you ready, Miguel?
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Migueli, připraven?
04:54
MG: Ready as I'll ever be.
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MG: Vždy připraven!
04:56
GG: I've turned it on, so go ahead
and turn your hand.
and turn your hand.
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GG: Už jsem to zapnul, takže pokračujte,
ohýbejte ruku.
ohýbejte ruku.
04:59
Do you feel that a little bit?
MG: Nope.
MG: Nope.
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Cítíte to trochu?
MG: Vůbec.
MG: Vůbec.
05:01
GG: Okay, do it again?
MG: A little bit.
MG: A little bit.
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GG: Fajn, zkusíte to ještě?
MG: Trošičku.
MG: Trošičku.
05:03
GG: A little bit? (Laughter)
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GG: Trošičku? (smích)
05:04
So relax.
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Teď se uvolněte.
05:05
So hit it again.
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Teď ji stiskněte.
05:07
(Laughter)
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(smích)
05:08
Oh, perfect, perfect.
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Výborně, výborně.
05:10
So relax, do it again.
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Uvolněte, udělejte to znovu.
05:12
All right, so right now,
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Dobrá, takže teď
05:14
your brain is controlling your arm
and it's also controlling his arm,
and it's also controlling his arm,
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váš mozek řídí vaši paži,
ale také jeho paži,
ale také jeho paži,
05:19
so go ahead and just do it one more time.
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takže to udělejte ještě naposledy.
05:21
All right, so it's perfect. (Laughter)
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Prima, takhle je to skvělé.
05:23
So now, what would happen
if I took over my control of your hand?
if I took over my control of your hand?
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Co by se stalo,
kdybych vaši ruku řídil já?
kdybych vaši ruku řídil já?
05:27
And so, just relax your hand.
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Uvolněte ruku.
05:29
What happens?
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Co se stalo?
05:31
Ah, nothing.
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Aha, nic.
05:32
Why not?
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Proč?
05:34
Because the brain has to do it.
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Musí to udělat mozek.
05:35
So you do it again.
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Teď to zopakujte.
05:37
All right, that's perfect.
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Výborně.
05:39
Thank you guys for being
such a good sport.
such a good sport.
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Díky, přátelé, za demonstraci.
05:42
This is what's happening
all across the world --
all across the world --
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A tohle se teď děje po celém světě –
05:44
electrophysiology!
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elektrofyziologie!
05:45
We're going to bring on
the neuro-revolution.
the neuro-revolution.
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Jsme na cestě k neuro-revoluci!
05:48
Thank you.
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Děkuji vám!
05:49
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Gage - NeuroscientistTED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards.
Why you should listen
As half of Backyard Brains, neuroscientist and engineer Greg Gage builds the SpikerBox -- a small rig that helps kids understand the electrical impulses that control the nervous system. He's passionate about helping students understand (viscerally) how our brains and our neurons work, because, as he said onstage at TED2012, we still know very little about how the brain works -- and we need to start inspiring kids early to want to know more.
Before becoming a neuroscientist, Gage worked as an electrical engineer making touchscreens. As he told the Huffington Post: "Scientific equipment in general is pretty expensive, but it's silly because before [getting my PhD in neuroscience] I was an electrical engineer, and you could see that you could make it yourself. So we started as a way to have fun, to show off to our colleagues, but we were also going into classrooms around that time and we thought, wouldn't it be cool if you could bring these gadgets with us so the stuff we were doing in advanced Ph.D. programs in neuroscience, you could also do in fifth grade?" His latest pieces of gear: the Roboroach, a cockroach fitted with an electric backpack that makes it turn on command, and BYB SmartScope, a smartphone-powered microscope.
Greg Gage | Speaker | TED.com